posts_gdocs: 1pwTrbEKOy4D3LPbpbNaivQyYVv2KTePpw-P4F5fMNjA
Data license: CC-BY
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| id | slug | type | content | published | createdAt | publishedAt | updatedAt | publicationContext | revisionId | breadcrumbs | markdown | title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pwTrbEKOy4D3LPbpbNaivQyYVv2KTePpw-P4F5fMNjA | details-on-demand | fragment | {
"toc": [],
"body": [],
"refs": {
"errors": [],
"definitions": {}
},
"type": "fragment",
"title": "Details on Demand",
"byline": "Our World in Data team",
"authors": [
"Our World in Data team"
],
"details": [
{
"id": "centroid",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Centroid"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The centroid of a country is the geometric center of its shape. It is the point that represents the average position of all the points within the country\u2019s borders, often referred to as the \u201ccenter of mass\u201d of the country\u2019s area. The centroid is used in geographic analysis to find a central point that summarizes the country\u2019s location, although it may not always align with the intuitive geographic center due to the country\u2019s shape and geographic features."
}
]
},
{
"id": "intact-forest-landscapes",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Intact Forest Landscapes (IFL)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Intact Forest Landscapes (IFL) are defined as territories within the global extent of forest cover which contains forest and non-forest ecosystems minimally influenced by human economic activity, with an area of at least 500 km<sup>2</sup> and a minimal width of 10 km."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Areas with evidence of certain types of human influence are considered disturbed and consequently not eligible for inclusion in an IFL:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Settlements (including a buffer zone of 1 km);"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Infrastructure used for transportation between settlements or for industrial development of natural resources, including roads (except unpaved trails), railways, navigable waterways (including seashore), pipelines, and power transmission lines (including in all cases a buffer zone of 1 km on either side);"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Agriculture and timber production;"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Industrial activities during the last 30-70 years, such as logging, mining, oil and gas exploration and extraction, peat extraction, etc."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Areas with evidence of low-intensity disturbances are eligible for inclusion in an IFL. For example, local shifting cultivation activities, diffuse grazing by domestic animals, low-intensity selective logging, and hunting."
}
]
},
{
"id": "plugin_hybrid",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Plug-in hybrid"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cars or other vehicles that have a rechargeable battery and electric motor, <i>and</i> an internal combustion engine."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The battery in plug-in hybrids is smaller and has a shorter range than battery-electric cars, so over longer distances, the car starts running on gasoline once the battery has run out."
}
]
},
{
"id": "battery_electric",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fully battery-electric"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cars or other vehicles that are powered entirely by an electric motor and battery, instead of an internal combustion engine."
}
]
},
{
"id": "trade-openness-index",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Trade openness index"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The trade openness index represents the ratio of total trade (exports plus imports) to economic output. The higher the index, the greater the influence of trade transactions on economic activity."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An important consideration is that the openness index, when calculated for the world as a whole, includes double-counting of transactions: when country A sells goods to country B, this shows up in the data both as an import (B imports from A) and as an export (A sells to B)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "If you compare a chart showing the <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/globalization-over-5-centuries-km\">global trade openness index</a> and one showing <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/merchandise-exports-gdp-cepii?country=OWID_WRL\">global merchandise exports as a share of GDP</a>, you find that the former is almost twice as large as the latter."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Why is the global openness index not exactly twice the value reported in the chart plotting global merchandise exports? There are three reasons."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "First, the global openness index uses different sources. Second, the global openness index includes trade in goods and services, while merchandise exports include goods but not services. And third, the amount that country A reports exporting to country B does not always match what B reports importing from A."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "We explore this in more detail in <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/trade-and-globalization#measurement-and-data-quality\">the \u201cMeasurement\u201d section</a> of our page on trade and globalization."
}
]
},
{
"id": "gdp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gross domestic product"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a measure of a country's economic performance. It represents the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation\u2019s borders over a specific time period, typically annually or quarterly. GDP includes consumption, government spending, investments, and net exports (exports minus imports)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "GDP is used to gauge the health of an economy, with increases indicating growth and decreases signaling contraction. Policymakers, economists, and analysts use GDP to make informed decisions and comparisons between countries. It can be measured in nominal terms or adjusted for inflation to reflect real GDP."
}
]
},
{
"id": "employment_agriculture",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Employment in agriculture"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The agriculture sector includes activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing."
}
]
},
{
"id": "employment_industry",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Employment in industry"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The industry sector includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "employment_services",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Employment in services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The services sector includes wholesale and retail trade; restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services."
}
]
},
{
"id": "incidence_prevalence",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Incidence and prevalence"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Incidence refers to <i>new</i> cases of a condition within a given time period, such as a year."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Prevalence refers to the <i>total</i> cases of a condition, which includes both new and existing cases."
}
]
},
{
"id": "primaryenergy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Primary energy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Primary energy is the energy available as resources \u2013 such as the fuels burnt in power plants \u2013 before it has been transformed. This relates to the coal before it has been burned, the uranium, or the barrels of oil."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Primary energy includes energy that the end user needs, in the form of electricity, transport and heating, plus inefficiencies and energy that is lost when raw resources are transformed into a usable form."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "You can read more on the different ways of measuring energy <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy\">in our article</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "substitutionmethod",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Substitution method"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The \u2018substitution method\u2019 is used by researchers to correct primary energy consumption for efficiency losses experienced by fossil fuels. It tries to adjust non-fossil energy sources to the inputs that would be needed if it was generated from fossil fuels. It assumes that wind and solar electricity is as inefficient as coal or gas."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "To do this, energy generation from non-fossil sources are divided by a standard \u2018thermal efficiency factor\u2019 \u2013 typically around 0.4"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Nuclear power is also adjusted despite it also experiencing thermal losses in a power plant. Since it\u2019s reported in terms of electricity output, we need to do this adjustment to calculate its equivalent input value."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "You can read more about this adjustment <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-substitution-method\">in our article</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "foodinsecurity",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Food insecurity"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Food insecurity is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as the \u201csituation when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life.\u201d"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is measured using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). This is based on household survey data about several conditions someone with food insecurity would typically experience."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Moderate food insecurity is generally associated with the inability to regularly eat healthy, nutritious diets."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Severe food insecurity is more strongly related to insufficient food (energy)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "You can read more about this <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/food-insecurity\">in our article</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "stunting",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Childhood stunting"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Stunting is one of the leading measures used to assess childhood malnutrition. It indicates that a child has failed to reach their growth potential due to disease, poor health, and malnutrition."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A child is defined as \u2018stunted\u2019 if they are too short for their age. This indicates that their growth and development have been hindered."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Stunting is measured based on a child\u2019s height relative to their age."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Stunting is the share of children under five years old that fall two standard deviations below the expected height for their age."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "You can read more about this <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/stunting-definition\">in our article</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "standard-deviation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Standard deviation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Standard deviations measure the spread of values in a set."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They indicate how much individual values deviate from the average of the dataset."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In a normal distribution, about 68% of the data points fall within one standard deviation of the mean in both directions. This means that one standard deviation defines the range around the mean that contains approximately 68% of the values. Similarly, two standard deviations defines the range around the mean that contains approximately 95% of the values."
}
]
},
{
"id": "wasting",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Childhood wasting"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2018Wasting\u2019 is one of the key indicators used to assess the prevalence of childhood malnutrition."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A child is defined as \u2018wasted\u2019 if their weight is too low for their height."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Wasting is often referred to as acute malnutrition. It is a sign that a child has experienced short periods of undernutrition, resulting in significant wastage of muscle and fat tissue."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Wasting is measured based on a child\u2019s weight relative to their height."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In a population, the prevalence of wasting is defined as the share of child under five years old that fall two standard deviations below the expected weight for their height."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "You can read more about this <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/wasting-definition\">in our article</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "sendai",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction is a 15-year global agreement that was adopted by United Nations member states in 2015 to manage and reduce disaster risks."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It aims to substantially reduce disaster risks and losses in lives, livelihoods, health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It outlines 4 priorities for action: (1) understanding disaster risk, (2) strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, (3) investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience, and (4) enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery."
}
]
},
{
"id": "dobsonunit",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Dobson unit (DU)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Dobson Units (DU) are used to measure the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "One Dobson Unit is the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere."
}
]
},
{
"id": "inadequatelymanagedwaste",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Inadequately disposed plastic waste"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Inadequately disposed plastic waste is not formally managed and includes disposal in dumps or open, uncontrolled landfills, where it is not fully contained."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This makes it at a much higher risk of leaking into the natural environment, rivers, or the ocean."
}
]
},
{
"id": "peacekeeping",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Peacekeeping mission"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "UN peacekeeping operations are meant to maintain peace and security; to facilitate the political process; to protect civilians; to assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; to support the organization of elections; and to protect and promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Operations are based on the principles of consent of the parties, impartiality, and the non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate."
}
]
},
{
"id": "flop",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Floating-point operation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A floating-point operation (FLOP) is a type of computer operation. One FLOP represents a single arithmetic operation involving floating-point numbers, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division."
}
]
},
{
"id": "dalys",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Disability-adjusted life years"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) measure the total burden of disease \u2013 both from years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with a disability. One DALY equals one year of healthy life."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org//burden-of-disease\">Learn more</a> about how the burden of disease is measured in our article."
}
]
},
{
"id": "fossilemissions",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fossil emissions"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fossil emissions measure the quantity of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emitted from the burning of fossil fuels, and directly from industrial processes such as cement and steel production."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fossil CO\u2082 includes emissions from coal, oil, gas, flaring, cement, steel, and other industrial processes."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fossil emissions do not include land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation."
}
]
},
{
"id": "consumptionbasedemissions",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Consumption-based emissions"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Consumption-based emissions are national or regional emissions that have been adjusted for trade."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They are calculated as domestic (or \u2018production-based\u2019 emissions) emissions minus the emissions generated in the production of goods and services that are exported to other countries or regions, plus emissions from the production of goods and services that are imported."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Consumption-based emissions = Production-based \u2013 Exported + Imported emissions"
}
]
},
{
"id": "gwp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Global warming potential"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Global warming potential (GWP) measures the amount of heat absorbed by a greenhouse gas relative to the same mass of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082). It measures the amount of warming a gas creates compared to CO\u2082."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Carbon dioxide is given a GWP value of one. If a gas had a GWP of 10 then one kilogram of that gas would generate ten times the warming effect as one kilogram of CO\u2082."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Since greenhouse gases spend different amounts of time in the atmosphere, their global warming potential depends on the length of time that it\u2019s measured over. For example, GWP can be measured as the warming effect over 20 years, 50 years, or 100 years."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Potent but short-lived greenhouse gases \u2013 like methane, for example \u2013 will have a higher GWP when measured over 20 years than over 100 years."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The GWP value for methane over 100 years (GWP100) is 28. This means one kilogram of methane would cause 28 times the warming of one kilogram of CO\u2082."
}
]
},
{
"id": "carbondioxideequivalents",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Carbon dioxide equivalents (CO\u2082eq)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas, but not the only one. To capture all greenhouse gas emissions, researchers express them in \u201ccarbon dioxide equivalents\u201d (CO\u2082eq). This takes all greenhouse gases into account, not just CO\u2082."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "To express all greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO\u2082eq), each one is weighted by its global warming potential (GWP) value. GWP measures the amount of warming a gas creates compared to CO\u2082. CO\u2082 is given a GWP value of one. If a gas had a GWP of 10 then one kilogram of that gas would generate ten times the warming effect as one kilogram of CO\u2082."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Carbon dioxide equivalents are calculated for each gas by multiplying the mass of emissions of a specific greenhouse gas by its GWP factor."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This warming can be stated over different timescales. To calculate CO\u2082eq over 100 years, we\u2019d multiply each gas by its GWP over a 100-year timescale (GWP100)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Total greenhouse gas emissions \u2013 measured in CO\u2082eq \u2013 are then calculated by summing each gas\u2019 CO\u2082eq value."
}
]
},
{
"id": "carbonopportunitycost",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Carbon opportunity cost"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Carbon opportunity cost of foods and crops is the amount of carbon lost from native vegetation and soils in order to produce it."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "When we use land for agriculture \u2013 to grow crops, raise livestock, or produce biofuels \u2013 we give up the opportunity for that land to be natural vegetation, such as grassland, forest, shrub, or peatland. This would sequester more carbon in its soils and vegetation than using the land for agriculture."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "We describe this foregone carbon sequestration as a \u2018carbon opportunity cost\u2019. It measures the amount of carbon that would be captured if we stopped using the land for agriculture and allowed natural vegetation to regrow."
}
]
},
{
"id": "radiativeforcing",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Radiative forcing"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Radiative forcing measures the difference between incoming energy and the energy radiated back to space. If more energy is absorbed than radiated, the atmosphere becomes warmer."
}
]
},
{
"id": "foodmiles",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Food miles"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Food miles are measured in tonne-kilometers which represent the transport of one tonne of food over a distance of one kilometer."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Food miles are usually expressed by the mode of travel, such as road, rail, air, or boat."
}
]
},
{
"id": "lca",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Life cycle analysis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a method used by researchers to quantify the environmental impact of products over their entire lifetime."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Environmental impacts are often measured for goods at their use stage \u2013 the amount of electricity needed to power a lightbulb or the emissions from the tailpipe of a car."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Life cycle analyses also quantify the environmental impact upstream and downstream of this stage. It often includes the extraction and processing of raw materials, energy used in manufacturing, processing, transport, packaging, its use, and waste disposal."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In the case of a car, it might include the environmental impact of the mining of raw materials to build the car, the energy used in manufacturing, distribution to the seller, customer use, and its disposal at the end of its life. The parts of the supply chain that LCAs cover can vary. Some may cover the full supply chain to disposal. Some may only cover impacts up to the retailer."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ghg",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Greenhouse gas"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas that causes the atmosphere to warm by absorbing and emitting radiant energy. Greenhouse gases absorb radiation that is radiated by Earth, preventing this heat from escaping to space."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) is the most well-known greenhouse gas, but there are others including methane, nitrous oxide, and in fact, water vapor."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Human-made emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels, industry, and agriculture are the leading cause of global climate change."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ghgemissions",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Greenhouse gas emissions"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas that causes the atmosphere to warm by absorbing and emitting radiant energy. Greenhouse gases absorb radiation that is radiated by Earth, preventing this heat from escaping to space."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) is the most well-known greenhouse gas, but there are others including methane, nitrous oxide, and in fact, water vapor."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Human-made emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels, industry, and agriculture are the leading cause of global climate change."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Greenhouse gas emissions measure the total amount of all greenhouse gases that are emitted. These are often quantified in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO\u2082eq) which take account of the amount of warming that each molecule of different gases creates."
}
]
},
{
"id": "hiv",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "HIV"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that is transmitted through sex, blood transfer, or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. It targets immune cells that help the body respond to infection, which gradually results in <a href=\"#dod:hiv_aids\">AIDS</a> (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Without effective treatment, the immune system will become weakened to the point that it can no longer fight infection and disease."
}
]
},
{
"id": "hiv_aids",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "HIV/AIDS"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a condition that describes the most advanced stages of <a href=\"#dod:hiv\">HIV</a> infection. It is defined by the occurrence of at least one of more than 20 life-threatening cancers or \u201copportunistic infections\u201d that can take advantage of a weakened immune system."
}
]
},
{
"id": "antiretroviral_therapy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Antiretroviral therapy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a long-term medical treatment for <a href=\"#dod:hiv_aids\">HIV/AIDS</a>. It works by suppressing the virus from multiplying in the body. This keeps the infection under control and helps to prevent the disease from progressing."
}
]
},
{
"id": "int_dollar_abbreviation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "International dollars"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "International dollars are a hypothetical currency that is used to make meaningful comparisons of monetary indicators of living standards."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Figures expressed in international dollars are adjusted for inflation within countries over time, and for differences in the cost of living between countries."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The goal of such adjustments is to provide a unit whose <i>purchasing power</i> is held fixed over time and across countries, such that one international dollar can buy the same quantity and quality of goods and services no matter where or when it is spent."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/what-are-ppps\">What are Purchasing Power Parity adjustments and why do we need them?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "icd",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "International Classification of Diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a manual used by many countries to classify diseases, injuries and causes of death into standard codes. These can be helpful for researchers to analyze data on diseases and causes of death over time and across countries."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Each ICD code represents a specific disease, injury, or cause of death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The ICD manual has been updated several times in history, to reflect advances in medical knowledge and cultural context, so that diseases and deaths can be analyzed in a consistent manner. The ICD is organized by the World Health Organization (WHO)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "malaria",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Malaria"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. There are five parasite species that cause malaria in humans. Two of these species \u2013 <i>P. falciparum</i> and <i>P. vivax</i> \u2013 pose the greatest threat."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The first symptoms \u2013 fever, headache and chills \u2013 usually appear 10 to 15 days after the infective mosquito bite and may be mild and difficult to recognize as malaria. Left untreated, <i>P. falciparum</i> malaria can progress to severe illness and death within 24 hours."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd6 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/malaria\">malaria</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "meningitis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Meningitis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The disease can be caused by many different pathogens including bacteria, fungi or viruses, but the highest global burden is seen with bacterial meningitis."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Meningitis can infect people of any age, but mainly affects babies, young children and young people. The disease can occur in a range of situations including sporadic cases, small clusters, or large epidemics throughout the world, with seasonal variations."
}
]
},
{
"id": "polio",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Polio"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Poliomyelitis, often called polio, is a highly infectious viral disease that largely affects children under five years of age."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread, mainly through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food). It then multiplies in the intestine, where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Paralytic polio refers to cases of paralytic disease, and does not include infections that lack symptoms."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd6 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/polio\">polio</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "wild-poliovirus",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Wild poliovirus (WPV)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Wild poliovirus refers to <a href=\"#dod:polio\">polio</a> viruses that have come from the environment."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "There are three serotypes of wild poliovirus: wild poliovirus 1, 2 and 3."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Two of the three serotypes have already been eradicated worldwide."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The last case of wild poliovirus serotype 2 was seen in 1999 in India. It was declared globally eradicated by the WHO in 2015."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The last case of wild poliovirus serotype 3 was seen in 2012 in Nigeria and declared eradicated in 2019."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd6 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/polio\">polio</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "vaccine-derived-poliovirus",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Vaccine-derived poliovirus refers to <a href=\"#dod:polio\">polio</a> viruses that have come from <a href=\"#dod:oral-polio-vaccine\">Oral Polio Vaccines</a> (OPV) in rare circumstances."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "There are three serotypes of vaccine-derived poliovirus: vaccine-derived poliovirus 1, 2 and 3."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These arise the virus used in the oral poliovirus vaccine can, in very rare circumstances, evolve mutations that allow it to cause disease."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "If a population has low immunity to polio, because of low rates of vaccination, these vaccine-derived polioviruses can spread more easily and cause an outbreak."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Since 2021, the world has a new version of the oral poliovirus vaccine called the \u201cnovel Oral Polio Vaccine\u201d (nOPV) that is more genetically stable than the previous vaccine, and can prevent outbreaks of vaccine-derived poliovirus."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Vaccine-derived polioviruses contrast with <a href=\"#dod:wild-poliovirus\">wild poliovirus</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd6 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/polio\">polio</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "oral-polio-vaccine",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Oral polio vaccine (OPV)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Oral polio vaccines are a type of vaccine against <a href=\"#dod:polio\">polio</a>. They are given orally, into the mouth, through a drop containing the vaccine."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The vaccine contains a live \u201cattenuated\u201d version of the virus. This means the virus has been forced to evolve in a way that makes it mild and prevents it from causing paralysis \u2014 but still able to stimulate our immune system, which allows us to recognize the original virus."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Oral polio vaccines (OPV) contrast with <a href=\"#dod:inactivated-polio-vaccine\">inactivated polio vaccines (IPV)</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd6 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/polio\">polio</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "inactivated-polio-vaccine",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Inactivated polio vaccines are a type of vaccine against <a href=\"#dod:polio\">polio</a>. They are typically given through an injection into muscle or skin."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The vaccine contains \u201cinactivated\u201d versions of the virus, which means the virus has been made inert by chemical compounds, which prevents it from causing disease or spreading."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This inactivated virus still stimulates our immune system, which allows us to recognize the original virus."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) contrast with <a href=\"#dod:oral-polio-vaccine\">oral polio vaccines (OPV)</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd6 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/polio\">polio</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "pneumonia",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pneumonia"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pneumonia describes a condition of the inflammation of the lungs, specifically in the alveoli, which are millions of tiny air sacs that help us take in oxygen."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In pneumonia, these alveoli become filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and reduces our ability to take in oxygen from the air we breathe and exhale carbon dioxide. Pneumonia can develop from a range of different infections, which are caused by different pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This includes, for example, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), COVID-19, and more."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Estimates of pneumonia globally tend to be based on a clinical definition of the condition, because of a lack of diagnosis and testing. The clinical definition refers to\u00a0when people develop symptoms including fast breathing and coughing, and may include other lower respiratory tract infections."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/pneumonia\">Pneumonia</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "respiratory-infections",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Respiratory infections"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Respiratory infections are diseases caused by <a href=\"#dod:pathogen\">pathogens</a> that affect the nose, throat, lungs, or related organs. This includes middle ear infections, common colds, influenza, pneumonia, SARS, and COVID-19, among others."
}
]
},
{
"id": "pathogen",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pathogen"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A pathogen is a microorganism \u2013 such as a bacterium, virus, or fungus \u2013 that can cause disease."
}
]
},
{
"id": "parasitic-infection",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Parasitic infection"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A parasitic disease is an illness caused by a parasite, which are organisms that live in or on another organism (the \u2018host\u2019). Parasites can be microscopic, like bacteria or protozoa, or larger, like worms and insects."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Parasitic diseases include <a href=\"#dod:malaria\">malaria</a>, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, hookworm, roundworm, <a href=\"#dod:schistosomiasis\">schistosomiasis</a>, and more."
}
]
},
{
"id": "schistosomiasis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Schistosomiasis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. These parasitic worms live in some types of freshwater snails."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They can cause infection when larval forms of the parasite enter the body through the skin. The parasite can remain in the body for years, damaging organs like the bladder, kidneys, and liver, causing long-term effects such as infertility. It can also affect people\u2019s ability to work, leading to economic impacts."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Eggs of the parasite can then be spread to other people by contaminating water."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Schistosomiasis can be controlled through large-scale preventive treatment, clean water and sanitation, and snail control."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "preventive-chemotherapy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Preventive chemotherapy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Preventive Chemotherapy (PC) is when people are given medicines that aim to reduce or prevent certain diseases."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This is often used as a public health strategy against a number of <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical diseases</a> \u2014 including <a href=\"#dod:lymphatic-filariasis\">lymphatic filariasis</a>, <a href=\"#dod:onchocerciasis\">onchocerciasis</a>, <a href=\"#dod:schistosomiasis\">schistosomiasis</a>, <a href=\"#dod:soil-transmitted-helminths\">soil-transmitted helminthiasis</a> and <a href=\"#dod:trachoma\">trachoma</a> \u2014 where inexpensive medications are given to large populations who are at risk."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Preventive chemotherapy is effective against these diseases because they tend to develop slowly and have symptoms that aren\u2019t easily distinguished from other diseases, meaning that diagnosis and targeted treatment to individuals can be difficult to provide, especially in poorer regions."
}
]
},
{
"id": "unintentional-injuries",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unintentional injury"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unintentional injuries are accidents or mishaps which lead to physical harm to a person. They can include falls, traffic accidents, burns, poisonings, drowning, and various other incidents that result from unforeseen circumstances."
}
]
},
{
"id": "alcohol_use",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Alcohol use"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Alcohol use is the consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is associated with health risks including mental and behavioral disorders, alcohol dependence, and major noncommunicable diseases such as liver cirrhosis, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases."
}
]
},
{
"id": "alcohol_use_disorder",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Alcohol use disorder"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Alcohol use disorders are medical conditions characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how alcohol use disorders are diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "substance_use_disorder",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Substance use disorder"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Substance use disorders are a wide range of conditions defined by the ICD as being related to the use of psychologically active substances."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how each condition is diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "alzheimers",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Alzheimer's"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Dementia patients show worsening cognitive function over time, beyond what might be expected from typical aging."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Dementia affects memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment. This is commonly accompanied by changes in mood, emotional control, behavior, or motivation."
}
]
},
{
"id": "cancer",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cancer"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cancer describes a group of diseases in which abnormal cells in the body begin to grow and multiply uncontrollably. These cells can form lumps of tissue called tumors, which can interfere with normal bodily functions. Cancerous cells have the potential to spread to other parts of the body (this process is called \u201cmetastasis\u201d), disrupting normal processes and causing serious health problems."
}
]
},
{
"id": "cvd",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cardiovascular disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cardiovascular diseases cover all diseases of the heart and blood vessels \u2013 including heart attacks and <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tS43kJ8ckyvaSEOqBBf0WtUtJ3X7T_Yh8J66HQQZS80/edit#dod:stroke\">strokes</a>, <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tS43kJ8ckyvaSEOqBBf0WtUtJ3X7T_Yh8J66HQQZS80/edit#dod:atherosclerosis\">atherosclerosis</a>, <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tS43kJ8ckyvaSEOqBBf0WtUtJ3X7T_Yh8J66HQQZS80/edit#dod:ischemic-heart-disease\">ischemic heart disease</a>, <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tS43kJ8ckyvaSEOqBBf0WtUtJ3X7T_Yh8J66HQQZS80/edit#dod:hypertensive-heart-disease\">hypertensive diseases</a>, <a href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tS43kJ8ckyvaSEOqBBf0WtUtJ3X7T_Yh8J66HQQZS80/edit#dod:cardiomyopathy\">cardiomyopathy</a>, <a href=\"#dod:rheumatic-heart-disease\">rheumatic heart disease</a>, and more."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They tend to develop gradually with age, especially when people have risk factors like high blood pressure, smoking, alcohol use, poor diet, and air pollution."
}
]
},
{
"id": "chronic_respiratory_disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chronic respiratory disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chronic respiratory disease refers to a group of long-term conditions that affect the lungs and airways, making it difficult to breathe."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This includes conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These diseases often involve inflammation or damage to the airways and lung tissue, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function. Over time, chronic respiratory diseases can affect the body's ability to get enough oxygen, impacting daily activities and overall well-being."
}
]
},
{
"id": "diabetes",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Diabetes"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Diabetes is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood, which is called \u201chyperglycemia\u201d. This happens when the body has difficulty using or producing a hormone called insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. There are two main types of diabetes:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Type 1 Diabetes: In this type, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, people with type 1 diabetes require regular insulin injections or an insulin pump to manage their blood sugar levels. It usually starts in childhood or early adulthood and requires lifelong insulin therapy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Type 2 Diabetes: This type is much more common, and is often linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, and the pancreas may not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. It can often be managed through a combination of dietary changes, exercise, oral medications, and sometimes insulin injections."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Both types of diabetes can lead to high blood sugar levels, which, if not well managed, can result in various complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels."
}
]
},
{
"id": "digestive_disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Digestive disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Digestive diseases refer to a range of conditions affecting the stomach, intestines, liver, and related organs, which disrupt digestion and nutrient absorption."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These can include issues like irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer disease, liver cirrhosis, appendicitis, pancreatitis. Symptoms vary but often involve stomach pain, changes in bowel habits, and discomfort. Treatment often involves dietary changes, medications, and lifestyle adjustments."
}
]
},
{
"id": "drug_use_disorder",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drug use disorders"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drug use disorders are the continued use of drugs such as opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabis leading to impairments in health, social function, and control over substance use."
}
]
},
{
"id": "cirrhosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chronic liver disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chronic liver disease is a condition where the liver gradually becomes damaged and less able to perform its vital functions \u2013\u00a0such as the production of clotting factors and other proteins, the detoxification of harmful products of metabolism, and the excretion of bile.\u000b\u000bIt can be caused by factors like excessive alcohol consumption, viral infections like hepatitis, or certain health conditions. As the liver's health declines, it might lead to symptoms such as fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and abdominal discomfort."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cirrhosis is the final stage of chronic liver disease that can eventually lead to liver failure, which can be life-threatening."
}
]
},
{
"id": "parkinsons",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Parkinson's disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Parkinson's disease is a brain condition that affects movement control. Symptoms usually begin gradually and worsen over time, as parts of the brain become progressively damaged over many years."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It arises when certain cells in the brain, responsible for producing a chemical called dopamine, become damaged or die. Dopamine helps regulate muscle movements, and its deficiency in Parkinson's leads to symptoms like tremors (shaking), stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "As the disease progresses, it can also bring about changes in speech, sleep problems, depression, memory difficulties, and fatigue. Although there's no cure, treatments like medication and therapies can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Parkinson's."
}
]
},
{
"id": "stroke",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Stroke"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A stroke is a sudden medical event that happens when blood flow to a part of the brain is disrupted."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It can occur due to a blocked blood vessel (<a href=\"#dod:ischemic-stroke\">ischemic stroke</a>) or a burst blood vessel (<a href=\"#dod:hemorrhagic-stroke\">hemorrhagic stroke</a>), which can be serious life-threatening medical conditions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "When brain cells don't receive enough oxygen and nutrients, they can start to die, leading to potentially lasting damage. Symptoms of a stroke can include sudden numbness or weakness on one side of the body, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding, severe headache, and difficulty with coordination."
}
]
},
{
"id": "drug_use",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drug use"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drug use is the use of opioid, amphetamine, cocaine, cannabis and other drugs. The use of opioid, amphetamine, and cocaine is associated with an increased risk of suicide. Use of injected drugs also has an increased risk of blood-borne infections."
}
]
},
{
"id": "hypertension",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "High blood pressure (hypertension)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is blood pressure that is higher than normal. This means the force of the blood against the walls of blood vessels is consistently too high."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers. The first (systolic) represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "High blood pressure is diagnosed if, when it is measured on different days, the systolic blood pressure readings are consistently \u2265140 mmHg, or the diastolic blood pressure readings are consistently \u226590 mmHg."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "High blood pressure increases the risk that people will suffer from <a href=\"#dod:cvd\">cardiovascular diseases</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "hyperglycaemia",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "High blood sugar"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) is when the level of sugar in the blood is too high. High levels of blood glucose after fasting is a risk factor for <a href=\"#dod:diabetes\">diabetes</a> and <a href=\"#dod:cvd\">cardiovascular diseases</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "garbage-codes",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Garbage codes"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cGarbage codes\u201d are <a href=\"#dod:icd\">ICD codes</a> assigned to causes of death when information like evidence, tests, or medical records are missing."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Examples include \u201csudden death\u201d, \u201cchest pain\u201d, and \u201cunspecified sepsis\u201d. These codes are less useful because they often list only the immediate cause or symptoms, not the underlying reason for death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-causes-of-death-registered-around-the-world\">How are causes of death registered around the world?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "indoor_air_pollution",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Indoor air pollution"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Indoor air pollution is generated by the use of inefficient and polluting fuels \u2013 such as coal, firewood, crop waste, or dung \u2013 in and around the home. These fuels contain a range of health-damaging pollutants, including small particles that penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream."
}
]
},
{
"id": "low_physical_activity",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Low physical activity"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. It includes walking, cycling, sports, active recreation, and play."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Regular physical activity is proven to help prevent and manage noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart diseases, stroke, diabetes and several cancers. It also helps prevent hypertension, maintain healthy body weight and can improve mental health, quality of life and well-being."
}
]
},
{
"id": "no_handwashing",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "No access to handwashing"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Handwashing interrupts the transmission of many diseases, particularly diarrheal diseases and respiratory, skin and eye infections. A lack of access to handwashing facilities means these diseases are more likely to spread."
}
]
},
{
"id": "basic-handwashing",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Access to basic handwashing"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Access to basic handwashing facilities refers to a device to facilitate handwashing with soap and water available on the premises. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile, and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing."
}
]
},
{
"id": "obesity",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Obesity"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Obesity is defined as having a body-mass index (BMI) above 30."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A person\u2019s BMI is calculated as their weight (in kilograms) divided by their height (in meters) squared. For example, someone measuring 1.60 meters and weighing 64 kilograms has a BMI of 64 / 1.6\u00b2 = 25."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Obesity increases the mortality risk of many conditions, including cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disorders, type 2 diabetes, joint and muscular disorders, respiratory problems, and psychological issues."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ring-vaccination",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ring vaccination"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ring vaccination is a strategy to vaccinate the local contacts of someone who was identified as infected with a disease such as smallpox."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This strategy is effective in creating a buffer of immune individuals to halt the spread of the infectious disease. It can also be more quickly effective than vaccinating the entire population. However, it comes with the downside that the disease can spread easily if it is reintroduced from somewhere else."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The ring vaccination strategy was instrumental in the eradication of smallpox."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox\">smallpox</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ozone_pollution",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ozone pollution"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ozone pollution refers to \u2018tropospheric ozone\u2019 \u2013 that is, ozone which exists in the lower atmosphere, close to the surface. Ozone is formed by the reaction with sunlight (photochemical reaction) of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle and industry emissions and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by vehicles, solvents and industry."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Excessive ozone in the air can have a marked effect on human health. It can cause breathing problems, trigger asthma, reduce lung function, and cause lung diseases."
}
]
},
{
"id": "particulate_matter_pollution",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Particulate matter pollution"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) pollution is caused by very small particles that are 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter. These particles are typically produced by the burning of fuels, for example from vehicle exhausts, or from the burning of cooking fuels. These small particles tend to have more adverse health effects because they can enter airways and affect the respiratory system."
}
]
},
{
"id": "secondhand_smoke",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Secondhand smoke"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Secondhand smoke, also called 'passive smoking', is the inhalation of tobacco smoke by someone other than the person smoking."
}
]
},
{
"id": "smoking",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Smoking"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the smoke that is produced. Smoking is a risk factor for many diseases including heart attacks, strokes and cancer. It is the leading risk factor for death in men, globally."
}
]
},
{
"id": "risk-factor",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Risk factor"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A risk factor is a condition or behavior that increases the likelihood of developing a given disease or injury, or an outcome such as death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The impact of a risk factor is estimated in different ways. For example, a common approach is to estimate the number of deaths that would occur if the risk factor was absent."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Risk factors are not mutually exclusive: people can be exposed to multiple risk factors, which contribute to their disease or death. Because of this, the number of deaths caused by each risk factor is typically estimated separately."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-do-researchers-estimate-the-death-toll-caused-by-each-risk-factor-whether-its-smoking-obesity-or-air-pollution\">How do researchers estimate the death toll caused by each risk factor, whether it\u2019s smoking, obesity or air pollution?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/why-isnt-it-possible-to-sum-up-the-deaths-from-different-risk-factors\">Why isn\u2019t it possible to sum up the death toll from different risk factors?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "unsafe_sanitation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unsafe sanitation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unsafe sanitation includes practices like open defecation and improper treatment of household wastewater. It is linked to the spread of diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, intestinal worms, and polio."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unsafe sanitation exacerbates impaired growth and development in children and contributes to the problem of antimicrobial resistance."
}
]
},
{
"id": "unsafe_sex",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unsafe sex"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unsafe sex is defined as the risk of disease due to sexual transmission. Unsafe sex is an important risk factor in cervical cancer, HIV and sexually-transmitted infections."
}
]
},
{
"id": "unsafe_water",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unsafe water"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Microbial contamination of drinking water poses the greatest risk to drinking-water safety. It is often the result of contamination with feces. Unsafe water is a risk factor in diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio."
}
]
},
{
"id": "internetuser",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Internet user"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An internet user is defined by the International Telecommunication Union as anyone who has accessed the internet from any location in the last three months."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This can be from any type of device, including a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV, and other technological devices."
}
]
},
{
"id": "migrant",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Migrant"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Migrants have both an origin and a destination, meaning that international migrants can be viewed from two directions:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- An emigrant is someone leaving their country of birth (origin)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- An immigrant is someone moving to a country that they were not born in (destination)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "refugee",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Refugee"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) defines refugees in the following way:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cThose in need of international protection, being outside their country of origin because of serious threats against which the authorities of their home country cannot or will not protect them."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In addition, individuals who are outside their country of origin (typically because they have been forcibly displaced across international borders) but who may not qualify as refugees under international or regional law, may in certain circumstances also require international protection, on a temporary or longer-term basis."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This may include, for example, persons who are displaced across an international border in the context of disasters or the adverse effects of climate change but who are not refugees. In such situations, a need for international protection would reflect the inability of the country of origin to protect against serious harm.\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "asylumseeker",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Asylum seeker"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An \u201casylum seeker\u201d is an individual that has an application for asylum pending at any stage in the approval process in a country that is different from their home country."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) defines asylum in the following way:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cAsylum is a term that is not defined in international law, but has become a universally-recognized term for the protection provided by a country to refugees and other persons in need of international protection on its territory."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The need for international protection arises when a person is outside their home country and unable to return home because they would be at risk there, and their country is unable or unwilling to protect them."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Risks that give rise to a need for international protection classically include those of persecution, threats to life, freedom or physical integrity arising from armed conflict, serious public disorder, or different situations of violence.\u02ee"
}
]
},
{
"id": "internally-displaced",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Internally displaced person"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An internally displaced person is an individual who had to leave their home or place of residence but did not cross an international border."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) defines internally displaced persons in the following way:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cInternally displaced persons (IDPs) are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of, or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. For the purposes of UNHCR\u2019s statistics, this population includes only conflict-generated IDPs to whom the Office extends protection and/or assistance. The IDP population also includes people in an IDP-like situation.\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "host-community",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Host community"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Host community refers to a community that hosts large populations of refugees or internally displaced persons, whether in camps, integrated into households, or independently."
}
]
},
{
"id": "international-protection",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Other people in need of international protextion"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) defines other people in need of protection in the following way:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cOther people in need of international protection refers to people who are outside their country or territory of origin, typically because they have been forcibly displaced across international borders, who have not been reported under other categories (asylum-seekers, refugees, people in refugee-like situations) but who likely need international protection, including protection against forced return, as well as access to basic services on a temporary or longer-term basis.\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "stateless",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Stateless people"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A stateless person is a person is not considered to be a national of any State."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) defines stateless individuals in the following way:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cIndividuals under UNHCR\u2019s statelessness mandate are defined under the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless People as those not considered as nationals by any State under the operation of its law. In other words, they do not possess the nationality of any State. UNHCR statistics refer to people who fall under the organization\u2019s statelessness mandate as those who are stateless according to this international definition."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Data from some countries may also include people with undetermined nationality. These are people who lack proof of possession of any nationality and at the same time have or are regarded as having important links to more than one State.\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "unhcr-concern",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Other persons of concern"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) defines other persons of concern in the following way:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cOther groups or persons of concern refers to individuals who do not necessarily fall directly into any of the other groups (refugees, asylum-seekers, stateless persons, internally displaced persons) but to whom UNHCR has extended its protection and/or assistance services, based on humanitarian or other special grounds.\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "naturalization",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Naturalization"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Naturalization is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. This usually includes filing an application or motion and fulfilling certain requirements such as a minimum residency or knowledge of a countries culture and customs."
}
]
},
{
"id": "resettlement",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Resettlement of refugees"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Resettlement is the process by which refugees relocate to another country which has agreed to admit them with a legal status ensuring international protection and ultimately permanent residence."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) defines resettled refugees in the following way:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cResettled [refugees](#dod:refugee) are those who have who have been resettled to another country. Resettlement is used to assist refugees in countries that cannot provide them with appropriate protection and support. Resettlement is primarily facilitated by UNHCR in most countries around the world, although significant private sponsorship schemes do exist as well (e.g. in Canada).\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "unrwa",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "UNRWA is a UN agency that was established in 1949 to carry out direct relief and works programmes for Palestine refugees."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "UNRWA has a humanitarian and development mandate to \u201cprovide assistance and protection to Palestine refugees pending a just and lasting solution to their plight.\u201d This includes essential service delivery, primarily in the areas of basic education, primary health care and mental health care, relief and social services, microcredit, and emergency assistance, including in situations of armed conflict to registered Palestinian refugees."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They operate in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria the West Bank including East Jerusalem, and Gaza. The Agency does not have a mandate to engage in political negotiations or durable solutions."
}
]
},
{
"id": "emigrant",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Emigrant"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An emigrant is someone leaving their country of birth (origin)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "immigrant",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Immigrant"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An immigrant is someone moving to a country that they were not born in (destination)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "remittances",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Remittances"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Remittances are in-kind cash transfers made from individuals in a given country to households outside of the host country."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Remittances are defined by the World Bank as: \u201cPersonal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals.\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "remittancecost",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Remittance cost"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Remittance costs are explained by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cThe costs of a remittance transaction include a fee charged by the sending agent, typically paid by the sender, and a currency-conversion fee for delivery of local currency to the beneficiary in another country."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Some smaller operators charge the beneficiary a fee to collect remittances, presumably to account for unexpected exchange-rate movements."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "And remittance agents (especially banks) may earn an indirect fee in the form of interest (or \u201cfloat\u201d) by investing funds before delivering them to the beneficiary. The float can be significant in countries where overnight interest rates are high.\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "netmigration",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Net migration"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Net migration is the total number of immigrants (people moving into a given country) minus the number of emigrants (people moving out of the country)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "netmigrationrate",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Net migration rate"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Net migration rate is the number of immigrants (people moving into a given country) minus the number of emigrants (people moving out of the country) in the previous five years, divided by the person-years lived by the population of the receiving country over that period."
}
]
},
{
"id": "rangelands",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rangelands"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rangelands are grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts that are grazed by domestic livestock or wild animals."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The intensity of grazing on rangelands can vary a lot. That can make it difficult to accurately quantify how much rangelands are used for grazing, and therefore how much is used for food production."
}
]
},
{
"id": "valueaddedperworker",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Value added per worker"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Value added per worker is an important measure of labor productivity."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It tells us how much economic output is generated per unit of labor input."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Researchers calculate the value added per worker by dividing the economic output \u2013 the number of dollars generated \u2013 by the number of workers."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This then gives us a measure of the number of dollars generated per worker."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This can be calculated at the aggregate level, across all sectors of an economy. Or for individual sectors, such as agriculture, industry, or services."
}
]
},
{
"id": "landowner",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Landowner"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A person is considered a landowner if they are the only owner of a plot of land or own it jointly with someone in their own household, or outside of the household."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This means that a plot of land \u2013 and a household \u2013 can have multiple owners. And,households can have multiple plots of land, but with different people identified as the owner of each."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In many countries, land ownership is assigned based on legal documentation and title deeds. But in some countries without official documentation and titles, this data is calculated based on household surveys. In these surveys, households are asked about the ownership of plots of land."
}
]
},
{
"id": "nagoya_protocol",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Nagoya Protocol"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement that was adopted in 2010 under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. It aims to ensure that the benefits of genetic resources are shared fairly and equitably between countries and the people who provide them."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Protocol also sets out rules for accessing genetic resources and sharing the benefits that arise from their use. It applies to both traditional knowledge and modern genetic resources, and is intended to protect the rights of indigenous and local communities that are often associated with these resources."
}
]
},
{
"id": "invasive_species",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Invasive species"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An \"alien\" species is described as one which has been introduced outside its natural distribution range because of human activity. Once an alien species becomes a threat to native biodiversity it is known as an \"invasive alien species\". These species can be plants, animals, or other organisms, and they can cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health."
}
]
},
{
"id": "invasive_alien_species",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Invasive alien species"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An \"alien\" species is described as one which has been introduced outside its natural distribution range because of human activity. Once an alien species becomes a threat to native biodiversity it is known as an \"invasive alien species\". These species can be plants, animals, or other organisms, and they can cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health."
}
]
},
{
"id": "key_biodiversity_area",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Key Biodiversity Area (KBA)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A Key Biodiversity Area is a site that makes a significant contribution to the global persistence of biodiversity. This is often the case if a site contains many unique species. It can also mean that the site is home to a species that isn\u2019t found anywhere else, or is only found in a few other locations."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The IUCN uses <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org//library//sites//library//files//documents//2016-048.pdf\">11 criteria to assess</a> whether a site is a KBA. These cover five categories: threatened biodiversity, geographically restricted biodiversity, ecological integrity, biological processes (e.g. nesting) and irreplaceability."
}
]
},
{
"id": "protected_area",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Protected area"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space that is recognised, and managed through legal or other effective means. Protected areas are managed to preserve their ecosystem services and cultural values over the long-term."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "There are seven different categories of protected areas, ranging from strict nature reserves which are protected from all but light human use; to protected areas which allow the sustainable use of natural resources (such as logging, or fishing)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Protected areas can be in the ocean (a marine protected area \u2013 MPA) or on land."
}
]
},
{
"id": "enso_cycle",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Cycle"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean that affects the climate of regions in the tropics and subtropics. The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Ni\u00f1o, and the cooling phase as La Ni\u00f1a."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The ENSO cycle is defined by changes in atmospheric pressure. El Ni\u00f1o is accompanied by high air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific, and La Ni\u00f1a with low air surface pressure. The two periods last several months each and tend to occur every few years. The intensity of each cycle can vary."
}
]
},
{
"id": "taxonomic_group",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Taxonomic group"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A taxonomic group is a category in the scientific classification of living things, based on shared characteristics and genetic similarity. It is arranged in a hierarchical system, with each group being more specific than the one above it, and all groups forming the entire classification of living things."
}
]
},
{
"id": "population",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Population"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same geographic area. A species will often have multiple or many populations, each living in a different area."
}
]
},
{
"id": "endemic_species",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Endemic species"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Endemic species are plants and animals that only exist in one geographical area. Endemic species are more common in isolated environments, such as islands, due to the unique conditions and barriers to immigration. As a result of long-term geographic isolation, it is more likely that distinct and unique species will evolve in these isolated areas"
}
]
},
{
"id": "extinction_risk",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Extinction risk"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) evaluates the risk of a species going extinct <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001.pdf\">based on several criteria</a>, including their geographical range and current population size."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The IUCN publishes these assessments in its flagship Red List."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Species are sorted into nine categories, extending through: Not Evaluated, Data Deficient, Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild and Extinct."
}
]
},
{
"id": "red_list_index",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Red List Index"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Red List Index (RLI) tracks the status of species groups within the IUCN\u2019s Red List, which is a measure of species extinction risk."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The RLI is an index between 0 and 1, which changes over time based on changes in a species extinction risk. A declining RLI trend indicates that the risk of extinction among the species included in the index is increasing."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "To be included in the RLI, species groups need to be fully assessed. Currently, only mammals, birds, corals, amphibians, and cycads have the necessary data to be included."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This means the RLI is an aggregate index based on these species groups only. An RLI can also be calculated for individual species groups or for countries."
}
]
},
{
"id": "coral_bleaching",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Coral bleaching"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Corals contain microscopic algae that photosynthesize, providing corals with the majority of their energy. When exposed to warmer waters, corals can expel their algal symbionts, meaning they lose their source of energy. Without their algae, corals turn pale; causing them to look \u2018bleached\u2019. Several successive bleaching events can cause coral to die."
}
]
},
{
"id": "msy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Maximum Sustainable Yield"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is defined as the greatest average amount of catch that can be harvested in the long-term from a fish stock under constant and current environmental conditions (e.g., habitat, water conditions, species composition and interactions, and anything that could affect birth, growth, or death rates of the stock), without affecting the long-term productivity of the fish stock."
}
]
},
{
"id": "fish-stock",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fish stocks"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fish stocks are subpopulations of a particular species of fish which have common parameters such as location, growth and mortality which define their population dynamics."
}
]
},
{
"id": "gravitational_waves",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gravitational waves"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time that are created when two massive objects, such as black holes or neutron stars, collide or interact. They move at the speed of light, but they are extremely difficult to detect because they are so small and faint. It wasn't until the development of advanced technology like LIGO (the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) that researchers were able to detect these waves for the first time in 2015."
}
]
},
{
"id": "homicide",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Homicide"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The killing of a person by another with intent to cause death or injury."
}
]
},
{
"id": "age_standardized",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Age standardization"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Age standardization is an adjustment that makes it possible to compare populations with different age structures by standardizing them to a common reference population."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/age-standardization\">How does age standardization make health metrics comparable?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "low_earth_orbit",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Low Earth orbit"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude of 2,000 kilometers or less (approximately one-third of Earth\u2019s radius). This is the orbit where most artificial objects in outer space live. LEOs are often used for satellites, including those for communication, Earth observation, and space stations due to their proximity to Earth\u2019s surface, facilitating shorter communication times and detailed surface imaging."
}
]
},
{
"id": "medium_earth_orbit",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Medium Earth orbit"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A medium Earth orbit (MEO) is characterized by an altitude ranging from 2,000 kilometers to just below the geostationary orbit at approximately 35,786 kilometers above Earth. MEOs are mainly used for navigation satellite systems like the Global Positioning System (GPS), as their higher altitude allows for a larger coverage area with fewer satellites. This orbit is also beneficial for satellites that require a balance between Earth coverage and signal delay, making it a strategic choice for global navigation and communication systems."
}
]
},
{
"id": "geostationary_orbit",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Geostationary orbit"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A geostationary orbit (GEO) is a specific orbit located approximately 35,786 kilometers above the Earth's equator. This orbit allows satellites to match the Earth\u2019s rotation, effectively remaining stationary over a fixed point. This unique characteristic makes GEO ideal for communication, weather satellites, and certain broadcasting systems that benefit from a constant position relative to the Earth's surface, ensuring continuous coverage over specific geographical areas."
}
]
},
{
"id": "high_earth_orbit",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "High Earth orbit"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A high Earth orbit (HEO) refers to orbits above the altitude of a geostationary orbit (above 35,786 kilometers from the Earth\u2019s surface). These orbits are particularly useful for satellites that require a broad field of view of the Earth, such as for monitoring large areas or for scientific observations of the Earth's atmosphere and space environment. Due to their high altitude, satellites in HEO have longer orbital periods and can observe larger portions of the Earth's surface than lower orbits."
}
]
},
{
"id": "moore_law",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Moore's law"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles about every two years, thanks to improvements in production. It was first described by Gordon E. Moore, the co-founder of Intel, in 1965."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/moores-law\">What is Moore\u2019s Law?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "depressive_disorders",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Depressive disorders"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Depressive disorders are defined by the ICD as a group of conditions that involve significant, persistent feelings of sadness or a loss of interest, along with several other symptoms."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-mental-illnesses-defined\">How are mental illnesses defined?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how each illness is diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "odp_tonnes",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ozone-depleting tonnes (ODP tonnes)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ozone-depleting tonnes measure the total potential of substances to deplete the ozone layer. Some substances that deplete the ozone layer are 'stronger' than others, meaning one tonne will cause greater damage than one tonne of another. ODP tonnes are calculated by multiplying a substance's emissions in tonnes, by its 'ozone-depleting potential'."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ozone-depleting potential measures how much depletion a substance causes relative to CFC-11, which has a value of 1.0. If one tonne of a gas caused twice the depletion of CFC-11, it would have a potential of 2.0."
}
]
},
{
"id": "qubits",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Quantum bits"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Quantum bits, or qubits, are the basic units of quantum computing. Unlike classical bits that store information as 0 or 1, qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, enabling complex calculations and enhanced computing power."
}
]
},
{
"id": "anxiety_disorders",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Anxiety disorders"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Anxiety disorders are defined by the ICD as a group of conditions that involve feelings of intense fear and distress, along with other physical symptoms."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-mental-illnesses-defined\">How are mental illnesses defined?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how each illness is diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "schizophrenia",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Schizophrenia"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Schizophrenia is defined by the ICD as a condition that involves significant problems in perceiving reality, difficulty with memory and attention, and changes in behavior and movement."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-mental-illnesses-defined\">How are mental illnesses defined?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how each illness is diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "bipolar_disorder",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Bipolar disorder"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Bipolar disorder is defined by the ICD as a condition that involves two different sets of symptoms. One involves depressive symptoms, while the other involves significantly increased excitement, irritability and energy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-mental-illnesses-defined\">How are mental illnesses defined?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how each illness is diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "eating_disorder",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Eating disorders"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Eating disorders are defined by the ICD as a group of conditions that involve abnormal behaviors and preoccupations with food, along with strong concerns about body weight and shape."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-mental-illnesses-defined\">How are mental illnesses defined?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how each illness is diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "major_depression",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Major depression"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Major depression is a condition that involves feeling persistent sadness or a loss of interest, along with several other symptoms, for at least two weeks."
}
]
},
{
"id": "anorexia_nervosa",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Anorexia nervosa"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Anorexia nervosa is defined by the ICD as a condition that involves having persistent patterns of behavior that are aimed at reaching or maintaining an abnormally low body weight, along with an extreme fear of weight gain."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-mental-illnesses-defined\">How are mental illnesses defined?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how each illness is diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "bulimia_nervosa",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Bulimia nervosa"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Bulimia nervosa is defined by the ICD as a condition that involves having frequent recurring episodes of binge eating, as well as inappropriate behaviours to prevent weight gain. Patients have an excessive preoccupation or significant distress about their body weight or shape."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-mental-illnesses-defined\">How are mental illnesses defined?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd8 Find out how each illness is diagnosed in <a href=\"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f334423054\">the International Classification of Diseases manual</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "rotavirus",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rotavirus"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rotavirus is a contagious virus that can cause severe diarrhea. It is among the most common causes of diarrheal deaths in children."
}
]
},
{
"id": "cholera",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cholera"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>. It is spread through contaminated water and food, typically in areas lacking access to clean water and sanitation. Although cholera is easily treatable it can kill within hours or days if untreated."
}
]
},
{
"id": "indicator-2-4-1",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Sub-indicators of indicator 2.4.1"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The 11 sub-indicators used to measure this indicator are:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "1) Land productivity: Farm output value per hectare"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "2) Profitability: Net farm income"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "3) Resilience: Risk mitigation mechanisms"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "4) Soil health: Prevalence of soil degradation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "5) Water use: Variation in water availability"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "6) Fertilizer pollution risk: Management of fertilizers"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "7) Pesticide risk: Management of pesticides"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "8) Biodiversity: Use of agro-biodiversity-supportive practices"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "9) Decent employment: Wage rate in agriculture"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "10) Food security: Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "11) Land tenure: Secure tenure rights to land"
}
]
},
{
"id": "indicator-5-a-2",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Proxies of equality in land rights"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The six legal proxies used to measure this indicator are:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "1) Joint registration of land is compulsory or encouraged through economic incentives"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "2) Compulsory spousal consent for land transactions"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "3) Women\u2019s and girls\u2019 equal inheritance rights"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "4) Allocation of financial resources to increase women\u2019s ownership and control over land, in legal systems that recognize customary land tenure"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "5) The existence of explicit protection of the land rights of women"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "6) Mandatory quotas for women\u2019s participation in land management and administration institutions."
}
]
},
{
"id": "indicator-5-6-2",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Regulations on access to sexual health care"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The 13 sexual and reproductive health components where information is collected on the existence of i) specific legal enablers (positive laws, and regulations) and ii) specific legal barriers are:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "1) Maternity care"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "2) Life-saving commodities for reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "3) Abortion"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "4) Post-abortion care"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "5) Contraception"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "6) Consent for contraceptive services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "7) Emergency contraception"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "8) Comprehensive sexuality education law"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "9) Comprehensive sexuality education curriculum"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "10) HIV testing and counselling"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "11) HIV treatment and care"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "12) Confidentiality of health status for men and women living with HIV"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "13) HPV vaccine"
}
]
},
{
"id": "neglected-tropical-diseases",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Neglected tropical diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Neglected tropical diseases is a category that refers to infectious diseases that are: neglected by public health funding, disproportionately affect the extremely poor, and tend to be found in tropical regions of the world."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The World Health Organization lists the following 20 diseases under the category:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:buruli-ulcer\">Buruli ulcer</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:chagas-disease\">Chagas disease</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:chromoblastomycosis\">Chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:taeniasis-cysticercosis\">Cysticercosis</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:chikungunya\">Chikungunya</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:dengue\">Dengue</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:guinea-worm\">Guinea worm disease (\u201cdracunculiasis\u201d)</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:echinococcosis\">Echinococcosis</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:foodborne-trematodiases\">Foodborne trematodiases</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:african-trypanosomiasis\">Sleeping sickness (\u201cAfrican trypanosomiasis\u201d)</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:leishmaniasis\">Leishmaniasis</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:leprosy\">Leprosy (\u201cHansen's disease\u201d)</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:lymphatic-filariasis\">Lymphatic filariasis (\u201celephantiasis\u201d)</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:mycetoma\">Mycetoma</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:onchocerciasis\">River blindness (\u201conchocerciasis\u201d)</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:rabies\">Rabies</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:scabies\">Scabies and other ectoparasites</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:schistosomiasis\">Schistosomiasis</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:soil-transmitted-helminths\">Soil-transmitted helminthiases</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:snakebite-envenoming\">Snakebite envenoming</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:taeniasis-cysticercosis\">Taeniasis</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:trachoma\">Trachoma</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <a href=\"#dod:yaws\">Yaws</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "buruli-ulcer",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Buruli ulcer"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Buruli ulcer is a skin disease that causes severe sores and disfigurement if not treated early. It is caused by bacteria called <i>Mycobacterium ulcerans</i>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The disease starts as a small swelling, but if untreated, it turns into a large open sore or ulcer that destroys skin, muscles, and sometimes even bone. As the ulcers get bigger, they can permanently disfigure and disable the affected body part."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Buruli ulcer can be treated with antibiotics and surgery to remove the affected tissue."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "chromoblastomycosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chromoblastomycosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses are serious fungal infections that can lead to deformities, disabilities and sometimes cancer."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They are caused by certain fungi entering the body through cuts or skin wounds, often on the feet or legs."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "People experience skin sores, bumps under the skin, and progressive destruction of surrounding tissue. If untreated, these deep fungal infections can spread to bones and other organs, and cause deformities and life-threatening complications."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Long-term antifungal treatment and surgery are often required."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "taeniasis-cysticercosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Taeniasis and cysticercosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Taeniasis and cysticercosis are infections caused by the same tapeworm species <i>Taenia solium</i>. It can be ingested from undercooked beef or pork containing the larval cysts of some tapeworm species."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>Taeniasis</b> is an intestinal infection of the adult stage of the tapeworm, which can cause digestive problems and nutritional deficiencies."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "People have symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss and general discomfort from having the adult tapeworm residing in the intestines."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>Cysticercosis</b> describes the infection with the larval stage of the tapeworm. The larvae migrate around the body and form cysts. These can also form in the brain, which can cause seizures. This is called neurocysticercosis."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Taeniasis is treated with antiparasitic medications. Cysticercosis is more difficult to treat and can require surgery to remove the cysts."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "chromoblastomycosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chromoblastomycosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses are serious fungal infections that can lead to deformities, disabilities and sometimes cancer."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They are caused by certain fungi entering the body through cuts or skin wounds, often on the feet or legs."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "People experience skin sores, bumps under the skin, and progressive destruction of surrounding tissue. If untreated, these deep fungal infections can spread to bones and other organs, and cause deformities and life-threatening complications."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Long-term antifungal treatment and surgery are often required."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "chagas-disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chagas disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chagas disease can severely damage the heart and digestive system over time if left untreated."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, spread through the feces of \"kissing bugs\", which can live in walls and cracks in rural or suburban areas."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Early symptoms include fever, fatigue, body aches, and rashes. But the parasites keep living in the body for life if untreated, gradually damaging the heart muscle and digestive system over decades, leading to an enlarged heart, heart failure, severe digestive issues, and potentially death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chagas disease can be treated with antiparasitic medications."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "dengue",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Dengue"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Dengue fever is a potentially fatal disease caused by dengue virus, which is spread by mosquito bites."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It causes high fevers, rashes, muscle and joint pains. Although many people recover, some develop life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, where they experience severe bleeding, organ impairment, and leaking of blood plasma, which can lead to death without urgent care."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "chikungunya",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chikungunya"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chikungunya is an infectious disease caused by the chikungunya virus, which is spread by mosquitoes."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It causes sudden high fevers and extremely painful joint swelling and stiffness, which can be very severe or even disabling. Other symptoms include headaches, muscle aches, nausea and rashes."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Most people recover soon, but some develop joint pain that persists for months or years, severely affecting their daily life."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "echinococcosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Echinococcosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Echinococcosis is an infectious disease caused by a parasitic tapeworm that can lead to severe disease of the lungs or liver and potentially death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is caused by ingesting eggs of the <i>Echinococcus</i> tapeworm species, often from contact with infected dogs, which can initially lead to symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Treatment involves surgery or antiparasitic medications."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "scabies",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Scabies"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Scabies is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the mite <i>Sarcoptes scabiei</i>, which leads to intense itching and rashes."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The mites burrow under the skin and lay eggs, causing an allergic reaction. Other ectoparasites like lice and fleas can also cause itching, rashes, and skin irritation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The mites spread through close person-to-person or skin-to-skin contact, and can be treated with antiparasitic medications."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "soil-transmitted-helminths",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Soil-transmitted helminths"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Soil-transmitted helminths are parasitic worms that cause diseases that affect physical and intellectual development, especially in children."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They include different species such as roundworm, whipworm and hookworms, which can infect people through contact with soil contaminated by human feces containing worm eggs."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "People develop symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, malnutrition and related complications."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These infections can be treated with deworming medications and improved sanitation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Soil-transmitted helminthiases are classified as <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical diseases</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "foodborne-trematodiases",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Foodborne trematodiases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Foodborne trematodiases are parasitic worm infections that can cause liver and lung disease if untreated."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They are caused by ingesting undercooked fish, crustaceans, or vegetables that contain microscopic parasitic worms called trematodes or flukes."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "People first develop symptoms like fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and blood in stools."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Over time, the worms can migrate to the liver, lungs, or other organs, causing severe complications like obstructing the bile duct, liver scarring, and lung problems."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These infections can be treated with antiparasitic medications."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They are classified as <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical diseases</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "mycetoma",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Mycetoma"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Mycetoma is a destructive skin and bone infection that can lead to deformity and disability if left untreated."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It can be caused by some different species of fungi or bacteria, which can enter the body through minor skin injuries, often on the feet or hands."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "If untreated, the infection spreads to underlying bone, causing severe deformities."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Mycetoma requires long-term antifungal or antibiotic treatment, often with surgery, potentially including amputations. It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "maternal-mortality",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Maternal mortality"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Maternal mortality relates to the death of women during or shortly after pregnancy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This is defined differently by different organizations."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "According to the <a href=\"#dod:icd\">ICD-11</a>, maternal deaths are defined as the deaths of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from maternal conditions, but excluding accidental or incidental causes of death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Maternal conditions are defined from the \u201c<a href=\"#dod:underlying-cause-of-death\">underlying cause of death</a>\u201d on death certificates."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In the WHO Mortality Database and IHME GBD (estimates up to 2019), maternal deaths up to 1 year of termination of pregnancy are also included."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In countries where cause of death data is lacking, estimates (such as in the WHO GHO and IHME GBD) include deaths during or shortly after pregnancy, <b>irrespective</b> of the cause \u2014 this means they include causes incidental to the pregnancy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more on our page: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/maternal-mortality\">Maternal mortality</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "guinea-worm",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Guinea worm"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Guinea worm is a parasitic worm that causes guinea worm disease (also known as \u201cdracunculiasis\u201d). which is a painful and debilitating disease of the bones, connective tissue, and joints."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The worm\u2019s larvae can be ingested from contaminated water, and grow into adult worms whose growth in the body can lead to arthritic conditions. The disease used to be common in Asia, the Middle East, and many countries in Africa, but it is close to eradication."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/guinea-worm-path-eradication\">Guinea worm disease is close to being eradicated \u2013 how was this progress achieved?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "rabies",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rabies"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rabies is a viral disease that spreads from the bite of an infected animal, such as a rabid dog."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The disease is fatal without vaccination. The disease causes brain inflammation, fever, and delirium."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rabies vaccines are typically given after a bite, but some vaccines are used as preventive treatment."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "yaws",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Yaws"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Yaws is a chronic infectious disease that can be disfiguring and debilitating. It is caused by the bacterium <i>Treponema pallidum</i>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It primarily affects the skin, bones, and connective tissue: patients develop highly contagious skin lumps and ulcers and bone deformities, and spreads through direct contact with the wounds of an infected person."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The infection can be effectively treated with antibiotics, such as azithromycin or benzathine penicillin."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "smallpox",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Smallpox"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Smallpox was a severe and contagious disease caused by the variola virus."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Patients infected by the virus developed fever, body aches, and a distinctive rash that developed into fluid-filled blisters."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The disease was known for its high mortality rate and the permanent scarring it often left on survivors. Historically, it affected people across various continents. Through a global vaccination campaign, smallpox became the first disease to be eradicated by human effort."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox\">smallpox</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "family-planning",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Family planning"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Family planning allows people to attain their desired number of children, if any, and to determine the spacing of their pregnancies. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility."
}
]
},
{
"id": "modern-contraception",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Modern contraception"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Modern contraceptive methods include: oral hormonal pills, intrauterine devices (IUDs), male or female condoms, emergency contraception, implant, sterilization, injectables, and vaginal barrier methods."
}
]
},
{
"id": "diarrhea",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Diarrheal disease episode"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Diarrheal disease episodes are defined as three or more loose stools in a 24-hour period."
}
]
},
{
"id": "improved-sanitation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Improved sanitation facilities"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact, and include: flush/pour flush toilets connected to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; pit latrines with slabs (including ventilated pit latrines), and composting toilets."
}
]
},
{
"id": "population-growth-rate",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Population growth rate"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Population growth rate explains the change in population over a given interval of time. This is often expressed as the annual growth rate."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations calculates this as an exponential growth rate. It calculates it by taking the natural logarithm of the annual change, which is the population in that year compared to the previous year. For example, the change in population from 2017 to 2018. This is expressed as a percentage."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<i>Natural population growth</i> rate is the expected change in population from births and deaths only. It does not include changes as a result of migration."
}
]
},
{
"id": "fertility-rate",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fertility rate"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The total fertility rate is a <a href=\"#dod:period-measure\">period metric</a>. It summarizes fertility rates across all age groups in one particular year."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "For a given year, the total fertility rate represents the average number of children that would be born to a hypothetical woman if she (1) lived to the end of her childbearing years, and (2) experienced the same age-specific fertility rates throughout her whole reproductive life as the age-specific fertility rates seen in that particular year."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is different from the <i>actual</i> average number of children that women have."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The fertility rate should not be confused with biological fertility, which is about the ability of a person to conceive."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate\">Fertility rate</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "un-projection-scenarios",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "UN projection scenarios"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The UN's World Population Prospects provides a range of projected scenarios of population change. These rely on different assumptions in fertility, mortality and/or migration patterns to explore different demographic futures."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more: <a href=\"https://population.un.org/wpp/DefinitionOfProjectionScenarios/#:~:text=The%20five%20fertility%20scenarios%20are,and%20instant%2Dreplacement%2Dfertility.\">Definition of Projection Scenarios (UN)</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "diarrheal-diseases",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Diarrheal diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Diarrheal diseases are a group of illnesses that are usually caused by viral, bacterial, or protist infections. They tend to be spread through contaminated food or drinking water, or between people through the fecal-oral route or direct contact."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "There are many public health measures that can prevent diarrheal disease, including sanitation, clean drinking water, pasteurization, food safety, and hand washing with soap."
}
]
},
{
"id": "oral-rehydration-therapy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Oral rehydration therapy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the use of treatments to replenish fluids lost, especially from diarrhea. It can include <a href=\"#dod:oral-rehydration-salts\">oral rehydration salts</a>, recommended home-made fluids, and feeding practices."
}
]
},
{
"id": "oral-rehydration-salts",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Oral rehydration salts"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Oral rehydration salts (ORS) are a mixture of salt and sugar dissolved in clean water. This mixture is used to treat dehydration caused by severe diarrhea, heat stroke or other conditions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It can be easily prepared by community health workers and caregivers at home."
}
]
},
{
"id": "e-coli",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<i>E. coli"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "</i>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Escherichia coli (<i>E. coli</i>) is a bacterium that is commonly found in the gut of humans and warm-blooded animals. Most strains of <i>E. coli</i> are harmless, but some \u2013 such as Shiga toxin-producing <i>E. coli</i> (STEC) \u2013 can cause severe foodborne disease."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It can be spread through contaminated foods, such as raw meat, milk, and vegetables, or between people through the fecal-oral route or direct contact."
}
]
},
{
"id": "typhoid-fever",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Typhoid fever"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium <i>Salmonella Typhi</i>. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. Once <i>Salmonella Typhi</i> bacteria are ingested, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Symptoms include prolonged high fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhea."
}
]
},
{
"id": "paratyphoid-fever",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Paratyphoid fever"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Paratyphoid fever is an infection caused by the bacterium <i>Salmonella Paratyphi</i>. It causes similar clinical syndromes to typhoid fever, including fevers, chills, abdominal pain, and can be a life-threatening illness in severe cases."
}
]
},
{
"id": "non-typhoidal-salmonella",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Non-typhoidal salmonellae are a group of bacteria that cause inflammation of the stomach and intestines."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They can sometimes spread beyond the gut into the bloodstream, causing invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), especially in people who have weak immune systems, for example those with malnutrition or HIV/AIDS."
}
]
},
{
"id": "equivalization",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Equivalization"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Equivalization is a statistical technique used in household income surveys to allow for fairer comparisons in living standards between households of different sizes or age compositions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "With each additional member, a household's needs grow but \u2013 due to economies of scale in consumption \u2013 not in a proportional way. A household with three members does not need three times the housing space, electricity, heating etc. as a single-person household to achieve the same standard of living."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In the process of equivalization, each household's actual income level is scaled up or down to find the \u201cequivalent\u201d income that would be needed for a given standard household size to achieve that same standard of living. This requires making assumptions about the economies of scale in household consumption, and different 'equivalence scales' for making such an adjustment are in common use."
}
]
},
{
"id": "v-dem",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "V-Dem"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project publishes data and research on democracy and human rights."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It relies on evaluations by around 3,500 country experts and supplementary work by its own researchers to assess political institutions and the protection of rights."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The project is managed by the V-Dem Institute, based at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/vdem-electoral-democracy-data\">The \u2018Varieties of Democracy\u2019 data: how do researchers measure democracy?</a>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/vdem-human-rights-data\">The \u2018Varieties of Democracy\u2019 data: how do researchers measure human rights?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "polity",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Polity"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Polity project publishes data on democracy based on evaluations of its own researchers."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The project is managed by the Center for Systemic Peace."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "freedom-house",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Freedom House"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Freedom House publishes data on democracy and human rights."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It relies on evaluations by country and regional experts as well as their own researchers to assess political institutions and the protection of rights."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "bertelsmann-transformation-index",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Bertelsmann Transformation Index"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) project publishes data and research on democracy and human rights."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It relies on evaluations by nearly 300 country, regional, and general experts, as well as supplementary representative surveys of regular citizens, to assess political institutions and the protection of rights."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The project is managed by the Bertelsmann Foundation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "economist-intelligence-unit",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Economist Intelligence Unit"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Economist Intelligence Unit publishes data and research on democracy and human rights."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It relies on evaluations by its own country experts, supplemented by representative surveys of regular citizens to assess political institutions and the protection of rights."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Economist Intelligence Unit is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group, the sister company of The Economist newspaper."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "clean-cooking-fuels",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Access to clean fuels for cooking"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Clean cooking fuels are defined as those that, when burned, emit less than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended amounts of air pollutants (specifically, particulate matter). They reduce the burden of air pollution \u2013 and its health impacts \u2013 for households that use them."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The following fuels are defined as \u2018clean\u2019: natural gas, biogas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), electricity, solar, , and alcohol fuels including ethanol."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Polluting of \u2018non-clean\u2019 fuels include solid fuels such as unprocessed biomass (wood or dung), charcoal, coal, and kerosene."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more from the <a href=\"https://www.who.int/tools/clean-household-energy-solutions-toolkit/module-7-defining-clean\">World Health Organization (WHO)</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "global-hunger-index",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Global Hunger Index"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Global Hunger Index (GHI) tries to capture the multidimensional nature of hunger, by combining four component indicators into one index score."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The GHI is calculated from four indicators: undernourishment (the share of people that do not get enough calories to meet their energy requirements); <a href=\"#dod:wasting\">childhood wasting</a>; <a href=\"#dod:stunting\">childhood stunting</a>; and child mortality."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An increase in a country's GHI score indicates that the hunger situation is worsening, while a decrease in the score indicates an improvement in the hunger situation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more from the Global Hunger Index\u2019s <a href=\"https://www.globalhungerindex.org/methodology.html\">methodology</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "food-loss-index",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Food loss index"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The food loss index measures how losses in the food supply chain have changed relative to 2015."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Food \u201closses\u201d are defined as the loss or wastage of food from the farm up to the retail level. Pre-harvest losses, and retail and consumer waste are not included."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Food losses are measured across five food groups: cereals & pulses; fruits & vegetables; roots, tubers and oil crops; animal products; and seafood."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The percentage of food that is lost across the supply chain in 2015 is given a value of 100 as a baseline. If the index value is greater than 100 then food losses have increased since 2015. If the value is less than 100, they\u2019ve decreased."
}
]
},
{
"id": "biomass",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Biomass"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Biomass is a unit used as a way of measuring the amount of living material in a given environment."
}
]
},
{
"id": "chlorophyll-a",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chlorophyll-a"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chlorophyll-a is a widely used proxy for phytoplankton biomass and an indicator for changes in phytoplankton production."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "High levels of chlorophyll-a indicate pollution from sources suce as fertilizers, sewage or urban runoff."
}
]
},
{
"id": "oda",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Official Development Assistance"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Financial flows to countries and territories on the Development Assistance Committee list of recipients and to multilateral development institutions that are:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "1) Provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "2) Are administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as their main objective"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "3) Are concessional in character, with a grant element of 10-45 per cent, depending on the type of loan and the specific recipient."
}
]
},
{
"id": "fdi",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Foreign direct investment"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A financial transaction to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It includes equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other long-term capital."
}
]
},
{
"id": "per-capita",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Per capita"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "'Per capita' here means that each person (including children) is attributed an equal share of the total income received by all members of their household."
}
]
},
{
"id": "gini",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gini coefficient"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Gini coefficient is the most commonly used measure of inequality."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is typically used as a measure of income inequality, but it can be used to measure the inequality of any distribution \u2013 such as the distribution of wealth, or even life expectancy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It measures inequality on a scale from 0 to 1, where higher values indicate higher inequality. This can sometimes be shown as a percentage from 0 to 100%, this is then called the \u2018Gini Index\u2019."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A value of 0 indicates perfect equality \u2013 where everyone has the same income. A value of 1 indicates perfect inequality \u2013 where one person receives all the income, and everyone else receives nothing."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-the-gini-coefficient\">Measuring inequality: What is the Gini coefficient?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "atkinson",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Atkinson index"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Atkinson index is a measure of inequality."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is typically used as a measure of income inequality, but it can be used to measure the inequality of any distribution \u2013 such as the distribution of wealth, or even life expectancy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It measures inequality on a scale from 0 to 1, where higher values indicate higher inequality. This can sometimes be shown as a percentage from 0 to 100%."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A value of 0 indicates perfect equality \u2013 where everyone has the same income. A value of 1 indicates perfect inequality \u2013 where one person receives all the income, and everyone else receives nothing."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "There are different varieties of the index, depending on \u03b5, the inequality aversion parameter. The parameter defines how sensitive the index is to changes in the lower end of the distribution."
}
]
},
{
"id": "forest-resources",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Forest resources"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Forest resources include wood and non-wood forest products, the protection of soil and water, biodiversity conservation, social and cultural uses, and any combination of these."
}
]
},
{
"id": "forest-certification-schemes",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Forest certification schemes"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Forest certification schemes aim to ensure the sustainable use of forest products and ecosystem services."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Independently verified forest certification schemes include the <a href=\"https://fsc.org/\">Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)</a> and the <a href=\"https://www.pefc.org/\">Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC)</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Forest certification is voluntary and market-based, therefore there are significant areas of sustainably managed forest that are not certified."
}
]
},
{
"id": "land-degradation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Land degradation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Land degradation is defined as the reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain-fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands resulting from a combination of pressures, including land use and management practices."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tourism-adjusted",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Tourism adjusted"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "To adjust for tourism emissions from international flights are multiplied by the ratio of outbound-to-inbound travelers. A high outbound-to-inbound tourist ratio suggests that a country's residents travel abroad more often than it receives visitors, resulting in a relatively lower burden of emissions from international flights being allocated to the country whose residents don't travel internationally as frequently."
}
]
},
{
"id": "unclos",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was adopted in 1982. It lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It embodies in one instrument traditional rules for the uses of the oceans and at the same time introduces new legal concepts and regimes and addresses new concerns. It enshrines the notion that all problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be addressed as a whole."
}
]
},
{
"id": "economic-complexity",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Economic Complexity Index"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is a measure of the productive capabilities of a country, <a href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0900943106\">proposed</a> by Ricardo Hausmann and Cesar Hidalgo. Productive capabilities are defined by them as all the inputs, technologies and ideas that, in combination, determine the frontiers of what an economy can produce."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The ECI takes data on exports, and reduces a country\u2019s economic system into two dimensions:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- The diversity of products in the export basket."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- The ubiquity of products in the export basket."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2018Diversity\u2019 is the number of products that a country can export competitively; and \u2018ubiquity\u2019 is the number of countries that are able to export a product competitively."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-and-why-econ-complexity\">How and why should we study \u2018economic complexity\u2019?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "ai-MMLU",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "MMLU benchmark"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark mimics a multiple-choice knowledge quiz designed to gauge how proficiently AI systems can comprehend various topics like history, science, or psychology. It has 57 different sections, each one looking at a particular subject."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The MMLU test has 15,908 questions in total, which are split up into smaller sets. There are at least 100 questions about each subject. The questions in the test come from many places, like practice tests for big exams or questions from university courses. The difficulty of the questions varies, some are as easy as elementary school level, while others are as hard as what professionals in a field might know."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The scores achieved by humans on this test are largely dependent on their level of expertise in the subject matter. Individuals who are not specialists in a given area typically achieve a correctness rate of around 34.5%. However, those with a deep understanding and proficiency in their field, such as doctors sitting for a medical examination, can attain a high score of up to 89.8% on the test."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ai-MATH",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "MATH benchmark"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The MATH benchmark tests the performance of AI systems on mathematical problems. It comprises 12,500 questions sourced from high-school math competitions, each accompanied by a comprehensive, step-by-step solution. These solutions help researchers in training AI systems to generate accurate answers and provide explanations."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In the MATH benchmark, AI systems are presented with a problem and their task is to produce a sequence, like a fraction (for example, 2/3), that represents the final answer. Each question has one unique correct response which means that the scoring can be based on whether the AI got the exact right answer."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A computer science PhD student who does not especially like mathematics scores approximately 40% on MATH, while a three-time IMO gold medalist can attain a score of 90%."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ai-APPS",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "APPS benchmark"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The APPS (Automated Programming Progress Standard) benchmark is a tool to test how well AI systems can write code. It has a total of 10,000 coding challenges that the AI needs to solve. To check if the AI's solutions are correct, there are 131,836 test scenarios. There are also 232,444 human-made solutions that serve as the \"correct answers\" to compare with the AI's output. The accuracy of an AI system in this test is determined by the percentage of test scenarios it gets right."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Interview level problems are equivalent to those posed in challenging technical interviews. They often deal with certain kinds of data arrangements, like trees or graphs, or require tweaks to common coding techniques. Out of the total 10,000 problems, half of them, or 5,000, are at this 'interview level'. Of these, 3,000 are used for testing purposes."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Competition level problems are coding challenges that are on par with the highest-tier high school and collegiate programming competitions, such as USACO, IOI, and ACM. Out of the total problems, 1,361 are classified as 'competition level', with 1,000 of these being part of the test set."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ai-llms",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Large language models"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Large language models, such as GPT-4, are AI systems designed to understand and generate human-like text. These models are \"trained\" on vast amounts of text data, allowing them to predict the next word in a sentence, which helps them generate coherent and contextually relevant responses or text passages."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ai-systems",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "AI systems"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "AI systems, or Artificial Intelligence systems, are computer-based systems that aim to mimic or replicate human intelligence and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. These systems use various algorithms, data, and models to analyze, interpret, and generate meaningful responses or actions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "AI systems encompass a broad range of technologies and applications, including machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, and expert systems. They can process large amounts of data, learn from patterns and examples, make decisions, solve problems, and interact with humans in a way that simulates human intelligence."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These systems can be designed for specific tasks, such as language translation, image recognition, speech synthesis, or they can be more general-purpose, capable of performing a wide range of cognitive tasks. They can be found in various domains, including healthcare, finance, transportation, customer service, and many others."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ai-inflation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "adjusted for inflation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Reporting a time series of AI investments in nominal prices (i.e., without adjusting for inflation) means it makes little sense to compare observations across time; it is therefore not very useful. To make comparisons across time possible, one has to take into account that prices change (e.g., there is inflation)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is not obvious how to adjust this time series for inflation, and we debated it at some length within our team."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It would be straightforward to adjust the time series for price changes if we knew the prices of the specific goods and services that these investments purchased. This would make it possible to calculate a volume measure of AI investments, and it would tell us how much these investments bought. But such a metric is not available. While a comprehensive price index is not available, we know that the cost for some crucial AI technology has fallen rapidly in price."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In the absence of a comprehensive price index that captures the price of AI-specific goods and services, one has to rely on one of the available metrics for the price of a bundle of goods and services. In the end we decided to use the US Consumer Price Index (CPI)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The US CPI does not provide us with a volume measure of AI goods and services, but it does capture the opportunity costs of these investments. The inflation adjustment of this time series of AI investments therefore lets us understand the size of these investments relative to whatever else these sums of money could have purchased."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ai-computation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Computation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Training computation, often measured in total FLOP (floating-point operations), refers to the total number of computer operations used to train an AI system. One FLOP corresponds to a single arithmetic operation, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division, performed with floating-point numbers, and one petaFLOP equals one quadrillion (10^15) FLOP."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The AI systems shown here were built using machine learning and deep learning methods. These involve complex mathematical calculations that require significant computational resources. Training these systems generally involves feeding large amounts of data through various layers and nodes and adjusting internal system parameters over numerous iterations to optimize the system\u2019s performance."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The training computation used can vary depending on factors such as the size of the dataset, size and complexity of the system architecture, and the level of parallelism used during training, among other reasons."
}
]
},
{
"id": "injuries",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Injuries"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Injuries include all types of injury, both intentional and accidental, for example: road accidents, poisonings, falls, fires, drowning, natural disasters, self-harm and interpersonal violence."
}
]
},
{
"id": "non-communicable-diseases",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Non-communicable diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors. The main types of NCD are <a href=\"#dod:cvd\">cardiovascular diseases</a>, <a href=\"#dod:cancer\">cancers</a>, <a href=\"#dod:chronic_respiratory_disease\">chronic respiratory diseases</a>, and <a href=\"#dod:diabetes\">diabetes</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "communicable-diseases",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Communicable diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Communicable, or infectious diseases, are caused by <a href=\"#dod:pathogen\">pathogens</a> such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi, and can spread between people, directly or indirectly."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Communicable diseases spread through different routes such as direct contact, contaminated food or water, breathing or airborne particles, sexual contact, and more."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They include <a href=\"#dod:hiv\">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href=\"#dod:tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a> (TB), <a href=\"#dod:malaria\">malaria</a>, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical diseases</a> (NTDs), and are among the leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized populations."
}
]
},
{
"id": "underlying-cause-of-death",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Underlying cause of death"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The \u2018underlying cause of death\u2019 is defined by the World Health Organization as: a) the disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death, or b) the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "All deaths may not be registered with a cause of death, especially if there is a lack of medical records for the person deceased, a lack of doctors, nurses, or hospitals nearby, or if the country has a poorly functioning vital registration system."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 You can read more about how causes of death are determined in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-causes-of-death-registered-around-the-world\">How are causes of death registered around the world?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "crvs",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Civil Registration and Vital Statistics system"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A Civil Registration and Vital Statistics system (CRVS) is an administrative system in a country that manages information on births, marriages, deaths and divorces. It generates and stores \u2018vital records\u2019 and legal documents such as birth certificates and death certificates."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 You can read more about how deaths are registered around the world in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-causes-of-death-registered-around-the-world\">How are causes of death registered around the world?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "verbal-autopsy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Verbal autopsy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Verbal autopsies are studies in which the relatives/caregivers of a deceased person are interviewed by trained professionals to determine their cause of death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These studies are valuable in countries without doctors, nurses, robust hospital records, or where deaths often occur outside the healthcare system."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 You can read more about verbal autopsies and how deaths are determined around the world in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-are-causes-of-death-registered-around-the-world\">How are causes of death registered around the world?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "hepatitis-virus",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hepatitis virus"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hepatitis viruses are a group of viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. This results in symptoms like jaundice, fatigue, and liver dysfunction, and can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks (acute hepatitis) to a severe, lifelong condition (chronic hepatitis) that can include <a href=\"#dod:cirrhosis\">cirrhosis</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "There are five main hepatitis viruses, which are called types A, B, C, D, and E. Each of these viruses can cause liver inflammation, but they vary in how they spread, their severity, and their geographical distribution. For example, Hepatitis A and E are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water, while B, C, and D are mainly transmitted through blood and body fluids. Hepatitis B and C viruses are also known to increase the risks of liver cancer."
}
]
},
{
"id": "cirrhosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cirrhosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cirrhosis describes the late stage of liver scarring caused by various liver diseases and conditions, such as <a href=\"#dod:hepatitis-virus\">hepatitis virus</a> and chronic alcohol abuse."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Since the liver has many important functions \u2013 including detoxifying harmful substances in the body, producing bile for digestion, synthesizing proteins, storing vitamins and minerals, and regulating blood clotting \u2013 cirrhosis can lead to complications that can be life-threatening."
}
]
},
{
"id": "acute-chronic",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Acute vs chronic diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In a medical context, \u2018acute\u2019 refers to conditions that arise suddenly or last a short amount of time, while \u2018chronic\u2019 refers to conditions that develop gradually over a long period of time and tend to persist."
}
]
},
{
"id": "acute-flaccid-paralysis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Acute flaccid paralysis is a sudden onset of paralysis or weakness of the limbs."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It can be caused by viral infections like poliovirus and enteroviruses, immune system disorders such as Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, and environmental toxins. It can affect anyone but is especially concerning in children."
}
]
},
{
"id": "who-mort-db-homicide",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "WHO Mortality Database"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The WHO Mortality Database draws on data from national civil registries which collect death certificates where the cause of death is registered. The WHO Mortality Database only publishes data for countries where at least 65% of deaths are registered with a cause."
}
]
},
{
"id": "dhs-survey",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) are large-scale national surveys that collect data on population, health, and nutrition."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The surveys involve interviewing women, men, and households in selected countries, using standardized questionnaires. The data collected provides insights into topics like fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, and infectious diseases."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Policymakers, researchers, and global health organizations use this information to make informed decisions and monitor health trends."
}
]
},
{
"id": "mics-survey",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) are international household surveys initiated by UNICEF to gather information on the well-being of children and women."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Conducted in various countries, these surveys utilize standardized questionnaires to collect data on health, education, and other vital indicators."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The data helps governments and organizations to evaluate progress towards global targets, such as the United Nations\u2019 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "unodc-homicide",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "UN Office on Drugs and Crime"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The UN Office on Drugs and Crime collates homicide data from two main resources: 1) primarily data from national law enforcement and criminal justice authorities, 2) civil registry data from WHO-MD and national authorities"
}
]
},
{
"id": "history-of-homicide-database",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "History of Homicide Database"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The History of Homicide Database combines data from national civil registries with historial studies of reports by law enforcement and criminal justice authorities."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ihme-homicide",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "IHME Global Burden of Disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The IHME Global Burden of Disease uses statistical models to produce estimates of homicides.The model inputs include civil registry data from the WHO Mortality Database, law enforcement and criminal justice data from the UN Office of Drugs and Crime, and relevant covariates such as the young male population and alcohol consumption."
}
]
},
{
"id": "who-ghe-homicide",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "WHO Global Health Estimates"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The WHO Global Health Estimates data on homicides draws on three main sources: 1) civil registry data from the WHO Mortality Database; 2) law enforcement and criminal justice data from the UN Office of Drugs and Crime; and 3) statistically modelled estimates from the IHME Global Burden of Disease."
}
]
},
{
"id": "wvs-trust-groups",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The question asked was"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "I\u2019d like to ask you how much you trust people from various groups. Could you tell me for each whether you trust people from this group completely, somewhat, not very much or not at all?"
}
]
},
{
"id": "wvs-trust-orgs",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The question asked was"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much confidence you have in them: is it a great deal of confidence, quite a lot of confidence, not very much confidence or none at all?"
}
]
},
{
"id": "ppe",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to specialized gear worn to minimize the risk of exposure to hazardous materials or infectious <a href=\"#dod:pathogen\">pathogens</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It includes items like masks, gloves, goggles, gowns, and respirators, which create a barrier between the wearer and potentially harmful substances, thereby reducing risk in various settings such as healthcare, construction, and industrial environments."
}
]
},
{
"id": "highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a severe form of bird flu that can quickly spread and cause deadly disease in poultry."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Some cases have also been recorded in humans, particularly from H5N1 and H7N9 flu strains, and have had a high <a href=\"#dod:case-fatality-rate\">case fatality rate</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "case-fatality-rate",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Case fatality rate"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The case fatality rate is a measure of the severity of a disease. It is the share of people who die from a disease, out of those diagnosed."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The case fatality rate can be an overestimate of the true severity of a disease when many mild or asymptomatic cases go undetected or unreported. On the other hand, it can be an underestimate when deaths are unreported more than cases, or when people die from long-term complications of the disease which may not have been considered."
}
]
},
{
"id": "terrorism",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Terrorist attack"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Global Terrorism Database defines a terrorist attack as the threat or use of violence to achieve a political, economic, religious or social goal through intimidation or coercion by an actor that is not the state. For an event to be considered terrorism:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- The perpetrators must be acting intentionally"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- The perpetrators must threaten or use violence against people or property"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- The perpetrators must not be agents of a state"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Furthermore, at least two of the following three criteria must be met:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- The actions of the perpetrators are in pursuit of a political, economic, religious, or social goal"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- The actions are aimed at intimidating or coercing more than the immediate victims"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- The actions target civilians"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/the-global-terrorism-database-how-do-researchers-measure-terrorism\">The Global Terrorism Database: how do researchers measure terrorism?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "pre-primary-education",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pre-primary education"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pre-primary education (International Standard Classification of Education Level 02) focuses on peer and educator interactions to enhance children's language and social skills, while also beginning to develop logical reasoning and verbalized thought processes."
}
]
},
{
"id": "primary-education",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Primary education"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Primary education (International Standard Classification of Education Level 1) aims to impart fundamental literacy and numeracy skills while providing a solid foundation in key knowledge areas and personal and social development, serving as preparation for lower-secondary education with a focus on basic-level learning and minimal specialization."
}
]
},
{
"id": "secondary-education",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Secondary education"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Secondary education (International Standard Classification of Education Level 2 and 3) completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers."
}
]
},
{
"id": "lower-secondary-education",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lower-secondary education"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lower-secondary education (International Standard Classification of Education Level 2) lays the foundation for lifelong learning and broader educational opportunities through subject-specific theoretical instruction."
}
]
},
{
"id": "upper-secondary-education",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Upper-secondary education"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Upper-secondary education (International Standard Classification of Education Level 3) prepares students for tertiary education and employment by offering specialized, in-depth instruction that is more varied and differentiated than lower secondary education (International Standard Classification of Education Level 2)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tertiary-education",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Tertiary education"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Tertiary education (International Standard Classification of Education Level 5 to 8) expands upon secondary education by offering specialized learning activities in various fields. It targets advanced levels of complexity and specialization, encompassing both academic and advanced vocational or professional education."
}
]
},
{
"id": "adjusted-gpi",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Adjusted gender parity index"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Adjusted gender parity index (GPI) is calculated by dividing the female indicator value by the male value. To ensure symmetry around 1, when the ratio is greater than 1, the adjusted GPI is calculated as the ratio of male to female values and the ratio is subtracted from 2."
}
]
},
{
"id": "lays",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learning-adjusted years"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learning-adjusted years (LAYS) is computed by adjusting the expected years of school based on the quality of learning, as measured by the harmonized test scores from various international student achievement testing programs. The adjustment involves multiplying the expected years of school by the ratio of the most recent harmonized test score to 625. Here, 625 signifies advanced attainment on the TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) test, with 300 representing minimal attainment. These scores are measured in TIMSS-equivalent units."
}
]
},
{
"id": "harmonized-scores",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Harmonized test scores"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Harmonized test scores consolidate data from several international student achievement testing programs, enabling a standardized comparison of educational attainment across different educational systems and cultures. These scores are measured in TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) - equivalent units, with 300 denoting minimal attainment and 625 representing advanced attainment."
}
]
},
{
"id": "armed-conflict-ucdp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Armed conflict (UCDP and PRIO)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A disagreement between organized groups, or between one organized group and civilians, that causes at least 25 deaths during a year. This includes combatant and civilian deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "interstate-ucdp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Interstate conflict (UCDP and PRIO)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between states that causes at least 25 deaths during a year. This includes combatant and civilian deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "intrastate-ucdp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Intrastate conflict (UCDP and PRIO)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between a state and a non-state armed group inside the state\u2019s territory that causes at least 25 deaths during a year. This includes combatant and civilian deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "If a foreign state is involved, it is called \u201cinternationalized\u201d, and \u201cnon-internationalized\u201d otherwise."
}
]
},
{
"id": "extrasystemic-ucdp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Extrasystemic conflict (UCDP and PRIO)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between a state and a non-state armed group outside the state\u2019s territory that causes at least 25 deaths during a year. This includes combatant and civilian deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "nonstate-ucdp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Non-state conflict (UCDP)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between non-state armed groups, such as rebel groups, criminal organizations, or ethnic groups, that causes at least 25 deaths during a year. This includes combatant and civilian deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "onesided-ucdp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "One-sided violence (UCDP)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The use of armed force by a state or non-state armed group against civilians that causes at least 25 civilian deaths during a year. It excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the violence."
}
]
},
{
"id": "primary-participant-ucdp",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Primary participants (UCDP)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Those participants that have the main disagreement of the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "conventional-war-mars",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Conventional war (Project Mars)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between combatants with differentiated militaries and clear frontlines that causes at least 500 deaths over its duration. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "civil-war-mars",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Civil war (Project Mars)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between combatants that were previously part of the same state, but now at least one seeks control or secession. It is fought with differentiated militaries and clear frontlines and causes at least 500 deaths over its duration. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "interstate-war-mars",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Interstate war (Project Mars)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between states with differentiated militaries and clear frontlines that causes at least 500 deaths over its duration. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "major-participant-mars",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Major participant (Project Mars)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A participant that suffers at least 1% of deaths in the conflict overall, or deploys at least 5% of its total combatants."
}
]
},
{
"id": "force-mic",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Threats, displays, and uses of force (Militarized Interstate Confrontations)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A threat of force can be unspecified, or entail threatening to declare war or to occupy territory; a display of force can entail shows of force or border violations; a use of force can entail attacks, clashes, or battles."
}
]
},
{
"id": "interstate-war-mic",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Interstate war (Militarized Interstate Confrontations)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between states that causes at least 1,000 deaths during a year. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, but excludes deaths due to disease and starvation resulting from the conflict."
}
]
},
{
"id": "force-cow",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Threats, displays, and uses of force (Correlates of War)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A threat of force can be unspecified, or entail threatening to declare war or to occupy territory; a display of force can entail shows of force or border violations; a use of force can entail attacks, clashes, or battles."
}
]
},
{
"id": "war-cow",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "War (Correlates of War)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between armed groups that causes at least 1,000 deaths during a year. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, disease, and starvation."
}
]
},
{
"id": "interstate-war-cow",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Interstate war (Correlates of War)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between states that causes at least 1,000 deaths during a year. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, disease, and starvation."
}
]
},
{
"id": "intrastate-war-cow",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Intrastate war (Correlates of War)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between a state and a non-state armed group, or between non-state armed groups, that causes at least 1,000 deaths during a year. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, disease, and starvation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "If a foreign state is involved, it is called \u201cinternationalized\u201d, and \u201cnon-internationalized\u201d otherwise."
}
]
},
{
"id": "extrastate-war-cow",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Extrastate war (Correlates of War)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between a state and a non-state region it seeks to control, or between a state and a colony that seeks policy change or independence, that causes at least 1,000 deaths during a year. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, disease, and starvation."
}
]
},
{
"id": "nonstate-war-cow",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Non-state war (Correlates of War)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between non-state armed groups within a region without a state or across state borders, that causes at least 1,000 deaths during a year. This includes combatant deaths due to fighting, disease, and starvation."
}
]
},
{
"id": "violent-political-conflict-catalog",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Violent political conflict (Conflict Catalog)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between states, a state and a non-state armed group, between non-state armed groups, or between an armed group and civilians, that causes at least 32 deaths during a year. This includes combatant and civilian deaths due to fighting, disease, and starvation."
}
]
},
{
"id": "war",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "War"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An especially deadly conflict, <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/conflict-data-how-do-researchers-measure-armed-conflicts-and-their-deaths\">commonly defined</a> to have at least 500 or 1,000 annual or total deaths."
}
]
},
{
"id": "interstate-conflict",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Interstate conflict"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between states."
}
]
},
{
"id": "intrastate-conflict",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Intrastate conflict"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between a state and a non-state armed group within the state\u2019s territory. If a foreign state is involved, it is sometimes called \u201cinternationalized\u201d, and \u201cnon-internationalized\u201d otherwise."
}
]
},
{
"id": "extrastate-conflict",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Extrastate conflict"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between a state and a non-state armed group outside the state\u2019s territory."
}
]
},
{
"id": "statebased-conflict",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "State-based conflict"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict either between states (interstate), between a state and a non-state armed group inside its territory (intrastate), or between a state and a non-state armed group outside its territory (extrastate)."
}
]
},
{
"id": "nonstate-conflict",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Non-state conflict"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A conflict between non-state armed groups."
}
]
},
{
"id": "onesided-violence",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "One-sided violence"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The use of armed force by a state or non-state armed group against civilians."
}
]
},
{
"id": "peace-diehl",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Relationships between two countries"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Severe rivalry: important unresolved issues, frequent and severe violence, hostile diplomacy, and limited communication."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lesser rivalry: important unresolved issues, infrequent and limited violence, hostile diplomacy, and limited communication."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Negative peace: some important issues resolved, rarely use violence, maintain plans for war, predominantly use diplomacy, and common communication between governments."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Warm peace: main issues resolved, violence unthinkable, firm diplomatic and societal relations, and coordinate some policies."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Security community: resolved main issues, violence unthinkable, joint war plans, coordinate diplomacy, harmonize policies, and share identities and values."
}
]
},
{
"id": "severe-rivalry",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Severe rivalry"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Two countries have important unresolved issues, and handle them with frequent and severe violence. Their diplomacy is hostile, and their communication is limited."
}
]
},
{
"id": "lesser-rivalry",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lesser rivalry"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Two countries have important unresolved issues, and handle them with infrequent and limited violence. Their diplomacy is hostile, and their communication is limited."
}
]
},
{
"id": "negative-peace",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Negative peace"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Two countries have resolved some of their important issues, and rarely handle the remaining ones with violence, but they maintain plans for war. They predominantly use diplomacy, and communication between their governments is common."
}
]
},
{
"id": "warm-peace",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Warm peace"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Two countries have resolved their main issues and violence between them is unthinkable. They have firm diplomatic and societal relations, and coordinate some of their policies."
}
]
},
{
"id": "security-community",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Security community"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Two countries have resolved their main issues, violence between them is unthinkable, and the war plans they maintain they make together. They coordinate their diplomacy, harmonize their policies, and share identities and values."
}
]
},
{
"id": "oecd-regions",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "OECD regions"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The definitions of regions, as stipulated by the OECD, are:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Other OECD America: Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- OECD EU countries : Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- OECD Non-EU countries: Iceland, Israel, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- OECD Oceania: Australia, New Zealand"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- OECD Asia: Japan, Korea"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Latin America: Non-OECD Latin American and Caribbean countries"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Other EU: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Romania"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Other Eurasia: Non-OECD European and Caspian countries, including Russian Federation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Middle East & North Africa: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Islamic Rep. of Iran, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Syrian Arab Rep., Western Sahara, Yemen"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Other Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- China: People\u2019s Republic of China, Hong Kong (China)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Other non-OECD Asia: Other non-OECD Asian and Pacific countries"
}
]
},
{
"id": "period-life-expectancy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Period life expectancy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Period life expectancy is a metric that summarizes death rates across all age groups in one particular year."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "For a given year, it represents the average lifespan for a hypothetical group of people, if they experienced the same age-specific death rates throughout their whole lives as the age-specific death rates seen in that particular year."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-how-is-it-calculated-and-how-should-it-be-interpreted\">\u201cLife expectancy\u201d \u2013\u00a0What does this actually mean?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "cohort-life-expectancy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cohort life expectancy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cohort life expectancy is the average lifespan of a group of people, usually a birth cohort \u2013 people born in the same year."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is calculated by tracking individuals from that cohort throughout their lives until death, and calculating their average lifespan."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-how-is-it-calculated-and-how-should-it-be-interpreted\">\u201cLife expectancy\u201d \u2013\u00a0What does this actually mean?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "period-measure",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Period measure"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Period measures provide a snapshot of data across various age groups at a specific point in time. They reflect the impact of immediate events and conditions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/period-versus-cohort-measures-whats-the-difference\">Period versus cohort measures: what\u2019s the difference?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "cohort-measure",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cohort measure"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cohort measures track specific groups \u2013\u00a0like birth cohorts \u2013 over time, capturing their experiences and outcomes."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "They provide insights into generational effects and historical experiences, although they require long-term data collection before they can be calculated."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/period-versus-cohort-measures-whats-the-difference\">Period versus cohort measures: what\u2019s the difference?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "infant",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Infant"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Infancy is defined as being under the age of one year old."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-do-statistical-organizations-define-age-periods-in-children\">How do statistical organizations define age periods for children?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "preterm-birth-complications",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Preterm birth complications"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Preterm birth complications are conditions including impaired respiration, difficulty in feeding, poor body temperature regulation, and higher risk of infection, which preterm infants are more vulnerable to."
}
]
},
{
"id": "newborn",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Newborn"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A newborn is defined as a baby born alive, and usually refers to <a href=\"#dod:neonatal\">neonates</a> \u2013\u00a0under 28 days old."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-do-statistical-organizations-define-age-periods-in-children\">How do statistical organizations define age periods for children?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "neonatal",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Neonatal"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Neonatal is defined as the period of age under 28 days old."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Within this age period, there are two categories: early neonatal (under 7 days) and late neonatal (7\u201327 days)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-do-statistical-organizations-define-age-periods-in-children\">How do statistical organizations define age periods for children?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "stillbirth",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Stillbirth"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A stillbirth is defined as a baby born with no signs of life after a specific time of gestation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "However, the precise definition varies between organizations."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "For example, the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) defines stillbirths as babies born with no signs of life at 22 or more completed weeks of gestation. They also have two sub-categories of stillbirths: \u2018early gestation stillbirth\u2019 (at 22 to 27 completed weeks of gestation) and \u2018late gestation stillbirth\u2019 (at 28 or more completed weeks of gestation)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In contrast, the WHO and UN IGME define stillbirths as those at 28 or more completed weeks of gestation, which corresponds to what the ICD-11 calls late gestation stillbirths."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/how-do-statistical-organizations-define-age-periods-in-children\">How do statistical organizations define age periods for children?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "cholesterol",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cholesterol"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. It\u2019s crucial for creating cell membranes, certain hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help with digestion. The body naturally produces all the cholesterol it needs, with additional intake from food."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cholesterol travels through the bloodstream while attached to proteins called lipoproteins. These come in two types:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "1. <b>High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)</b>, often known as \u201cgood cholesterol\u201d, transports cholesterol from various parts of the body back to the liver, which removes it from the body. This prevents cholesterol from accumulating in blood vessels, thereby reducing the risk of heart disease."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "2.<b> Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)</b> and <b>Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)</b>, collectively known as non-HDL or \u201cbad cholesterol\u201d, transport cholesterol to the arteries. High levels can build up in the walls of blood vessels, which is called <a href=\"#dod:atherosclerosis\">atherosclerosis</a>, and narrows the space for blood to travel through and limits blood flow to organs. This increases the risk of heart disease and other <a href=\"#dod:cvd\">cardiovascular diseases</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "defined-daily-doses",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Defined Daily Doses"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Defined Daily Doses (DDDs) is a metric to describe the usage of a medication in a population."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It\u2019s calculated by taking the total amount of the medication used and dividing it by the total population. This helps to standardize and compare medication use in different places and times, which can be useful for healthcare research and policy decisions."
}
]
},
{
"id": "statins",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Statins"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Statins are medicines that help lower high cholesterol in the blood. They are often given to people with heart diseases, high cholesterol or those at risk of heart problems. Statins reduce levels of non-HDL cholesterol, and are commonly prescribed alongside lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and exercise."
}
]
},
{
"id": "mri-imaging",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that utilizes powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of internal body structures. MRI is known for its safety and is used for diagnosing various medical conditions, including those affecting the brain, spine, joints, liver, kidneys, breasts, heart, and blood vessels."
}
]
},
{
"id": "gamma-camera-imaging",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gamma Camera"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A gamma camera is a specialized medical device used in nuclear medicine. It is used to create images of internal processes in the body, by detecting small amounts of radioactivity that is naturally present in the body."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gamma cameras are used in diagnosing medical conditions, detecting tumours, evaluating heart function and bone structure."
}
]
},
{
"id": "nuclear-medicine-imaging",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Nuclear Medicine"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Nuclear medicine is a medical imaging approach that produces images of internal body functions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It has a wide range of applications in diagnosing medical conditions, detecting tumours, evaluating heart function and bone structure."
}
]
},
{
"id": "pet-imaging",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Positron Emission Tomography (PET)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique captures images of the body, by using controlled amounts of radioactive materials."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is commonly used in diagnosing medical conditions, especially for detecting tumours, and evaluating the function of our organs."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ct-imaging",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Computed Tomography (CT)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method that produces detailed X-ray images from multiple angles."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It visualizes internal structures, such as bones, organs, and blood vessels. CT scans are widely used for diagnosing various health conditions, from fractures to internal diseases."
}
]
},
{
"id": "implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the chest and are designed to monitor heart rhythms and deliver electric shocks to restore normal heartbeats in the event of life-threatening arrhythmias or sudden cardiac arrest."
}
]
},
{
"id": "pacemaker",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pacemaker"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A pacemaker is a medical device implanted into the chest or abdomen to regulate and control heart rhythms by sending electrical impulses."
}
]
},
{
"id": "artery-vein",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Arteries and veins"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>Arteries</b> are a type of blood vessel that generally carries oxygen-filled blood away from our heart and towards organs. A simple way to remember this is that A is for \u201cartery\u201d and \u201caway from the heart\u201d."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>Veins</b> generally do the opposite: they carry oxygen-depleted blood (which carries carbon dioxide instead) from our organs to our heart."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An exception is in the lung\u2019s blood circulation, where pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs, and pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood back to the heart."
}
]
},
{
"id": "peripheral-artery-disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Peripheral artery disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Peripheral artery disease is a condition that affects blood vessels supplying the arms and legs."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It commonly arises due to atherosclerosis \u2013 the build-up of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the walls of blood vessels. If left untreated, peripheral artery disease can cause damage to parts of the arms and legs, and in severe cases, can lead to amputation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "atherosclerosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Atherosclerosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Atherosclerosis is when there is a build-up of fats, cholesterol & other substances in the walls of blood vessels, usually in arteries. This build-up narrows the space for blood to travel through, and limits blood flow to organs."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Sometimes, the build up can be unstable and it can break off from the blood vessel, which can be dangerous. It can travel through the bloodstream and cause a blood clot to form, which can get stuck in smaller blood vessels, and cut off blood flow to parts of the body."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "aneurysm",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Aneurysm"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An aneurysm is when the wall of a blood vessel weakens, which makes it bulge out, and stretch its walls thinner."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Aneurysms can develop due to high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, injuries, and other risk factors."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In serious cases, an aneurysm can lead to the tearing or breaking of a blood vessel, which leads to bleeding in the surrounding area and reduces blood flow to other organs, which can cause organ damage."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "ischemic-heart-disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ischaemic heart disease"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ischaemic heart disease, which is also known as coronary artery disease, develops when there is a blockage of blood flow to the heart, often due to <a href=\"#dod:atherosclerosis\">atherosclerosis</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "hypertensive-heart-disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hypertensive heart diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hypertensive heart diseases are diseases caused by long-term <a href=\"#dod:hypertension\">high blood pressure</a> (\u2018hypertension\u2019), which puts pressure on the heart."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "When this happens, the heart\u2019s structure changes \u2013 for example, the heart\u2019s muscles thicken \u2013 and its ability to pump blood worsens."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "endocarditis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Endocarditis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Endocarditis is an inflammation of the heart's inner lining. It typically arises from infections \u2013 usually by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria \u2013 that can enter the bloodstream and adhere to the heart."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These infections can arise naturally, but can also be associated with hospital or medical environments. Staphylococcus bacteria are often found on the skin and in wounds, and they can be transmitted with implants and long-term intravenous insertions, especially without adequate sterilization practices."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "myocarditis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Myocarditis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Myocarditis is a medical condition caused by inflammation of the middle muscles of the heart. It can result from infections, toxins, drugs, autoimmune diseases, and other immune conditions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "cardiomyopathy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cardiomyopathy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cardiomyopathies are a range of abnormalities of the heart muscle \u2013 for example, conditions that cause them to stretch, thicken or become rigid."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "rheumatic-heart-disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rheumatic heart diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rheumatic heart diseases can develop as a consequence of rheumatic fever. This is caused by untreated Strep throat and scarlet fever infections, from group A <i>Streptococcus</i> bacteria."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "congenital-heart-disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Congenital heart diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Congenital heart diseases develop from heart abnormalities that are present at birth, when the heart structure doesn\u2019t form properly during fetal development. They can range from simple defects with no symptoms to complex problems with severe, life-threatening symptoms."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "pulmonary-heart-disease",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pulmonary heart diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pulmonary heart diseases are medical conditions that affect the heart\u2019s ability to pump blood to the lungs. They can develop from diseases of the lung\u2019s arteries, or from other heart or lung conditions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "cerebrovascular-diseases",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cerebrovascular diseases"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cerebrovascular diseases are the broad category of diseases that affect the brain's blood vessels. This includes <a href=\"#dod:aneurysm\">aneurysms</a> and <a href=\"#dod:stroke\">strokes</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "ischemic-stroke",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ischaemic stroke"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Ischemic stroke is when blood supply to the brain, spinal cord or retina is reduced or blocked by a clot. This includes clots that developed in the brain\u2019s arteries, or clots that traveled to the brain from other parts of the body."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A stroke can be a serious life-threatening medical condition, because it can affect the brain\u2019s critical functions \u2013 including involuntary processes, like the control of our breathing and heart rate \u2013 and many other functions of the brain, including control of movement, speech and language, cognitive abilities, perception and hormone balance."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In survivors, a stroke can lead to long-term complications, which can be mitigated with treatment and rehabilitation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "hemorrhagic-stroke",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hemorrhagic stroke"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hemorrhagic stroke is when blood supply to the brain is reduced by bleeding, when a blood vessel tears or breaks. The leaked blood puts pressure on brain cells and damages them."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A stroke can be a serious life-threatening medical condition, because it can affect the brain\u2019s critical functions \u2013 including involuntary processes, like the control of our breathing and heart rate \u2013 and many other functions of the brain, including control of movement, speech and language, cognitive abilities, perception and hormone balance."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In survivors, a stroke can lead to long-term complications, which can be partly managed with treatment and rehabilitation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "heart-attack",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Heart attacks"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Heart attacks, which are formally called \u201cmyocardial infarctions\u201d in medicine, are when heart muscle cells die from a lack of blood flow, inflammation, or injury to the heart, and can lead to heart failure and death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "deep-vein-thrombosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Deep vein thrombosis is a medical condition that develops from blood clots in a deep vein, usually in the legs."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This can cause pain and swelling, but it can also be a serious risk if the blood clot breaks off and travels to other parts of the body \u2013 especially if it travels to the lungs and blocks off its blood supply."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc3 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases-types-and-death-tolls\">What are the different types of cardiovascular diseases, and how many deaths do they cause?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "catheterization-labs",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Catheterization labs"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Catheterization labs (also known as \u201ccath labs\u201d) are specialized medical labs that are equipped with advanced imaging technology, which can be used to diagnose and treat various cardiovascular conditions."
}
]
},
{
"id": "leishmaniasis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Leishmaniasis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Leishmaniasis is a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease (NTD)</a> caused by <i>Leishmania </i>parasites, and spread by sandflies. Over 90 sandfly species are known to transmit <i>Leishmania</i> parasites."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "There are three main forms of the disease:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>Cutaneous leishmaniasis:</b> this most common form causes skin ulcers at the bite site, usually on exposed parts of the body like the face, arms, and legs."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis:</b> this form causes ulcers of the nose, mouth, and throat areas."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>Visceral leishmaniasis (also known as Kala-azar):</b> this is the most severe form, and affects the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, causing symptoms such as fever, weight loss, anemia, and swelling of these organs."
}
]
},
{
"id": "leprosy",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Leprosy"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Leprosy (also known as Hansen\u2019s disease) is a long-term infectious disease that affects the skin, nerves, respiratory system, eyes, and can lead to skin sores, numbness and deformities."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease (NTD)</a> and is caused by the bacteria <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It develops gradually, and is known for its ability to cause significant nerve damage and disability if left untreated."
}
]
},
{
"id": "lymphatic-filariasis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lymphatic filariasis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lymphatic filariasis (\u201celephantiasis\u201d) is an infectious disease that causes extreme swelling of the arms, legs, or other body parts."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is spread by mosquito bites that transfer tiny parasitic worms into the body. These worms live in the <a href=\"#dod:lymphatic-system\">lymph system</a>, which is a network of vessels and nodes that help fight infections."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Over time, the worms disrupt the normal flow of the lymph fluid, causing it to build up and make the affected limbs or body areas incredibly swollen and deformed."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "If untreated, lymphatic filariasis can lead to permanent disability and disfigurement."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lymphatic filariasis is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "onchocerciasis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "River blindness (\u201conchocerciasis\u201d)"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "River blindness, which has the scientific name onchocerciasis, is a major infectious cause of blindness."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is caused by a parasitic worm (<i>Onchocerca volvulus</i>) that spreads to humans through repeated bites of infected black flies, which breed in rivers."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "People infected can experience intense itching, rashes, skin discoloration, visual impairment and eye disease, which can eventually lead to permanent blindness."
}
]
},
{
"id": "african-trypanosomiasis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Sleeping sickness"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "African trypanosomiasis, or \u201csleeping sickness\u201d, is a severe infectious disease that causes disruptions in sleep, confusion, sensory problems and can lead to death if untreated."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is caused by tiny parasites called trypanosomes that are transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In the early stage, the disease causes fever, headaches, joint pains and itching. As the parasites cross into the brain, it leads to disruption of sleep cycles, confusion and other neurological issues."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Without treatment, the diseases consequences grow gradually and can ultimately result in coma and death."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The disease can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), and both are fatal. These are caused by different parasites."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b><i>T.</i></b><b> </b><b><i>b.</i></b><b> </b><b><i>rhodesiense</i></b>,<i> </i>which is found in eastern and southern Africa, causes the short-term (acute) form of the disease."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b><i>T.</i></b><b> </b><b><i>b.</i></b><b> </b><b><i>gambiense</i></b><i>, </i>which<i> </i>is found mostly in west and central Africa, causes the long-term (chronic) form of the disease."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Sleeping sickness is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "trachoma",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Trachoma"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Trachoma is an eye infection that can potentially lead to blindness if not treated. It is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is spread through contact with discharge from an infected person's eyes or via flies."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In the early stages, called \u201cfollicular trachoma\u201d, the disease causes the eyelids to become inflamed and scarred."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "As the scarring builds up over time from repeated infections, the eyelids turn inwards. This makes the eyelashes rub against and scratch the eyeball, damaging the clear front part of the eye called the cornea. This advanced stage is called \u201ctrachomatous trichiasis\u201d."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The scratching and scarring to the cornea can eventually lead to irreversible blindness."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Learn more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/trachoma-how-a-common-cause-of-blindness-can-be-prevented-worldwide\">Trachoma: how a common cause of blindness can be prevented worldwide</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "trachoma-elimination",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Elimination of trachoma as a public health problem"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The elimination of <a href=\"#dod:trachoma\">trachoma</a> as a public health problem is defined as:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <5% of children aged 1\u20139 years in each formerly endemic district have early-stage trachoma"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 <0.2% of people aged over 15 years in each formerly-endemic district have advanced trachoma that is \u201cunknown to the health system\u201d"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u2022 There is written evidence that the health system is able to identify and manage incident cases of advanced trachoma, with evidence of sufficient finances to implement those strategies"
},
{
"type": "Note",
"value": "Countries listed as having \u201csuspected elimination\u201d have not submitted evidence for certification. Countries listed as having a \u201csuspected public health problem\u201d have not had sufficient testing to determine the prevalence of the disease."
}
]
},
{
"id": "snakebite-envenoming",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Snakebite envenoming"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Snakebite envenoming is when venom from a snake enters the body. It can be injected by snakes through a bite, or sprayed into the eyes by some snake species that can spit venom."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Different snake venoms cause different effects, but common symptoms include severe pain, swelling, bruising, nausea, difficulty breathing, and bleeding conditions."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Without rapid treatment, the venom can damage tissues, cause paralysis of the nervous system and respiratory failure, and potentially lead to fatal complications."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Snakebite envenoming is classified as a <a href=\"#dod:neglected-tropical-diseases\">neglected tropical disease</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Snakebite envenoming disproportionately affects rural agricultural workers, fishermen, hunters, and herders, who live or work in areas where snakes tend to live."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Deaths from snakebite envenoming tend to be more common in places where hospitals are sparse or lack antivenom, which is an immediate treatment for venomous bites."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tuberculosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Tuberculosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Despite being a preventable and curable disease it is one of the leading causes of deaths from infectious diseases. It is the leading cause of death of people with <a href=\"#dod:hiv\">HIV</a> and also a major contributor to <a href=\"#dod:drug-resistant-tuberculosis\">antimicrobial resistance</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd6 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/tuberculosis\">Tuberculosis</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "drug-resistant-tuberculosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drug resistant tuberculosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drug resistant <a href=\"#dod:tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a> is a form of tuberculosis that does not get better with the standard antibiotic treatment for the disease."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The standard treatment for tuberculosis (also known as the <a href=\"#dod:first-line-treatment\">first-line treatment</a>) is typically a combination of the antibiotics: rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "If tuberculosis has developed resistance against these antibiotics, it is more challenging to treat \u2013 it requires longer treatment with other drugs, which can be less effective, more toxic, or more expensive."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "There are two classifications of drug resistant tuberculosis: multidrug resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In <b>multidrug resistant tuberculosis</b>, patients do not respond to treatment from the two main first-line drugs (<a href=\"#dod:rifampicin\">rifampicin</a> and isoniazid) used to treat tuberculosis."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In <b>extensively drug resistant tuberculosis</b>, patients meet the criteria for multidrug resistant tuberculosis, and also do not respond to treatment from any fluoroquinolone (the <a href=\"#dod:first-line-treatment\">second-line treatment</a> for tuberculosis), and at least one other second-line drug."
}
]
},
{
"id": "fast-track-unaids-hiv",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Fast-Track approach to HIV/AIDS"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Fast-Track approach is a roadmap developed by UNAIDS to end the <a href=\"#dod:hiv_aids\">AIDS</a> epidemic as a public health concern by 2030."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It is based on scaling up and maintaining implementation of <a href=\"#dod:hiv\">HIV</a> prevention, treatment, care and support for patients. It aims to reduce new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths by 90% from 2010 to 2030, by using biomedical, behavioral and enabling interventions and rapidly scaling up antiretroviral treatment known as 90-90-90."
}
]
},
{
"id": "pandemic",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pandemic"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pandemics generally refer to diseases with a vast geographic range \u2013 such as spreading across a continent or multiple continents. In addition, they tend to describe outbreaks that are rapidly growing or expanding in range; highly infectious; affecting a large number of people; and caused by novel pathogens against which there is little or no pre-existing immunity."
}
]
},
{
"id": "latent-tuberculosis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Latent tuberculosis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Latent <a href=\"#dod:tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a> is a condition where an individual is infected with tuberculosis, but the bacteria are inactive and they have no symptoms."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These individuals are not contagious and may not know they have the infection until it becomes active, potentially months or years later."
}
]
},
{
"id": "relapsed",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Relapsed"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Relapse is when a disease, or its symptoms, return after a period of recovery. This can require re-treatment."
}
]
},
{
"id": "bcg-vaccine",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "BCG vaccine"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The BCG vaccine, short for Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine, is a vaccine used against childhood <a href=\"#dod:tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "first-line-treatment",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "First line treatment"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>First-line treatment</b> refers to the first and standard treatment recommended for a particular disease."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "<b>Second-line treatment</b> refers to the next standard treatment recommended, if the first-line treatments have not worked or cause unacceptable side effects."
}
]
},
{
"id": "rifampicin",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rifampicin"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rifampicin is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections such as <a href=\"#dod:tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a> and leprosy. It\u2019s often used as part of the <a href=\"#dod:first-line-treatment\">first-line treatment</a> for tuberculosis, along with other antibiotics."
}
]
},
{
"id": "lymphatic-system",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lymphatic system"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The lymphatic system refers to a particular network of tissues and organs \u2013 including lymph nodes, vessels, and fluid \u2013\u00a0in the body."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The lymphatic system helps get rid of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials in the body. It plays a key role in the immune system by transporting lymph, a fluid that contains white blood cells which fight infections, throughout the body."
}
]
},
{
"id": "global-fund",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Global Fund"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Global Fund is an international financial organization that provides funding and resources to countries to accelerate the end of <a href=\"#dod:hiv_aids\">AIDS</a>, <a href=\"#dod:tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a>, and <a href=\"#dod:malaria\">malaria</a> as epidemics."
}
]
},
{
"id": "usaid",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "USAID"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), is an independent agency of the United States government that administers foreign aid and development assistance to countries around the world."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tuberculosis-skin-test",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Tuberculosis skin test"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The tuberculosis skin test often involves the injection of a small amount of substance called PPD tuberculin. This triggers an immune response in people who have been previously infected with TB bacteria."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "If the immune system recognizes the tuberculin, it results in swelling around the injection site. This reaction is measured to determine if a person has been exposed to TB bacteria."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The tuberculosis skin test can be affected by false positives, especially in people who have been vaccinated with the BCG vaccine or have an infection by a different mycobacterium. False negatives can also occur, especially in people with weakened immune systems or recent TB exposure."
}
]
},
{
"id": "watt-hours",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Watt-hour"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A watt-hour is the energy delivered by one watt of power for one hour. Since one watt is equivalent to one joule per second, a watt-hour is equivalent to 3600 joules of energy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Metric prefixes are used for multiples of the unit, usually:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- kilowatt-hours (kWh), or a thousand watt-hours."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Megawatt-hours (MWh), or a million watt-hours."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Gigawatt-hours (GWh), or a billion watt-hours."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Terawatt-hours (TWh), or a trillion watt-hours."
}
]
},
{
"id": "exoplanet_transit",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Transit method"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The transit method detects exoplanets by observing the dimming of a star as an orbiting planet passes between the star and the observer. This transit results in a periodic and slight dip in the star's brightness, which can be measured to infer the planet's presence, size, and orbit."
}
]
},
{
"id": "exoplanet_radial_velocity",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Radial velocity method"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Also known as Doppler spectroscopy, the radial velocity method measures changes in the star's spectrum due to the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet. As the planet orbits, it causes the star to move in a small orbit in response, which leads to slight shifts in the star's spectral lines due to the Doppler effect. These shifts can reveal the presence of a planet and provide information about its mass and orbit."
}
]
},
{
"id": "exoplanet_microlensing",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Microlensing method"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gravitational microlensing occurs when the gravitational field of a star (and potentially its planet) acts as a lens, magnifying the light of a background star that happens to pass behind it from the observer's perspective. The presence of a planet can be detected through the specific characteristics of the light curve produced by this event."
}
]
},
{
"id": "equivalent_megaton",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Equivalent megaton"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A megaton is the explosive energy released by one million tons of TNT. For comparison, the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were 0.015 and 0.021 megatons, respectively."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "An <i>equivalent</i> megaton is a way of making the explosive energy of different warheads comparable. It weighs small warheads \u2014 in this case those with at most one megaton \u2014 more than large ones, because small warheads are relatively more destructive."
}
]
},
{
"id": "half-life",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Half-life"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The \u201chalf-life\u201d of a substance refers to the time it takes for that substance to halve in quantity."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "For example, in physics and chemistry, it often refers to the time it takes for half of the atoms in a particular radioactive sample to decay."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "However, the concept is widely used in various fields, including geology, finance, and pharmacology, to describe how quickly quantities degrade or react."
}
]
},
{
"id": "treaty-non-proliferation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The treaty\u2019s objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to pursue nuclear and general disarmament."
}
]
},
{
"id": "treaty-nuclear-test-partial",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Partial Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The treaty\u2019s objective is to stop nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water."
}
]
},
{
"id": "treaty-nuclear-test-comprehensive",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The treaty\u2019s objective is to stop nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, under water, and underground."
}
]
},
{
"id": "treaty-nuclear-prohibition",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Nuclear Prohibition Treaty"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The treaty\u2019s objective is to stop developing, testing, producing, acquiring, possessing, stockpiling, deploying, using, and threatening to use nuclear weapons, as well as assisting other countries in these actions."
}
]
},
{
"id": "treaty-status-signed",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Country status \"Signed\" on a treaty"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This status means that the country accepts a treaty without a legal commitment."
}
]
},
{
"id": "treaty-status-committed",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Country status \"Approved\" on a treaty"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This status means that the country has legally committed to a treaty."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This status comprises one of the following actions defined by UNODA:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- \"Ratification\" is an act of formal confirmation, where a country consents to be legally bound to a treaty."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- \"Accession\" means that a country accepts to become a party to a treaty that has been signed by other states, not by the country itself. It has the same legal effect as ratification."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- \"Succession\" means that a newly formed country adopts the treaty obligations of a predecessor state."
}
]
},
{
"id": "treaty-status-not-signed",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Country status \"Not signed\" on a treaty"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This status means that the country has neither signed nor committed to a treaty."
}
]
},
{
"id": "treaty-status-withdrawn",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Country status \"Withdrawn\" on a treaty"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "This status means that the country has withdrawn from its legal commitment to a treaty."
}
]
},
{
"id": "improved-water-source",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Improved drinking water sources"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Improved drinking water sources are those that have the potential to deliver safe water by nature of their design and construction, and include: piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, and packaged or delivered water."
}
]
},
{
"id": "water-safely-managed",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Safely managed drinking water services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drinking water from an <a href=\"#dod:improved-water-source\">improved water source</a> that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination."
}
]
},
{
"id": "water-basic",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Basic drinking water services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drinking water from an <a href=\"#dod:improved-water-source\">improved source</a>, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing."
}
]
},
{
"id": "water-limited",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Limited drinking water services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drinking water from an <a href=\"#dod:improved-water-source\">improved source</a> for which collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing."
}
]
},
{
"id": "water-unimproved",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unimproved drinking water services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring."
}
]
},
{
"id": "water-surface-water",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unimproved drinking water services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation canal."
}
]
},
{
"id": "sanitation-safely-managed",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Safely managed sanitation services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Use of <a href=\"#dod:improved-sanitation\">improved facilities</a> that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or removed and treated offsite."
}
]
},
{
"id": "sanitation-basic",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Basic sanitation services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Use of <a href=\"#dod:improved-sanitation\">improved facilities</a> which are not shared with other households"
}
]
},
{
"id": "sanitation-limited",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Limited sanitation services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Use of <a href=\"#dod:improved-sanitation\">improved facilities</a> shared between two or more households."
}
]
},
{
"id": "sanitation-unimproved",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unimproved sanitation services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or bucket latrines."
}
]
},
{
"id": "sanitation-open-defecation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Unimproved sanitation services"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches and other open spaces or with solid waste."
}
]
},
{
"id": "cities-degurba",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cities"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cities are settlements that have a population of at least 50,000 inhabitants in contiguous dense grid cells with more than 1,500 inhabitants per km\u00b2."
}
]
},
{
"id": "towns-suburbs-degurba",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Towns and suburbs"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Towns and suburbs are settlements that have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km\u00b2."
}
]
},
{
"id": "rural-areas-degurba",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rural areas"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Rural areas consist mostly of settlements with low-density grid cells with fewer than 300 inhabitants per km\u00b2."
}
]
},
{
"id": "eu-excellent-bathing-water",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Excellent bathing water quality"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In order for bathing sites to be classified as \u2018excellent\u2019 they must have low levels of both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and intestinal enterococci bacteria, as these are indicative of sewage pollution."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The acceptable levels vary depending on the location of the bathing sites."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "At coastal bathing sites, E. coli must not exceed 250 cfu (colony-forming units) per 100 ml of water, and intestinal enterococci must not exceed 100 cfu per 100 ml in more than 95% of the samples taken over a period of four bathing seasons. At inland bathing sites, these values are 500 cfu per 100ml and 200 cfu per 100ml, respectively."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ivs-important-in-life",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The question asked was:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "For each of the following aspects, indicate how important it is in your life. Would you say it is very important, rather important, not very important or not important at all?"
}
]
},
{
"id": "ivs-most-serious-problem",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The question asked was:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "I\u2019m going to read out some problems. Please indicate which of the following problems you consider the most serious one for the world as a whole?\""
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The problems listed were: \"People living in poverty and need\", \"Discrimination against girls and women\", \"Poor sanitation and infectious diseases\", \"Inadequate education\", and \"Environmental pollution\"."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ivs-justifiable",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The question asked was:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\"Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between, using this card\"."
}
]
},
{
"id": "ivs-schwartz-questions",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The question is structured following Shalom H. Schwartz\u2019s questionnaire. Respondents are asked for the degree of identification they have with a hypothetical person described to them:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\"Now I will briefly describe some people. Using this card, would you please indicate for each description whether that person is very much like you, like you, somewhat like you, a little like you, not like you, or not at all like you?\""
}
]
},
{
"id": "ivs-neighbors",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The question asked was:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\"On this list are various groups of people. Could you please mention any that you would not like to have as neighbors?\"."
}
]
},
{
"id": "enlightenment",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Age of Enlightenment, rooted in 17th and 18th century Western Europe, celebrated reason and individualism, profoundly reshaping education by promoting literacy and public access to knowledge. This shift laid the groundwork for enlightened, democratic societies in the modern world."
}
]
},
{
"id": "wildfires",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Wildfires"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "A wildfire, characterized by its uncontrolled and rapid spread, can occur in various types of vegetation and wildlands, including forests, savannahs, grasslands, and various other vegetation types. These incidents are identified using satellite imagery, which detects thermal anomalies as indicators of active burning areas."
}
]
},
{
"id": "regimes-of-the-world",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Regimes of the World\u2019s regime classification"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Closed autocracy: citizens do not have the right to choose either the chief executive of the government or the legislature through multi-party elections."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Electoral autocracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature through multi-party elections; but they lack some freedoms, such as the freedoms of association or expression that make the elections meaningful, free, and fair."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Electoral democracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in meaningful, free and fair, and multi-party elections."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Liberal democracy: electoral democracy and citizens enjoy individual and minority rights, are equal before the law, and the actions of the executive are constrained by the legislative and the courts."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/regimes-of-the-world-data\">The \u2018Regimes of the World\u2019 data: how do researchers measure democracy?</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "regimes-lexical-index",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Lexical Index regime classification"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Non-electoral autocracy: citizens do not have the right to elect the chief executive or the legislature one-party autocracy: some citizens have the right to choose the chief executive or the legislature, but only have one choice."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Multiparty autocracy without elected executive: some citizens have the right to choose the legislature and have more than one choice, but chief executive not elected."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Multiparty autocracy: some citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature and have more than one choice, but election outcome is certain."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Exclusive democracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in multi-party, uncertain elections, but suffrage is restricted."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Male democracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in multi-party, uncertain elections, but suffrage is restricted to men."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Electoral democracy: citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in multi-party, uncertain elections."
},
{
"type": "Polyarchy",
"value": "citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in multi-party, uncertain elections, and enjoy freedoms of expression, assembly, and association."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how sources differ and when to use which one</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "democracy-boix-miller-rosato",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Boix et al.\u2019s democracy classification"
},
{
"type": "Democracy",
"value": "a majority of adult men have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in free and fair elections."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how sources differ and when to use which one</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "democracy-boix-miller-rosato-women",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Boix et al.\u2019s democracy classification (including women\u2019s right to vote)"
},
{
"type": "Democracy",
"value": "a majority of adult men and women have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in free and fair elections."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how sources differ and when to use which one</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "regimes-polity",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Polity\u2019s regime classification"
},
{
"type": "Democracy",
"value": "mostly democratic characteristics \u2014 open, multi-party, and competitive elections choose chief executive, who faces comprehensive institutional constraints, and political participation is competitive."
},
{
"type": "Anocracy",
"value": "neither clearly democratic nor autocratic characteristics."
},
{
"type": "Autocracy",
"value": "mostly autocratic characteristics \u2014 hereditary succession chooses chief executive who faces no institutional constraints, and political participation is restricted and suppressed."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how sources differ and when to use which one</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "regimes-fh",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Freedom House\u2019s regime classification"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Free country: citizens have many political rights (free and fair elections, political pluralism and participation, functioning government) and civil liberties (freedoms of expression and association, rule of law, personal autonomy)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Partly free country: citizens have some political rights and civil liberties."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Not free country: citizens have few political rights and civil liberties."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how sources differ and when to use which one</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "democracy-fh",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Freedom House\u2019s democracy classification"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Electoral democracy: citizens have the right to choose chief executive and legislature in broadly free and fair elections and have substantial other political rights and civil liberties."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how sources differ and when to use which one</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "regimes-bertelsmann",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Bertelsmann Transformation Index\u2019s regime classification"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Consolidating democracy: comprehensive democratic features and minimum democratic characteristics (citizens can choose political leaders in free and fair elections and enjoy freedoms of association, expression and some further civil liberties, political power is separated, and leaders can effectively govern a state that fulfils basic functions)."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Defective democracy: minimum democratic characteristics, but limited other democratic features."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Very defective democracy: minimum democratic characteristics, but very limited other democratic features."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Moderate autocracy: no minimum democratic characteristics, but possibly other broadly democratic features."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hard-line autocracy: no minimum democratic characteristics, and few other democratic features."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how sources differ and when to use which one</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "regimes-economist",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Economist Intelligence Unit\u2019s regime classification"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Full democracy: comprehensive extent of democracy (extent to which citizens can choose their political leaders in free and fair elections, enjoy civil liberties, prefer democracy over other political systems, can and do participate in politics, and have a functioning government that acts on their behalf), few weaknesses."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Flawed democracy: some weaknesses in democratic institutions and culture."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hybrid regime: serious weaknesses in democratic institutions and culture."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Authoritarian regime: few democratic institutions and little democratic culture."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement\">Democracy data: how sources differ and when to use which one</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "regimes-episodes-regime-transformation",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Episodes of Regime Transformations\u2019 regime classification"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Autocratizing country: a country that is becoming less electorally democratic, and has seen a substantial decrease in its degree of electoral democracy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Democratizing country: a country that is becoming more electorally democratic, and has seen a substantial increase in its degree of electoral democracy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/less-democratic\">The world has recently become less democratic</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "regimes-episodes-regime-transformation-expanded",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Episodes of Regime Transformations\u2019 expanded regime classification"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Hardening autocracy: an autocracy that is becoming less electorally democratic, and has seen a substantial decrease in its degree of electoral democracy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Stable autocracy: an autocracy that is neither autocratizing nor democratizing."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Liberalizing autocracy: an autocracy that is becoming more electorally democratic, and has seen a substantial increase in its degree of electoral democracy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Eroding democracy: a democracy that is becoming less electorally democratic, and has seen a substantial decrease in its degree of electoral democracy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Stable democracy: a democracy that is neither autocratizing nor democratizing."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Deepening democracy: a democracy that is becoming more electorally democratic, and has seen a substantial increase in its degree of electoral democracy."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Autocracies and democracies are very similarly defined to <a href=\"#dod:regimes-of-the-world\">Regimes of the World\u2019s classification</a>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcc4 Read more in our article: <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/less-democratic\">The world has recently become less democratic</a>"
}
]
},
{
"id": "manufactured-cigarettes",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Manufactured cigarettes"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Factory-made packeted cigarettes, with or without a filter."
}
]
},
{
"id": "who-air-quality-guidelines",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Air Quality Guidelines for PM<sub>2.5"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "</sub>"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "PM<sub>2.5</sub> refers to <a href=\"#dod:particulate_matter_pollution\">particulate matter</a> that is 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller. These fine particles pose significant health risks, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to establish Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) and Interim Targets."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "These guidelines provide health-based recommendations for managing air quality, aimed at reducing exposure to air pollution and mitigating its adverse health impacts. Recognizing air pollution as a major environmental threat, the AQGs serve as a tool for governments and civil society to improve air quality and public health."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "PM2.5 Annual Average Guidelines and Interim Targets:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Interim Target-1 (IT-1): 35 \u00b5g/m\u00b3"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Interim Target-2 (IT-2): 25 \u00b5g/m\u00b3"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Interim Target-3 (IT-3): 15 \u00b5g/m\u00b3"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- Interim Target-4 (IT-4): 10 \u00b5g/m\u00b3"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "- AQG Level: 5 \u00b5g/m\u00b3"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Each step towards achieving the AQG represents progress in minimizing the health risks associated with PM2.5 pollution."
}
]
},
{
"id": "cantril-ladder",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Cantril Ladder"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The Cantril Ladder is a metric used to determine individuals life satisfaction, based on the following question:"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\u201cPlease imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 at the top. The top of the ladder represents the best possible life for you, and the bottom of the ladder represents the worst possible life for you. On which step of the ladder would you say you personally feel you stand at this time?\u201d"
}
]
},
{
"id": "gender-marker-change",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Gender marker change"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Changing one\u2019s gender in official national documents, such as one\u2019s personal identification document."
}
]
},
{
"id": "opioids",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Opioids"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Opioid drugs are medications that relieve pain by blocking pain signals in the brain and affecting the nervous system. They can be natural, like morphine, or synthetic, like fentanyl. While they are very effective for severe pain, they can also be highly addictive and dangerous if misused, leading to serious health problems or even death."
}
]
},
{
"id": "influenza",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Influenza"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Influenza (commonly known as the flu) is a contagious illness caused by the influenza virus."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "In severe cases, it can cause respiratory disease, such as pneumonia, and cardiovascular complications, such as heart attacks and strokes."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Influenza viruses evolve gradually in a process called \u201cantigenic drift\u201d, which causes annual seasonal outbreaks."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It can evolve suddenly, if different influenza viruses combine with each other to make new strains, which is called \u201cantigenic shift\u201d. This can result in strains that are more infectious and/or lethal, leading to pandemic influenza."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "\ud83d\udcd6 Read more on our page on <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/influenza\">influenza</a>."
}
]
},
{
"id": "pertussis",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pertussis"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Pertussis (commonly known as \u201cwhooping cough\u201d) is a highly contagious illness caused by the bacterium <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "It can lead to serious respiratory complications such as pneumonia and difficulty breathing, especially in infants and young children."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "The bacteria produce toxins that damage the respiratory tract and cause severe coughing fits, which include a \"whooping\" sound during inhalation."
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Infections of pertussis can be reduced by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine."
}
]
},
{
"id": "biological-weapons",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Biological weapons"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Biological weapons are organisms or toxins used to cause death or harm through their poisonous properties."
}
]
},
{
"id": "chemical-weapons",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chemical weapons"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Chemical weapons are chemicals used to cause death or harm through their poisonous properties."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tree-cover-loss-commodity-driven",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Commidity driven deforestation"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Large-scale deforestation linked primarily to commercial agricultural expansion."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tree-cover-loss-forestry",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Forestry"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Temporary loss from plantation and natural forest harvesting, with some deforestation of primary forests."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tree-cover-loss-shifting-agriculture",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Shifting agriculture"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Temporary loss or permanent deforestation due to small- and medium-scale agriculture."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tree-cover-loss-wildfires",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Wildfires"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Temporary loss, does not include fire clearing for agriculture."
}
]
},
{
"id": "tree-cover-loss-urbanization",
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Urbanization"
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": "Deforestation for expansion of urban centers."
}
]
}
],
"excerpt": "Source document for OWID\u2019s details on demand snippets",
"dateline": "April 12, 2023"
} |
1 | 2023-05-05 13:49:25 | 2023-05-08 22:27:00 | 2024-03-22 15:23:16 | unlisted | ALBJ4Lv5Ielzw-KD7uUEqt1kH_SXKoG5DGQCxzmFO1v-sBIfDuPyu73HHjQlFLMwn_fQH1QDiwhYgm7fKTYO_w | Details on Demand |