posts_gdocs

{"toc": [{"slug": "rotavirus-is-the-leading-cause-of-childhood-diarrhea", "text": "Rotavirus is the leading cause of childhood diarrhea", "title": "Rotavirus is the leading cause of childhood diarrhea", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "rotavirus-vaccines", "text": "Rotavirus vaccines", "title": "Rotavirus vaccines", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "rotavirus-vaccine-could-save-the-lives-of-even-more-children", "text": "Rotavirus vaccine could save the lives of even more children", "title": "Rotavirus vaccine could save the lives of even more children", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "immunisation-rates-are-still-too-low", "text": "Immunisation rates are still too low", "title": "Immunisation rates are still too low", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "vaccine-efficacy-differs-by-region", "text": "Vaccine efficacy differs by region", "title": "Vaccine efficacy differs by region", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "other-high-impact-interventions", "text": "Other high-impact interventions", "title": "Other high-impact interventions", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Diarrhea is the third leading ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/what-are-children-dying-from-and-what-can-we-do-about-it", "children": [{"text": "cause of child mortality", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " – it claimed ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/what-are-children-dying-from-and-what-can-we-do-about-it", "children": [{"text": "more than half a million", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " children in 2017. Rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhea in children – it is estimated that between one-quarter and one-third of all child deaths from diarrhea are the result of rotavirus infection.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text",…

{"toc": [{"slug": "how-does-the-nutritional-profile-of-dairy-compare-with-plant-based-milks", "text": "How does the nutritional profile of dairy compare with plant-based milks?", "title": "How does the nutritional profile of dairy compare with plant-based milks?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "i-ve-heard-that-soy-is-linked-to-deforestation-in-the-amazon-is-this-a-concern-for-soy-milk", "text": "I’ve heard that soy is linked to deforestation in the Amazon. Is this a concern for soy milk?", "title": "I’ve heard that soy is linked to deforestation in the Amazon. Is this a concern for soy milk?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"left": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Milk is a dietary staple across many countries in the world. But dairy can contribute a lot to the greenhouse gas emissions of our food. In typical EU diets, it accounts for just over one-quarter of the carbon footprint, sometimes as much as one-third.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Growing awareness of this means many are looking to plant-based alternatives. In the UK, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.mintel.com/press-centre/food-and-drink/milking-the-vegan-trend-a-quarter-23-of-brits-use-plant-based-milk", "children": [{"text": "surveys suggest", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " one-quarter of adults now drink some non-dairy milks (although not always exclusively). It’s even more popular in younger demographics with one-third of 16 to 23-year-olds opting for them.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-2", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "There is now a range of ‘pl…

{"toc": [{"slug": "age-structured-seir-model-focused-on-low-and-middle-income-countries-details-as-of-23-august-2020", "text": "Age-structured SEIR model focused on low- and middle-income countries (details as of 23 August 2020)", "title": "Age-structured SEIR model focused on low- and middle-income countries (details as of 23 August 2020)", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "website", "text": "Website", "title": "Website", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "regions-covered", "text": "Regions covered", "title": "Regions covered", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "time-covered", "text": "Time covered", "title": "Time covered", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "update-frequency", "text": "Update frequency", "title": "Update frequency", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "what-is-the-model", "text": "What is the model?", "title": "What is the model?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "what-is-the-model-used-for", "text": "What is the model used for?", "title": "What is the model used for?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "what-data-is-the-model-based-on", "text": "What data is the model based on?", "title": "What data is the model based on?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "what-are-key-assumptions-and-potential-limitations", "text": "What are key assumptions and potential limitations?", "title": "What are key assumptions and potential limitations?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "hybrid-statistical-seir-model-details-as-of-23-august-2020", "text": "Hybrid statistical/SEIR model (details as of 23 August 2020)", "title": "Hybrid statistical/SEIR model (details as of 23 August 2020)", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "update-ihme-announced-that-after-december-16-2022-ihme-will-pause-its-covid-19-modeling-for-the-foreseeable-future", "text": "Update: IHME announced that \"after December 16, 2022, IHME will pause its COVID-19 modeling for t…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In 1970, more than 300,000 people died when ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/3537/JBA-9s9-04-Sammonds-etal.pdf", "children": [{"text": "a strong cyclone", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " hit the coast of Bangladesh.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " In 1985, another storm caused 15,000 deaths. Just six years later, another killed 140,000.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Fast-forward to 2020. Bangladesh was hit by cyclone Amphan, one of the strongest storms on record in the Bay of Bengal. The death toll was 26 — barely visible on the chart below, compared to these very deadly disasters.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "That’s 26 too many deaths, and the cyclone also caused huge amounts of damage: millions of people were displaced, and there were large economic losses. But tens — possibly hundreds — of thousands of lives were saved through early warnings, evacuations, and increased resilience. People in Bangladesh are much better protected from disasters than they were a few decades ago.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This development is part of a longer-term and widespread success in reducing humanity’s vulnerability to storms, floods, earthquakes, and other hazards.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/natural-disasters?time=1968..latest&facet=none&hideControls=true&Disaster+Type=Storms&Impact=Deaths&Timespan=Annual&Per+capita=false&country=~BGD&tab=chart", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "The world has become more resilient to disa…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Human rights are rights that all people have, regardless of their country, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/195wtinOB2zsiGevmvUfAGPZv4NrG4jY_vpib49e5gt4/edit", "children": [{"text": "gender", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RvMWl3OpP6zrygM49jcvI6SotoWWq5er14gLBnPLxUg/edit", "children": [{"text": "sexuality", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", ethnicity, or any other trait.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Among others, this includes: physical integrity rights, such as not being killed or tortured; civil rights, such as practicing their religion and moving freely in their country; and political rights, such as freedoms of speech and association.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The protection of these rights allows people to live the lives they want and to thrive in them.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Human rights have become much more protected, but this varies a lot between countries. And not everyone enjoys the same protections: people are often marginalized because of their ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/195wtinOB2zsiGevmvUfAGPZv4NrG4jY_vpib49e5gt4/edit", "children": [{"text": "gender", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RvMWl3OpP6zrygM49jcvI6SotoWWq5er14gLBnPLxUg/edit", "children": [{"text": "sexuality", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", or ethnicity.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value"…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Research and development underpin nearly all the transformative changes we see on Our World in Data.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Cures for diseases, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/vaccination", "children": [{"text": "vaccines", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", and techniques to prevent infection have helped us survive ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality", "children": [{"text": "beyond childhood", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " and live much ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy", "children": [{"text": "longer lives", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ". Understanding hygiene, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/clean-water-sanitation", "children": [{"text": "water, and sanitation", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " has saved countless lives from preventable diseases.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Electricity, artificial light, transport, and other ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/energy", "children": [{"text": "energy technologies", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " have transformed our lives. Agricultural research has broken deadlocks in ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields", "children": [{"text": "crop yields", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " and allowed us to produce enough food for eight billion people.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Even beyond the…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "number-electoral-democracies-age-desktop-v2.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "number-electoral-democracies-age-mobile-v2.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Most electoral democracies are younger than the oldest people who live in them.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows that almost two dozen democracies are younger than 18 — as young as the children in these countries. Others are only as old as their young adults. This is based on data from Regimes of the World.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In these younger democracies, most people have experienced life under authoritarian rule, and older people lacked democratic political rights for most of their lives.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "A larger group of countries have been electoral democracies for one to three generations. In these countries, children and young adults have only known life in a democracy, but their parents and grandparents have experienced non-democratic rule.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Only ten countries have been democratic for more than 90 years. In these places, democracy is older than almost all of their citizens.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-age", "children": [{"text": "Read more in our article on the age of democracies", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Democracy is still young in most countries considered democratic today", "authors": ["Bastian Herre"], "approved-by": "Hannah", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldin…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "solar-learning-curve-mobile.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "One of the most transformative changes in technology over the last few decades has been the massive drop in the cost of clean energy. Solar photovoltaic ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth", "children": [{"text": "costs have fallen", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " by 90% in the last decade, onshore wind by 70%, and batteries ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/battery-price-decline", "children": [{"text": "by more than", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " 90%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "These technologies have followed a “learning curve” called ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/learning-curve", "children": [{"text": "Wright’s Law", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ". This states that the cost of technology falls consistently as the cumulative production of that technology increases.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows the perfect example of this for solar power. This data comes from the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2022", "children": [{"text": "International Renewable Agency", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://pcdb.santafe.edu/graph.php?curve=158", "children": [{"text": "Greg Nemet", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733315001699", "children": […

{"bio": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Lucas is a Senior Data Scientist at Our World in Data, mostly working on the curation of various datasets and the data infrastructure.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "He joined in 2021, after working as a Deep Learning Researcher at the National Institute of Informatics (Tokyo, Japan) and as a Data Scientist for the private sector. He studied an M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering at UPC (Barcelona, Spain) and KTH (Stockholm, Sweden).", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "body": [{"rows": [], "type": "research-and-writing", "heading": "All work", "primary": [], "secondary": [{"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/138RBPWhDv0CWxZFTcS_uaDIbAGDlcaIgcOvfA12RQ-k/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/19AlSstYCtGglhNNt9mbKGAEf_oZcQTKNjYJ-5BlXSts/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DW5SzHglTI1FQstFTa-q6RibahuDzmKLvYOvUzFRJvU/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fdECw4wt6d7_-cIeMcsBfnoUEoeKwF2Z1gj3Y8RCF4g/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1f9abb7XLK8FCTPYJbn66qIfgGIYppr5spposXWRiN6o/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sC5hYCG5Tbnt02QzaxHFeGhliSWbwUuyttXKP8TS9xc/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfZnfnJWL-t3XTwwvVogsYJTHKp-6GXoFji0UOkNmsc/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1veRlw3GvP0J6De85R6_X4cPCLfQhXJp1k-zKkzPwIfo/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BiDjrPb1f51E2t2mmtrIBA8LJHKkuecvSUm-b5ffxP8/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XjwZM1DgLPgKS9IOVhUtKmhCQkbCso5xwZ-rJjNABmk/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F0b6Atjj9M2S0cQ2zT_t5sW2LEXVwp2I2siwJNJOIWw/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Gg9p8NlNb_7xmuNHtv8hBQZAhrc5jq_4_cojPFTjG6c/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/docu…

{"toc": [{"slug": "undefined-renewables-have-grown-strongly-but-a-lot-of-this-has-simply-offset-a-decline-in-nuclear", "text": "Renewables have grown strongly, but a lot of this has simply offset a decline in nuclear", "title": "Renewables have grown strongly, but a lot of this has simply offset a decline in nuclear", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In 2021, 18% of the world’s ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy-substitution-method", "children": [{"text": "primary energy", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " came from low-carbon sources. Low-carbon energy is energy from nuclear and renewables.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "How has this share changed? Have we made progress on decarbonizing the global energy supply?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In the line chart we see how the share of global energy that comes from low-carbon sources has changed over time. It more than doubled in the 20 years from 1970 to 1990: increasing from 6% to 13%. At this point, progress appeared to stall for several decades, but is now rising again.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/low-carbon-share-energy?tab=chart&country=~OWID_WRL", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "Renewables have grown strongly, but a lot of this has simply offset a decline in nuclear", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "To understand the different rates at which we’ve made progress on decarbonization, it’s useful to break it down into its two components: nuclear energy and renewables. This is shown in the chart.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "First, we see why we made progress in the 1970s and 8…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "military-spending-per-armed-forces-personnel-desktop-v5.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "military-spending-per-armed-forces-personnel-mobile-v5.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Relative to ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/armed-forces-personnel", "children": [{"text": "its personnel", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", the United States spends much more on its military than other major countries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows data on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/military-spending-sipri", "children": [{"text": "military spending", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " per service member, sometimes called a military’s “capital intensity”.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "We calculated this metric by dividing spending data from the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.sipri.org/", "children": [{"text": "Stockholm International Peace Research Institute", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " (SIPRI) by data on personnel from multiple sources via the World Bank.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This indicator reflects differences in salaries and benefits for military personnel and more advanced and costly weaponry.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In 2020, the United States spent well over half a million dollars per service member. This was 50% more than the United Kingdom, more than double Germany’s spending per personnel, about six times China’s, and more than twenty times that of Brazil or India.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors"…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Hundreds of millions of people live in a country that is different from the one in which they were born. In some countries, the majority of the population are immigrants.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Migration has played a crucial role in economic development, education and mobility. The transfer of money from migrants working overseas to family or friends in their home country – remittances – can be an important ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth", "children": [{"text": "source of income", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in many countries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "On this page you can find our writing and data visualizations relating to migration.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "parseErrors": [], "relatedTopics": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth", "text": "World Population Growth", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/poverty", "text": "Poverty", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/income-inequality", "text": "Income inequality", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}]}, {"rows": [], "type": "research-and-writing", "primary": [{"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/10pO8cTBVN84EwIec49xqeumppwLhCyvudRgkqLipYUQ"}}], "secondary": [{"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SV4DXLiVXeAwwvxOnCspmF4ZT9aZHG6ocsNjm-K_Jzc"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1v3fW6CxMgsgtDDQ0PfO-KTUfgIlkvFImFsYxAaSa-pc"}}], "parseErrors": [], "hide-authors": false}, {"type": "gray-section", "items": [{"text": [{"text": "Explore data on migration, refugees, and asylum seekers", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level…

{"toc": [{"slug": "about-this-data", "text": "About this data", "title": "About this data", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "How are incomes and wealth distributed between people? Both within countries and across the world as a whole?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "On this page, you can find all our data, visualizations, and writing relating to economic inequality.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This evidence shows us that inequality in many countries is very high and, in many cases, has been on the rise. Global economic inequality is vast and compounded by ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/15du6zm00Ll6DtJWlhu4o_lZgb72RKFyd43tflYSKIVA/edit", "children": [{"text": "overlapping inequalities", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in health, education, and many other dimensions.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But economic inequality is not rising everywhere. Within many countries, it has fallen or remained stable. And global inequality – after two centuries of increase – is ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1q1sbAEqbeOgit1Nzc_mEoHLqEzXs5U4ONgHgI6YQN7k/edit", "children": [{"text": "now falling", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " too.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The large differences we see across countries and over time are crucial. They show us that high and rising inequality is not inevitable, and that the extent of inequality today is something that we can change.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "parseErrors": [], "relatedTopics": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/poverty", "text": "Pov…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Metals and minerals have played a crucial role in building the modern world. These materials are essential in construction and manufacturing, from buildings and bridges to cars and electronics.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Critical minerals like lithium, copper, and cobalt will play an increasingly important role in the energy transition as countries move away from fossil fuels towards clean energy.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This raises important questions about whether the world has enough of these minerals to power the energy transition, the environmental impacts of mining, and socioeconomic issues such as working conditions in supply chains.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "On this page, you find our data, charts, and writing related to metals and minerals. It gives an overview of global statistics on crucial minerals: which countries have these resources, where they are mined and refined, and how they’re traded across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"children": [{"url": "#all-charts", "children": [{"text": "See all of our interactive charts on metals and minerals ↓", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}], "parseErrors": []}], "parseErrors": [], "relatedTopics": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy", "text": "Energy", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy", "text": "Renewable Energy", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/transport", "text": "Transport", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}]}, {"type": "gray-section", "items": [{"text": [{"children": [{"text": "Explore Data on Metals and Minerals\n", "spanT…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "foreign-aid-un-target-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "foreign-aid-un-target-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In the 1970s, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution asking developed countries to contribute at least 0.7% of their national income to foreign aid. Most countries ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://web-archive.oecd.org/temp/2024-06-17/63452-the07odagnitarget-ahistory.htm", "children": [{"text": "accepted this target", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", except for Switzerland and the United States.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But very few countries have met this target in the fifty years since then. Even today, only a handful of countries do.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Just five countries met this target in 2023: Norway, Luxembourg, Sweden, Germany, and Denmark. You can see them in blue on the map.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Every other developed country gave less than 0.7% of their national income.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/foreign-aid", "children": [{"text": "Explore more of our new charts on foreign aid: who contributes, and where it goes", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Five developed countries met the UN’s target for foreign aid in 2023", "authors": ["Hannah Ritchie", "Pablo Arriagada"], "approved-by": "Ed", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/foreign-aid-given-as-a-share-of-national-income-net?tab=map"}

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "co2-fossil-land-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "co2-fossil-land-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Around 90% of the world’s carbon dioxide (CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": ") emissions come from fossil fuels and industrial processes such as cement production. The other 10% comes from land use change, primarily carbon released from trees and vegetation due to ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation", "children": [{"text": "deforestation", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Fossil fuels are also the biggest source of emissions at the national level in most countries across the world. But there are a few exceptions.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In the chart, you can see the share of emissions from fossil fuels compared to land use change across a small selection of countries. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and China, fossil fuels dominate. This data comes from the Global Carbon Project.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "However, in Brazil, land use change plays a much more significant role. This is for two reasons. First, deforestation rates are higher than in most other countries. Second, Brazil has a very clean power grid. Most of its electricity ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked?country=~BRA", "children": [{"text": "comes from", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " hydropower, with solar and wind also growing quickly. It burns very little coal and gas.", "spanType": "span-simple-…

{"toc": [{"slug": "livestock-convert-feed-to-high-quality-micronutrient-rich-protein", "text": "Livestock convert feed to high-quality, micronutrient-rich protein", "title": "Livestock convert feed to high-quality, micronutrient-rich protein", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"text": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Half of the world’s habitable land is used for agriculture, with most of this used to raise livestock for dairy and meat. Livestock are fed from two sources – lands on which the animals graze and land on which feeding crops, such as soy and cereals, are grown. How much would our agricultural land use decline if the world adopted a plant-based diet?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Research suggests that if everyone shifted to a plant-based diet, we would reduce global land use for agriculture by 75%. This large reduction of agricultural land use would be possible thanks to a reduction in land used for grazing and a smaller need for land to grow crops. The research also shows that cutting out beef and dairy (by substituting chicken, eggs, fish, or plant-based food) has a ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "much", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " larger impact than eliminating chicken or fish.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "type": "callout", "title": "Summary", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The expansion of land for agriculture is the leading ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/drivers-of-deforestation", "children": [{"text": "driver of deforestation", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " and biodiversity loss.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/global-land-for-agriculture", "children": [{"text": "Half", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "sp…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Since early 2020, our team at Our World in Data has worked on providing data on COVID-19 relating to many metrics — including COVID-19 cases, infections, deaths, hospitalizations, testing rates, vaccination rates, excess mortality, policy responses, genome sequencing, mobility trends, and vaccine donations.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Many of these datasets were updated daily for several years. However, as the pandemic has evolved, countries have reduced their reporting frequency, some metrics have become more complex to interpret, and several datasets are no longer being updated.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In this article, we list our datasets on COVID-19 and the frequency with which we will update them going forward.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "Datasets that we continue to update", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"rows": [{"type": "table-row", "cells": [{"type": "table-cell", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"children": [{"text": "Dataset", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}], "parseErrors": []}]}, {"type": "table-cell", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"children": [{"text": "Source", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}], "parseErrors": []}]}, {"type": "table-cell", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"children": [{"text": "Update Frequency", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}], "parseErrors": []}]}]}, {"type": "table-row", "cells": [{"type": "table-cell", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Cases and Deaths", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}]}, {"type": "table-cell", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Source: WHO.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "valu…

{"toc": [{"slug": "the-price-of-electricity-from-the-long-standing-sources-fossil-fuels-and-nuclear-power", "text": "The price of electricity from the long-standing sources: fossil fuels and nuclear power", "title": "The price of electricity from the long-standing sources: fossil fuels and nuclear power", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "the-price-decline-of-electricity-from-renewable-sources", "text": "The price decline of electricity from renewable sources", "title": "The price decline of electricity from renewable sources", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "why-is-this-happening-learning-curves-and-the-price-of-solar-photovoltaic-modules", "text": "Why is this happening? Learning curves and the price of solar photovoltaic modules", "title": "Why is this happening? Learning curves and the price of solar photovoltaic modules", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "a-short-history-of-solar-from-outer-space-to-the-cheapest-source-of-energy-on-earth", "text": "A short history of solar: From outer space to the cheapest source of energy on earth", "title": "A short history of solar: From outer space to the cheapest source of energy on earth", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-moore-s-law-and-wright-s-law-can-help-us-to-get-our-expectations-for-the-future-right", "text": "How Moore’s Law and Wright’s Law can help us to get our expectations for the future right", "title": "How Moore’s Law and Wright’s Law can help us to get our expectations for the future right", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "predicting-the-future-the-laws-of-gordon-moore-and-theodore-paul-wright", "text": "Predicting the future: The laws of Gordon Moore and Theodore Paul Wright", "title": "Predicting the future: The laws of Gordon Moore and Theodore Paul Wright", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "wright-s-law-helps-us-to-get-our-expectations-for-the-future-right", "text": "Wright’s Law helps us to get our expectations for the future right", …

{"bio": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Tuna joined OWID in 2024 as a part of the data team. She previously worked on machine learning for epigenetics and in management consulting. She has an M.Sc. in Data Science from the Technical University of Munich.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "body": [{"rows": [], "type": "research-and-writing", "heading": "All work", "primary": [], "secondary": [{"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zDB6zUS4fw6s3rXHz5Su6rR50Ey_hB75CYDIkj8kO_w/edit"}}], "parseErrors": [], "hide-authors": true}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "role": "Junior Data Scientist", "type": "author", "title": "Tuna Acisu", "authors": ["Our World in Data team"], "socials": {"type": "socials", "links": [{"url": "mailto:

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "so2-shipping-desktop.png", "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "so2-shipping-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://github.com/JGCRI/CEDS/wiki/Release-Notes", "children": [{"text": "Community Emissions Data System (CEDS)", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " produces invaluable long-term data on the emissions of air pollutants worldwide. It has just published its latest update, extending this data to 2022.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "One of the most striking changes in air pollution trends has been the abrupt drop in sulfur dioxide (SO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": ") emissions from shipping. As you can see in the chart — where shipping is highlighted in red — there was a dramatic fall from over 10 million tonnes a year in 2019 to 3 million tonnes a year later.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The change resulted from the International Maritime Organization’s strict limits on marine fuels, introduced in 2020: the maximum percentage of sulfur allowed in these fuels fell from 3.5% to 0.5%. All ships worldwide had to comply.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This drop is positive for tackling local air pollution and acid rain. However, it also has implications for climate change since SO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": " ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-low-sulphur-shipping-rules-are-affecting-global-warming/", "children": [{"text": "has masked some of the warming", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "spa…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "4g-coverage-mobile-2.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Internet access ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/internet", "children": [{"text": "has grown rapidly", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " over the last few decades. It lets us connect with people across countries and continents, helps students learn and apply for jobs, and is even the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/mobile-money-accounts-are-surging-globally-especially-in-africa-and-asia", "children": [{"text": "primary mode of banking", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in some parts of the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But having access to ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "fast", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " internet also matters. This is also changing quickly.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In 2015, less than half — 44% — of the world population was in the range of a 4G network. That figure is now 90%. In the chart, you can see that this has increased quickly across many regions. This data comes from the International Telecommunication Union.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Note that being in the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "range", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " of a 4G network doesn’t mean that someone is using it. If people don’t have a mobile, computer, or service to connect, they might be in the range of a network but not online.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/techn…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "We can’t understand the world without understanding demographic change.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "How many people are alive today? How many are born; how many die? What do we expect populations to look like in the future?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The United Nations updates its big dataset — the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://population.un.org/wpp/", "children": [{"text": "World Population Prospects", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " — every two years to answer these questions. It just released its latest edition today.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "We’ve updated all of our population-related datasets and charts with this new release. You can explore all the trends for every country in our ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography", "children": [{"text": "Population and Demography Data Explorer", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In this article, we wanted to provide key insights from this latest wave of data.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "The world population is projected to peak slightly earlier than in previous projections", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The United Nations doesn’t only publish historical estimates of how population and demographic trends have changed in the past; it also makes projections for what the future might look like. To be clear, these are projections, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "not predictions", "spanType": "span-s…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"text": [{"text": "Our World in Data as a museum", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Lately, I've been using the analogy of a museum to describe Our World in Data. A museum offers its visitors a variety of experiences: you can book a guided tour and hear all the detailed stories behind the artworks, explore for yourself and wander around without a predetermined purpose, or maybe you're only interested in one specific exhibition, or even just a single work of art.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Our articles are the guided tour, our ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-data-explorer", "children": [{"text": "data", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?tab=chart&xScale=linear&yScale=linear&stackMode=absolute&endpointsOnly=0&time=earliest..latest&country=China~United%20States~India~United%20Kingdom~World&region=World&Gas%20=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting%20=Production-based&Fuel%20=Total&Count%20=Per%20capita&Relative%20to%20world%20total%20=", "children": [{"text": "explorers", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " (and charts, to some extent) allow for freeform discovery, and our search and navigation support quick and focused data lookups.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "We are a multi-purpose publication, and we serve a large variety of visitors. We're also a small team, so we need to be clear about our focus. Should we optimize for in-depth reading of our articles, remove all clutter, and offer a clean, distraction-free reading experience? Should we strive to offer as many interactive controls and options as possible for exploring our data, even on mobile? Or should we make it really easy and fas…

{"toc": [{"slug": "data-sources-and-evidence", "text": "Data sources and evidence", "title": "Data sources and evidence", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "number-and-share-of-mammal-genera-that-went-extinct", "text": "Number and share of mammal genera that went extinct", "title": "Number and share of mammal genera that went extinct", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "specific-mammal-extinctions-included-in-the-map", "text": "Specific mammal extinctions (included in the map)", "title": "Specific mammal extinctions (included in the map)", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "timing-of-extinction-events", "text": "Timing of extinction events", "title": "Timing of extinction events", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "timing-of-human-arrival", "text": "Timing of human arrival", "title": "Timing of human arrival", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}], "body": [{"icon": "info", "text": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This article was first published in 2022. It was updated in 2025 to update references, add a clearer section on data sources and evidence, and clarify differences in extinction rates of genera versus species.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "type": "callout", "title": "Update note", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Humans have had such a profound impact on the planet’s ecosystems and climate that Earth might be defined by a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene (where “anthropo” means “human”).", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Some think this new epoch should start during the Industrial Revolution, and some at the advent of agriculture 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. This feeds into the popular notion that environmental destruction is a recent phenomenon.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The lives of our ancestors are often romanticized. Many think they lived in balanc…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Since 1751, the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region?stackMode=absolute", "children": [{"text": "world has emitted", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " over 1.5 trillion tonnes of CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " To reach our ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#future-emission-scenarios", "children": [{"text": "climate goal", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " of limiting average temperature rise to 2°C, the world needs to urgently reduce emissions. One common argument is that those countries that have added most to the CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": " in our atmosphere – contributing most to the problem today – should take on the greatest responsibility in tackling it.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "We can compare each country’s total contribution to global emissions by looking at ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "cumulative ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"children": [{"text": "CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": ". We can calculate cumulative emissions by adding each country’s annual CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children":…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"text": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This article focuses on a measurement change that affected reported maternal mortality rates in the United States between 2003 and 2017, not beyond this time period.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "type": "callout", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Look at reported maternal mortality rates in the United States, and you’ll see an alarming rise since the early 2000s.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This rise has been widely covered in the media. See a 2023 article on Scientific American: “", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-maternal-mortality-rates-are-getting-worse-across-the-u-s/", "children": [{"text": "Why Maternal Mortality Rates Are Getting Worse across the U.S.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": "” Or a report on National Public Radio (NPR): “", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/07/04/1185904749/u-s-maternal-deaths-keep-rising-heres-who-is-most-at-risk", "children": [{"text": "The number of people dying in the U.S. from pregnancy-related causes has more than doubled in the last 20 years.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": "” It has, understandably, been a big concern among the public.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But researchers have shown that this rise does not represent an actual increase in the number of women dying in childbirth. Rather, it is the result of a change in measurement that was gradually introduced in the US between 2003 and 2017.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This change wasn’t adopted at a national level in a single moment; that would have led to a single step-wise change in mortality rates. Instead, the measu…

{"toc": [{"slug": "global-literacy-today", "text": "Global literacy today", "title": "Global literacy today", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "historical-change-in-literacy", "text": "Historical change in literacy", "title": "Historical change in literacy", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "global-literacy-has-grown-substantially-in-the-last-two-centuries", "text": "Global literacy has grown substantially in the last two centuries", "title": "Global literacy has grown substantially in the last two centuries", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "when-did-literacy-start-increasing-in-europe", "text": "When did literacy start increasing in Europe?", "title": "When did literacy start increasing in Europe?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "the-ambition-of-universal-literacy-in-europe-was-a-reform-born-of-the-enlightenment", "text": "The ambition of universal literacy in Europe was a reform born of the Enlightenment", "title": "The ambition of universal literacy in Europe was a reform born of the Enlightenment", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "in-the-us-the-expansion-of-literacy-helped-reduce-within-country-inequalities", "text": "In the US, the expansion of literacy helped reduce within-country inequalities", "title": "In the US, the expansion of literacy helped reduce within-country inequalities", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "literacy-and-access-to-education-have-increased-around-the-world", "text": "Literacy and access to education have increased around the world", "title": "Literacy and access to education have increased around the world", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "latin-america-has-made-huge-improvements-in-literacy-in-the-last-century", "text": "Latin America has made huge improvements in literacy in the last century", "title": "Latin America has made huge improvements in literacy in the last century", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "literacy-around-the-world-…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Weather forecasts are often seen as just a nice thing to have. Useful when planning a Sunday barbecue or when we want to know if we’ll need an umbrella for the day. But in many ways, weather forecasts are absolutely crucial: they can be a matter of life and death.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Accurate forecasts can save lives by giving early warnings of storms, heat waves, and disasters. Farmers use them for agricultural management, which can make the difference between a lost harvest or a harvest of plenty. Grid operators rely on accurate forecasts of temperatures for heating and cooling demand, and how much energy they’ll get from wind and solar farms. Pilots and sailors need them to carry people across oceans safely. Accurate information about future weather is often absolutely vital.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In this article, I look at improvements over time and the global inequalities that need to be closed to protect lives and livelihoods around the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "Weather forecasts have improved a lot", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Weather forecasting has come a long way. In 650 B.C., the Babylonians would try to predict weather patterns based on cloud patterns and movements. Three centuries later, Aristotle wrote ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "Meteorologica", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ", discussing how phenomena such as rain, hail, hurricanes, and lightning formed. Much of it turned out to be wrong, but it represents one of the first attempts to explain how the weather works in detail.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "It wasn’t unt…

{"toc": [{"slug": "how-does-ro-w-work-to-make-its-assessments-valid", "text": "How does RoW work to make its assessments valid?", "title": "How does RoW work to make its assessments valid?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-does-ro-w-work-to-make-its-assessments-precise-and-reliable", "text": "How does RoW work to make its assessments precise and reliable?", "title": "How does RoW work to make its assessments precise and reliable?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-does-ro-w-work-to-make-its-assessments-comparable", "text": "How does RoW work to make its assessments comparable?", "title": "How does RoW work to make its assessments comparable?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-are-the-remaining-differences-in-the-data-dealt-with", "text": "How are the remaining differences in the data dealt with?", "title": "How are the remaining differences in the data dealt with?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-is-the-data-made-accessible-and-transparent", "text": "How is the data made accessible and transparent?", "title": "How is the data made accessible and transparent?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "keep-reading-on-our-world-in-data", "text": "Keep reading on Our World in Data", "title": "Keep reading on Our World in Data", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "acknowledgments", "text": "Acknowledgments", "title": "Acknowledgments", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Measuring the state of democracy across the world helps us understand the extent to which people have political rights and freedoms.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But measuring democracy comes with many challenges. People do not always agree on what characteristics define a democracy. These characteristics — such as whether an election was free and fair — are difficult to define and assess. The judgment of experts is…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "lithium-production-mobile.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Lithium is ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.bgs.ac.uk/news/mineral-profile-lithium", "children": [{"text": "a critical component", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in many industries, including pharmaceuticals, optics, ceramics, and glass. But it’s best known for its use in batteries. Most rechargeable batteries in mobile phones, laptops, and consumer electronics are made from lithium-ion chemistries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "It’s also receiving increasing attention as a critical mineral in batteries for electric cars and storage for renewable energy.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Just a handful of countries supply the world’s lithium. In the chart, you can see each country’s share of global ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "mined", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " production in 2023. Australia produced almost half. Combined with China, Chile, and Argentina, these four countries produced over 90% of the total.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia form the so-called “lithium triangle”, which are large lithium deposits that span across these three countries. While Bolivia has huge ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-lithium.pdf", "children": [{"text": "lithium resources", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", it has produced very little so far.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This data comes from the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://doi.org…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "There are two ways that COVID-19 deaths can be presented over time: by the date of death, or the date on which the death was reported. Neither of these methods is necessarily better than the other—but one should be aware of the difference as it can affect comparisons across countries and over time if these methods are not consistent.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The official data for deaths in Sweden is presented by date of death by ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/smittskydd-beredskap/utbrott/aktuella-utbrott/covid-19/statistik-och-analyser/bekraftade-fall-i-sverige/", "children": [{"text": "Folkhälsomyndigheten", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", the Swedish Public Health Agency. This matters because it can take many days until all deaths for a particular day are reported in Sweden.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In practice this means that Sweden might today only report 10 deaths for yesterday, but once reporting is complete the death count for that same day might increase to 40.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The death counts for the last 2 weeks in Sweden should therefore always be interpreted as an incomplete count of what occurred in this period.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/sweden-official-covid-deaths?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute&time=earliest..latest&region=World", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "The mortality data presented by the Swedish Public Health Agency evolves over time", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This undercount in recent days means that deaths often appear to be falling; but when…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "teenage-pregnancy-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "teenage-pregnancy-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Teenage pregnancy rates have fallen across all regions in the last few decades.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows the number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 since 2000, based on data compiled by the United Nations.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Globally, rates have fallen by around one-third. This decline has been even more dramatic in some regions. For example, rates have fallen by more than two-thirds in Central and South Asia.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Birth rates have also fallen ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/adolescent-fertility?tab=chart&country=Europe+%28UN%29~Northern+America+%28UN%29~Sub-Saharan+Africa+%28UN%29~Central+and+Southern+Asia+%28UN%29~Eastern+and+South-Eastern+Asia+%28UN%29~Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean+%28UN%29~OWID_WRL", "children": [{"text": "among adolescents aged 10 to 14 years old", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", where health concerns for pregnancy in such young girls are even greater.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/adolescent-fertility-15-19", "children": [{"text": "Explore teenage pregnancy data for individual countries over time", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Teenage pregnancy rates have fallen across the world", "authors": ["Hannah Ritchie"], "approved-by": "Ed", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldi…

{"toc": [{"slug": "what-is-obesity", "text": "What is obesity?", "title": "What is obesity?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "obesity-is-commonly-measured-using-the-body-mass-index-bmi-scale", "text": "Obesity is commonly measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI) scale", "title": "Obesity is commonly measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI) scale", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "obesity-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-early-death", "text": "Obesity is one of the leading risk factors for early death", "title": "Obesity is one of the leading risk factors for early death", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "obesity-is-responsible-for-millions-of-premature-deaths-each-year", "text": "Obesity is responsible for millions of premature deaths each year", "title": "Obesity is responsible for millions of premature deaths each year", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "the-global-distribution-of-health-impacts-from-obesity", "text": "The global distribution of health impacts from obesity", "title": "The global distribution of health impacts from obesity", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "what-share-of-global-deaths-are-the-result-of-obesity", "text": "What share of global deaths are the result of obesity?", "title": "What share of global deaths are the result of obesity?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "there-is-a-large-difference-in-death-rates-from-obesity-across-the-world", "text": "There is a large difference in death rates from obesity across the world", "title": "There is a large difference in death rates from obesity across the world", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "what-share-of-adults-are-obese", "text": "What share of adults are obese?", "title": "What share of adults are obese?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "obesity-varies-widely-worldwide-and-has-become-more-common", "text": "Obesity varies widely worldwide and has become more common", "title": "Obesity v…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Lead poisoning is estimated to account for about 1% of the global disease burden.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This is a large burden for a problem that gets very little attention.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "On an individual level, being exposed to lead in the environment can hinder a child’s brain development: it can result in a reduction in IQ; cognitive function; and has been linked to higher levels of antisocial behavior.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-2", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But it's a global problem that we can tackle. Many countries have already made significant progress against it.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "On this page you can find all our data, visualizations and writing relating to lead pollution.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "parseErrors": [], "relatedTopics": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution", "text": "Air Pollution", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy", "text": "Energy", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/ozone-layer", "text": "Ozone Layer", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}]}, {"rows": [{"heading": "All our articles on Lead Pollution", "articles": [{"value": {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/reducing-lead-poisoning", "title": "Around one-in-three children globally suffer from lead poisoning. What can we do to reduce this?",…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "global-car-peak-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "global-car-peak-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "To decarbonize road transport, the world must move away from petrol and diesel cars and towards electric vehicles and other forms of low-carbon transport.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This transition has already started. In fact, global sales of combustion engine cars are well past the peak and are now falling.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "As you can see in the chart, global sales peaked in 2018. This is calculated based on data from the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024", "children": [{"text": "International Energy Agency", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ". Bloomberg New Energy Finance ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-30/world-hit-peak-gas-powered-vehicles-as-evs-gain-market-share", "children": [{"text": "estimates", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " this peak occurred one year earlier, in 2017.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Sales of electric cars, on the other hand, are growing quickly.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/electric-car-sales", "children": [{"text": "Explore more data on electric car sales across the world", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Global sales of combustion engine cars have peaked", "authors": ["Hannah Ritchie"], "approved-by": "Ed", "grapher-u…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "homosexuality-opinions-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "homosexuality-opinions-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "When I was born in 1993, one-third of people in the United Kingdom said they “would not want homosexual neighbors”. Today, that’s less than 5%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "As you can see in the chart, the acceptance of same-sex relationships has increased in many other countries, too. This data comes from the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSEVStrend.jsp", "children": [{"text": "Integrated Values Survey", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Attitudes to homosexuality tend to be far more positive in Western Europe and North and South America than in other parts of the world. In many countries across Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa, the majority of surveyed respondents still say they would not want homosexual neighbors.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-people-saying-they-do-not-want-homosexual-neighbors", "children": [{"text": "Explore the data on attitudes to homosexuality across the world", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Many countries have become much more supportive of same-sex relationships", "authors": ["Hannah Ritchie"], "approved-by": "Ed", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-people-who-think-homosexuality-is-never-justified"}

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "life-satisfaction-gdp.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Putting a number on “happiness” is hard. But one way to better understand how satisfied people are with their lives is to ask them.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Self-reported life satisfaction is one key metric that researchers rely on. Respondents are asked to rate their lives on a 10-step ladder, where 0 represents the worst possible life, and 10 is the best.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows self-reported life satisfaction measured against gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The two are positively correlated: people in richer countries tend to be more satisfied with their lives.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Of course, income is not the only thing that matters. You can also see the large spread of values for countries with similar levels of GDP per capita. For example, South American countries tend to have higher happiness levels than those in other regions.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/happiness-and-life-satisfaction", "children": [{"text": "Explore more data on life satisfaction across countries, within countries, and over people’s lifespan", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "People in richer countries tend to say they are more satisfied with their lives", "authors": ["Hannah Ritchie"], "approved-by": "Ed", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-vs-happiness"}

{"toc": [{"slug": "social-media-started-in-the-early-2000s", "text": "Social media started in the early 2000s", "title": "Social media started in the early 2000s", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "facebook-dominated-the-social-media-market-for-a-decade-but-five-other-platforms-also-have-more-than-half-a-billion-users", "text": "Facebook dominated the social media market for a decade, but five other platforms also have more than half a billion users", "title": "Facebook dominated the social media market for a decade, but five other platforms also have more than half a billion users", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "some-social-media-sites-are-particularly-popular-among-specific-population-groups", "text": "Some social media sites are particularly popular among specific population groups", "title": "Some social media sites are particularly popular among specific population groups", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "in-rich-countries-almost-all-young-people-use-social-media", "text": "In rich countries, almost all young people use social media", "title": "In rich countries, almost all young people use social media", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "the-rise-of-social-media-in-rich-countries-has-come-together-with-an-increase-in-the-amount-of-time-spent-online", "text": "The rise of social media in rich countries has come together with an increase in the amount of time spent online", "title": "The rise of social media in rich countries has come together with an increase in the amount of time spent online", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "some-perspective-on-how-fast-and-profound-these-rapid-changes-are", "text": "Some perspective on how fast and profound these rapid changes are", "title": "Some perspective on how fast and profound these rapid changes are", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Facebook, the largest social media platform in the world, had 2.4 billion users …

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "We are very excited to introduce our two newest board members, Claire Melamed and Michael Blastland!", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "They are now part of the Board of Trustees at ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://global-change-data-lab.org/", "children": [{"text": "Global Change Data Lab", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", the charity that publishes and maintains Our World in Data. They join ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/organization#board-of-trustees", "children": [{"text": "current board members", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " Hetan Shah, Wendy Carlin, Rachel Glennerster, and Andrew Dilnot.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Claire and Michael joining us represents the end of a long, thorough, and very competitive recruitment process, during which we were helped by a specialist agency (", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.nurole.com/", "children": [{"text": "Nurole", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ") and received more than 120 applications.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "We decided to grow our board because we were looking for more expertise in two particular areas — areas that are well-matched by Claire and Michael’s expertise and experience:", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "list", "items": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"children": [{"text": "The production of global data:", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}, {"text": " Claire stood out as an expert in this area, with her long career leading public institutions focused on global data. We look forward to her perspective on how to make the data we provide as comprehensive and u…

{"toc": [{"slug": "is-the-living-planet-index-sensitive-to-outliers", "text": "Is the Living Planet Index sensitive to outliers?", "title": "Is the Living Planet Index sensitive to outliers?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"text": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The Living Planet Index is the biodiversity metric that always claims the headlines. Unfortunately, many of these headlines are wrong. The index is very easy to misinterpret.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The Living Planet Index reports an average decline of 73% across tens of thousands of wildlife populations since 1970. This does not tell us anything about the number of individuals, species or populations lost, or even the share of populations that are shrinking.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Before reporting on the Living Planet Index we should understand what it actually tells us about the world’s wildlife. We should also be aware of the misconceptions and pitfalls of using this index to capture the changes in more than 34,000 of the world’s animal populations.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "type": "callout", "title": "Summary", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "“", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/last-50-years-earth-lost-68-percent-of-wildlife-85-percent-wetlands-because-of-humans-522447.html#:~:text=5%20months%20ago-,In%20The%20Last%2050%20Years%2C%20Earth%20Has%20Lost%2068%25%20Of,All%20Thanks%20To%20Us%20Humans&text=Global%20animal%2C%20bird%2C%20and%20fish,a%20new%20report%20has%20stated.", "children": [{"text": "In the last 50 years, Earth has lost 68% of wildlife, all thanks to us humans", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": "” (India Times)", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "“", "spanType": "span-simple-te…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "It's estimated that there are around 570 million farms in the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The size and productivity of farms across the world varies a lot. This matters a lot for economic development, poverty alleviation, global food production and its environmental impacts.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Most of the world's farmers are smallholders – with farms less than two hectares in size. Yet these farmers are some of the poorest. The size and low labor productivity on these farms can make it difficult for smallholders to increase their incomes, and escape poverty.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The distribution of farms across the world matters for human development and wellbeing, as well as the impact that agriculture has on the environment.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "On this page you can find all our data, visualizations, and writing relating to farm size.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "parseErrors": [], "relatedTopics": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/land-use", "text": "Land use", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/employment-in-agriculture", "text": "Employment in Agriculture", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizers", "text": "Fertilizers", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}]}, {"more": {"heading": "More articles related to Farm Size", "articles": [{"value": {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/yields-habitat-loss", "title": "To protect the world’s wildlife we must i…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "There have been five big mass extinctions in Earth's history – these are called the \"Big Five\". Understanding the reasons and timelines of these events is important to understand the speed and scale of species extinctions today.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "When and why did these mass extinction events happen?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "What is a mass extinction?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "First, we must be clear on what we mean by \"mass extinction\". Extinctions are a normal part of evolution: they occur naturally and periodically over time.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "There’s a natural background rate to the timing and frequency of extinctions: 10% of species are lost every million years, 30% every 10 million years, and 65% every 100 million years.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-2", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " It would be wrong to assume that species going extinct is out of line with what we would expect. Evolution occurs through the balance of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "extinction", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " – the end of species – and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "speciation", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " – the creation of new ones.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Extinctions occur peri…

{"bio": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Joe joined us in 2017. As Head of Product and Design, he coordinates efforts to develop tools and layouts that make our research and data more accessible and understandable. He also contributes as a researcher, where his work focuses on global trends in poverty and economic inequality. He is currently working towards a Ph.D. at the University of Oxford.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "body": [{"type": "pill-row", "pills": [{"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UjJLoGF5VMfn8U4C3ZSJQrPhc_jFRkeEhrhz5Ksfq7M/edit", "text": "Poverty"}, {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yzOrFd6uWvrAl2oFB3S67oOSbhgL1ffPHxjAqS7i-4w/edit", "text": "Economic inequality"}, {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gVSV2gqzPSTMI80gmHEgbaKeWalj6daqe519RtZaJ7I/edit", "text": "Economic Growth"}], "title": "Topics covered by Joe on Our World in Data", "parseErrors": []}, {"rows": [], "type": "research-and-writing", "latest": {}, "heading": "Featured work", "primary": [{"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1M2S6EP-CAZL1Oi4szQ5k0BiuPUdaUDbAXTCjnwsQK3o/edit"}}], "secondary": [{"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1w6ymndlipKyB8QEQsvpMvB3qC9Fn1QiLAUV_nnjGWtc/edit"}}, {"value": {"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/17-2C6H3kPd7w9DxWT2RG2QuLP0Pzxvm4H2RVsWFWUzM/edit"}}], "parseErrors": [], "hide-authors": true}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "role": "Head of Product and Design", "type": "author", "title": "Joe Hasell", "authors": ["Our World in Data team"], "socials": {"type": "socials", "links": [{"url": "https://twitter.com/joehasell", "text": "@JoeHasell", "type": "x"}], "parseErrors": []}, "featured-image": "joe-hasell.jpg"}

{"toc": [{"slug": "appendix-what-about-non-staple-crops-such-as-fruits-vegetables-and-legumes", "text": "Appendix: What about non-staple crops such as fruits, vegetables, and legumes?", "title": "Appendix: What about non-staple crops such as fruits, vegetables, and legumes?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "this-article-is-the-second-in-our-series-on-climate-change-and-agriculture", "text": "This article is the second in our series on climate change and agriculture:", "title": "This article is the second in our series on climate change and agriculture:", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "How much will climate change affect food production? Will it hurt or benefit crop yields? Can we feed 8, 9, or 10 billion people in a warmer world?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "These are crucial questions that I’m trying to tackle in a three-part series on climate change and agriculture.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In my first article, I discussed the different ways climate change impacts crop yields and the effect they have", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": " already had", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " on global food production. In this installment, we’ll look at how climate change could affect crop yields in the future.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "As a quick reminder, there are three ways that CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": " emissions and climate change can affect agriculture.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "First, plants can benefit from ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "higher CO", "spanType": "span-sim…

{"toc": [{"slug": "how-is-life-expectancy-calculated", "text": "How is life expectancy calculated?", "title": "How is life expectancy calculated?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "what-else-can-we-learn-from-life-tables", "text": "What else can we learn from 'life tables'?", "title": "What else can we learn from 'life tables'?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Life expectancy has ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy#twice-as-long-life-expectancy-around-the-world", "children": [{"text": "doubled in all world regions", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ". What does this mean exactly?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Despite its importance and prominence in research and policy, it is surprisingly difficult to find a simple yet detailed description of what “life expectancy” actually means. In this section, we try to fill this gap.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The term \"life expectancy\" refers to the number of years a person can expect to live. By definition, life expectancy is based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In practice, however, things are often more complicated:", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "One important distinction and clarification is the difference between ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "cohort", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "period life expectancy.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [], "par…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Urban living is a relatively ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization#urbanization-over-the-very-long-term", "children": [{"text": "recent feature", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " of human history.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In our entry on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization", "children": [{"text": "Urbanization", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " we look at the long-run history of urban populations.  By 1800, urban shares were ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization#urban-shares-over-the-last-500-years", "children": [{"text": "still well below 10 percent", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", even across today's rich countries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-2", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "It wasn't until the 20th century that rates of urbanization really began to increase substantially. This is seen in the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-vs-rural-majority", "children": [{"text": "second half of the century", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in particular.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But how urban is the world today? How many people live in urban areas?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "What we know about urban populati…

{"toc": [{"slug": "explore-this-data-for-every-country-in-the-world-in-our-new-population-and-demography-data-explorer", "text": "Explore this data for every country in the world in our new Population and Demography Data Explorer", "title": "Explore this data for every country in the world in our new Population and Demography Data Explorer", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "How many people are there in the world? How many die each year, and how many babies are born?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "These are key questions that we need to understand the world around us. The global population dataset is one of our most important at ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "Our World in Data", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ": it underpins nearly every topic we cover.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The UN updates its ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://population.un.org/wpp/", "children": [{"text": "World Population Prospects", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " every two years. Its latest release was due in 2021 but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. But, on World Population Day, the long-awaited dataset was released today.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In this article, we highlight some key findings of the twenty-seventh publication of the ‘World Population Prospects.’", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "With early access to this new UN data, we have also published a new ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography", "children": [{"text": "Population and Demography Data Explorer", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span…

{"toc": [{"slug": "what-can-you-do-to-help", "text": "What can you do to help?", "title": "What can you do to help?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"text": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "To make the transition to low-carbon energy sources and address climate change we need open data on the global energy system. High-quality data already exists; it is published by the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "International Energy Agency", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ". But despite being an international institution that is largely publicly funded, most IEA data is locked behind paywalls. This makes it unusable in the public discourse and prevents many researchers from accessing it. Beyond this, it hinders data-sharing and collaboration; results in duplicated research efforts; makes the data unusable for the public discourse; and goes against the principles of transparency and reproducibility in scientific research. The high costs of the data excludes many from the global dialogue on energy and climate and thereby stands in the way of the IEA achieving its own mission.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "We suggest that the countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding – the benefits of opening this important data are much larger than the costs.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "type": "callout", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Transitioning to a low-carbon energy system is one of humanity's most pressing challenges. Since 87% of annual carbon dioxide emissions ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-co2-emissions-fossil-land?country=~OWID_WRL", "children": [{"text": "come from the energy", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " and industrial sectors, this transition is essential to a…

{"toc": [{"slug": "hiv-aids-is-one-of-the-world-s-most-fatal-infectious-disease", "text": "HIV/AIDS is one of the world's most fatal infectious disease", "title": "HIV/AIDS is one of the world's most fatal infectious disease", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "almost-1-million-people-die-from-hiv-aids-each-year-in-some-countries-it-s-the-leading-cause-of-death", "text": "Almost 1 million people die from HIV/AIDS each year; in some countries, it's the leading cause of death", "title": "Almost 1 million people die from HIV/AIDS each year; in some countries, it's the leading cause of death", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "the-global-distribution-of-deaths-from-hiv-aids", "text": "The global distribution of deaths from HIV/AIDS", "title": "The global distribution of deaths from HIV/AIDS", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "in-some-countries-hiv-aids-is-the-cause-of-a-quarter-of-all-deaths", "text": "In some countries, HIV/AIDS is the cause of a quarter of all deaths", "title": "In some countries, HIV/AIDS is the cause of a quarter of all deaths", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "death-rates-are-high-across-sub-saharan-africa", "text": "Death rates are high across Sub-Saharan Africa", "title": "Death rates are high across Sub-Saharan Africa", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "death-rates-are-highest-for-younger-adults-and-children-under-five-years-old", "text": "Death rates are highest for younger adults and children under five years old", "title": "Death rates are highest for younger adults and children under five years old", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "is-the-world-making-progress-in-its-fight-against-hiv-aids", "text": "Is the world making progress in its fight against HIV/AIDS?", "title": "Is the world making progress in its fight against HIV/AIDS?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-have-cases-and-deaths-changed-over-time", "text": "How have cases and deaths changed over time?", "…

{"toc": [{"slug": "target-6-1-safe-and-affordable-drinking-water", "text": "Safe and affordable drinking water", "title": "Safe and affordable drinking water", "supertitle": "Target 6.1", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "sdg-indicator-6-1-1-safe-drinking-water", "text": "Safe drinking water", "title": "Safe drinking water", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 6.1.1", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "target-6-2-end-open-defecation-and-provide-access-to-sanitation-and-hygiene", "text": "End open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene", "title": "End open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene", "supertitle": "Target 6.2", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "sdg-indicator-6-2-1-safe-sanitation-and-hygiene", "text": "Safe sanitation and hygiene", "title": "Safe sanitation and hygiene", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 6.2.1", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "target-6-3-improve-water-quality-wastewater-treatment-and-safe-reuse", "text": "Improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse", "title": "Improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse", "supertitle": "Target 6.3", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "sdg-indicator-6-3-1-wastewater-safety", "text": "Wastewater safety", "title": "Wastewater safety", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 6.3.1", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "sdg-indicator-6-3-2-ambient-water-quality", "text": "Ambient water quality", "title": "Ambient water quality", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 6.3.2", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "target-6-4-increase-water-use-efficiency-and-ensure-freshwater-supplies", "text": "Increase water use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies", "title": "Increase water use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies", "supertitle": "Target 6.4", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "sdg-indicator-6-4-1-water-use-efficiency", "text": "Water use efficiency", "title": "Water use efficiency", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 6.4.1", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "sdg-indicator-6-4-2-levels-of-freshwater-stress", "text": "Levels of freshwa…

{"toc": [{"slug": "the-extent-of-redistribution-over-time", "text": "The extent of redistribution over time", "title": "The extent of redistribution over time", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "what-the-gap-between-before-tax-and-after-tax-income-inequality-can-and-cannot-tell-us", "text": "What the gap between before-tax and after-tax income inequality can and cannot tell us", "title": "What the gap between before-tax and after-tax income inequality can and cannot tell us", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "When interpreting data on inequality, it's important to be clear about what is being measured: inequality of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "what?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Usually, it is the inequality of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "i", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"children": [{"text": "ncomes", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ", but even here, there are different concepts to be aware of. The two definitions of income most commonly used are:", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "list", "items": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Incomes counted ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "before", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " people have paid taxes and received any benefits from the government;", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Incomes counted ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "after", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " such transfers.", "spanType": "sp…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The world now produces more than ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution#how-much-plastic-does-the-world-produce", "children": [{"text": "380 million tonnes", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " of plastic every year, which could end up as pollutants, entering our natural environment and oceans.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Of course, not all of our plastic waste ends up in the ocean, most ends up in landfills: it’s estimated that the share of global plastic waste that enters the ocean is around 3%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " In 2010 – the year for which we have the latest estimates – that was around 8 million tonnes.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-2", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Most of the plastic materials we produce are less dense than water and should therefore float at the ocean surface. But our best estimates of the amount of plastic afloat at sea are orders of magnitude lower than the amount of plastic that enters our oceans in a single year: as we show in the visualization, it’s far lower than 8 million tonnes and instead in the order of 10s to 100s of thousands of tonnes. One of the most widely-quoted estimates is 250,000 tonnes.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-3", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "3", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "If we currently pollute our oceans with millions of tonnes of plastic each year, w…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "across-the-anglosaxon-world-people-value-religion-less-than-before-mobile.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Religion means less to people in some English-speaking countries than it did 30 years ago.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows a clear downward trend in the share of people who see religion as important in their lives. This is based on surveys across the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, from 1993 to 2022.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The United States stands out as the country with the highest percentage of people who consider religion important, though this has declined from 79% to 61%. The shift was even sharper in Canada, falling from 61% to 35%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Religion was already less important to people in Australia, the UK, and New Zealand but in all three countries, this share dropped by more than a quarter.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/how-important-religion-is-in-your-life", "children": [{"text": "Explore this data on the importance of religion for many more countries", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Religion has become less important in some English-speaking countries", "authors": ["Simon van Teutem"], "approved-by": "Hannah", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/how-important-religion-is-in-your-life"}

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "share-of-potential-polio-cases-with-adequate-stool-collection-desktop.png", "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "share-of-potential-polio-cases-with-adequate-stool-collection-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The world is close to eradicating polio. Annual cases have dropped from an ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-estimated-paralytic-polio-cases-by-world-region", "children": [{"text": "estimated 400,000", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in the 1980s to less than 4,000 in recent years.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But, to cross the finish line, sufficient testing is crucial to ensure that cases aren’t missed.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The World Health Organization recommends that at least 80% of potential polio cases be tested for the virus. Potential cases are identified based on “acute flaccid paralysis”, a sudden onset of paralysis in the limbs.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "As shown in the chart, disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic led to a ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/polio-testing", "children": [{"text": "drop in polio testing rates", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in many countries. Thankfully, this new data shows that polio testing has rebounded.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This is due to the dedicated effort of countless health workers and opens the way to a future free from polio.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Testing rates for polio have rebounded after a drop amid the COVID-19 pandemic", "aut…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "historical-cost-of-computer-memory-and-storage-desktop.png", "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "historical-cost-of-computer-memory-and-storage-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This chart shows the dramatic fall in the price of computer storage between 1956 and 2023. It relies on the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://jcmit.net/memoryprice.htm", "children": [{"text": "data carefully collected", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " by the computer scientist John C. McCallum.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In the last 70 years, the price for a unit of storage has fallen by almost ten orders of magnitude. The data is plotted on a logarithmic scale on the vertical axis. The line follows an almost straight path, indicating an exponential reduction in price.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "A 256-gigabyte storage capacity — commonly found in standard laptops sold today — would have cost around 20 billion dollars in the 1950s. (That’s in today’s prices.)", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "And cost has not been the only improvement: modern solid-state drives offer much faster and more reliable data access than early magnetic and hard disk drives.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/moores-law", "children": [{"text": "Read more on the exponential growth of computing capabilities", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "The price of computer storage has fallen exponentially since the 1950s", "authors": ["Edouard Mathieu"], "approved-by": "Hannah", "grapher-url": "https://o…

{"toc": [{"slug": "the-carbon-opportunity-costs-of-different-diets", "text": "The carbon opportunity costs of different diets", "title": "The carbon opportunity costs of different diets", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"text": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The climate impact of diets are usually compared in terms of greenhouse gases that are emitted ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "today", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ". But this misses a hidden cost: the carbon opportunity costs of agricultural land. If we were not using this land to grow food, it would be possible that forests and wild grasslands grow on these lands. They would not only harbour wildlife, but also store much more carbon. Meat and dairy products need more land than alternatives, and therefore have a higher opportunity cost.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Going vegan would result in the largest carbon savings, but even just a reduction of meat and dairy consumption – without eliminating it completely – can also have a massive impact. In fact, a diet that replaces beef with chicken and cuts out dairy would achieve almost as much as a fully vegan diet.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "type": "callout", "title": "Summary", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Over the last 10,000 years  agricultural land has expanded into forests, wild grasslands and other ecosystems. The world ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/world-lost-one-third-forests", "children": [{"text": "lost one-third of its forests", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", and today agricultural land makes up ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/global-land-for-agriculture", "children": [{"text": "half of the world’s ice- and desert-free land", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "span…

{"toc": [{"slug": "continue-reading-on-our-world-in-data", "text": "Continue reading on Our World in Data", "title": "Continue reading on Our World in Data", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "There are few health problems that affect billions of people at any given time. There are even fewer that could be reduced substantially through pretty cheap interventions.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"id": "anemia", "children": [{"text": "Anemia", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": " is one of them. Estimates suggest that one in four people globally has anemia; that’s two billion people in total.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " Almost one in three women and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-anemia-in-children", "children": [{"text": "almost 40%", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " of all children suffer from it.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "aside", "caption": [{"text": "Anemia is a condition where someone has fewer red blood cells or lower hemoglobin levels in their blood cells.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "While anemia is much more common in poorer countries, it’s also a significant problem in rich ones. I have family members and friends who have struggled with it for a long time. And I probably know many more who have it but are undiagnosed.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "One of the reasons why anemia is so overlooked is that its symptoms are often subtle: in most cases, it’s fatigue and weakness. These symptoms can be common for various reasons, making them hard…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "di-annual-reported-passenger-kilometers-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "di-annual-reported-passenger-kilometers-mobile2.jpg"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows how much people rely on rail versus road transport in 2021. The data comes from the OECD, and we recently ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/transport", "children": [{"text": "updated our charts", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " with the latest release.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Japan stands out with 28% of passenger kilometers traveled by rail. This contrasts sharply with New Zealand and the United States, where rail accounts for only 1.4% and 0.25% of passenger kilometers, respectively.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In Western European countries, rail transport is still in the minority, but less so. In France, 10% of passenger kilometers are traveled by rail, 6.4% in Germany, and 5% in the United Kingdom.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Countries with well-developed rail networks and high usage also tend to have lower domestic ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-co2-transport?tab=chart&time=latest&country=USA~GBR~FRA~JPN~NZL~DEU~ITA", "children": [{"text": "transport-related CO2 emissions", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-reported-passenger-kilometers", "children": [{"text": "Explore passenger kilometers traveled by road and rail in other countries", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-te…

{"toc": [{"slug": "indoor-air-pollution-what-s-the-problem", "text": "Indoor air pollution: what’s the problem?", "title": "Indoor air pollution: what’s the problem?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "history-our-ancestors-have-been-suffering-from-indoor-air-pollution-since-prehistoric-times", "text": "History: Our ancestors have been suffering from indoor air pollution since prehistoric times", "title": "History: Our ancestors have been suffering from indoor air pollution since prehistoric times", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "billions-still-live-in-energy-poverty", "text": "Billions still live in energy poverty", "title": "Billions still live in energy poverty", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "the-reliance-on-wood-as-a-source-of-energy-contributes-to-environmental-destruction", "text": "The reliance on wood as a source of energy contributes to environmental destruction", "title": "The reliance on wood as a source of energy contributes to environmental destruction", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-can-the-world-make-progress-against-energy-poverty-and-indoor-air-pollution", "text": "How can the world make progress against energy poverty and indoor air pollution?", "title": "How can the world make progress against energy poverty and indoor air pollution?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "conclusion", "text": "Conclusion", "title": "Conclusion", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The lack of access to modern energy sources subjects people to a life of poverty. No electricity means no refrigeration of food, no washing machine, and no light at night.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "If you don’t have artificial light, your day is over at sunset. This is why the students in this photo are out on the street: they had to find a spot under a streetlight to do their homework. It’s a photo that shows both t…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The ozone layer plays a vital role in making the planet habitable for us and other species. High in the atmosphere – between 10 to 50 kilometers above the earth's surface – the ozone layer absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But, during the 1970s, ‘80s, and ‘90s, humans were emitting large quantities of substances that depleted the ozone layer. This led to the creation of ozone holes at the earth’s poles, exposing life to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation and increasing the risks of skin cancer in humans.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "During the 1980s, the world came together to form an international agreement to reduce – and eventually eliminate – emissions of these depleting substances. The political agreements were very effective. Since then, global emissions have fallen by more than 99%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The ozone holes have stopped growing and are now starting to close.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This page includes all of our data, visualizations, and writing on the ozone layer, its depletion, and its path to recovery.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "parseErrors": [], "relatedTopics": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution", "text": "Air Pollution", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy", "text": "Energy", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions", "text": "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}]}, {"type": "key-insights", "heading": "Key insights on the Ozone Layer", "insights": [{"url": "https://ourworldinda…

{"toc": [{"slug": "unsafe-sanitation-is-a-leading-risk-factor-for-death", "text": "Unsafe sanitation is a leading risk factor for death", "title": "Unsafe sanitation is a leading risk factor for death", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "unsafe-sanitation-is-responsible-for-hundreds-of-thousands-of-deaths-each-year", "text": "Unsafe sanitation is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths each year", "title": "Unsafe sanitation is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths each year", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "the-global-distribution-of-deaths-from-sanitation", "text": "The global distribution of deaths from sanitation", "title": "The global distribution of deaths from sanitation", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "in-low-income-countries-poor-sanitation-accounts-for-a-larger-share-of-deaths", "text": "In low-income countries, poor sanitation accounts for a larger share of deaths", "title": "In low-income countries, poor sanitation accounts for a larger share of deaths", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "death-rates-are-much-higher-in-low-income-countries", "text": "Death rates are much higher in low-income countries", "title": "Death rates are much higher in low-income countries", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "usage-of-safe-sanitation", "text": "Usage of safe sanitation", "title": "Usage of safe sanitation", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "nearly-half-of-the-world-does-not-use-safely-managed-sanitation", "text": "Nearly half of the world does not use safely managed sanitation", "title": "Nearly half of the world does not use safely managed sanitation", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "use-of-improved-sanitation", "text": "Use of improved sanitation", "title": "Use of improved sanitation", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "what-share-of-people-do-not-use-improved-sanitation", "text": "What share of people do not use improved sanitation?", "title": "Wha…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "brazil-homicide-road-deaths.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Homicide rates in Brazil are among ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/distribution-of-homicide-rates?country=~BRA", "children": [{"text": "some of the highest in the world", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", and young people are more likely to be victims.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Another large killer of young people is road injuries. But in Brazil, the number of homicide deaths among young people is twice as high as that of road fatalities.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "You can see this in the chart: an estimated 48,000 people aged 15 to 49 years died by homicide in 2021 — almost double the 25,000 who died from road injuries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "These comparisons are based on data from the IHME’s Global Burden of Disease study. Note that estimates of homicides can vary by source, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/homicide-data-how-sources-differ-and-when-to-use-which-one", "children": [{"text": "as explained", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " by my colleagues Bastian Herre and Fiona Spooner.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/homicides", "children": [{"text": "Explore more data on homicide rates across the world, including comparisons of different sources", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Twice as many young Brazilians die from homicid…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "infant-mortality-over-time-1.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "infant-mortality-over-time-1-small.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This chart shows death rates across the first year of a baby’s life and how they have been reduced over time.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The data spans 1921 to 2021 and comes from the Office for National Statistics in England & Wales.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "On the left-hand side of the chart, you can see that death rates are much higher on the first day of life. They then drop sharply over the following days and continue declining gradually over the rest of the year.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But you can also see that over decades, the entire curve has shifted downwards. This means that every day of infancy is safer than in the past.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality-in-the-past", "children": [{"text": "Read more about the decline in child mortality", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Every day of infancy is safer than in the past", "authors": ["Saloni Dattani"], "approved-by": "Ed", "grapher-url": ""}

{"toc": [{"slug": "how-do-approaches-work-to-make-assessments-valid", "text": "How do approaches work to make assessments valid?", "title": "How do approaches work to make assessments valid?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-do-approaches-work-to-make-assessments-precise", "text": "How do approaches work to make assessments precise?", "title": "How do approaches work to make assessments precise?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-do-approaches-work-to-make-assessments-comparable", "text": "How do approaches work to make assessments comparable?", "title": "How do approaches work to make assessments comparable?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-are-remaining-differences-dealt-with", "text": "How are remaining differences dealt with?", "title": "How are remaining differences dealt with?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-do-approaches-work-to-make-data-accessible-and-transparent", "text": "How do approaches work to make data accessible and transparent?", "title": "How do approaches work to make data accessible and transparent?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "keep-reading-at-our-world-in-data", "text": "Keep reading at Our World in Data", "title": "Keep reading at Our World in Data", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "acknowledgements", "text": "Acknowledgements", "title": "Acknowledgements", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "varieties-of-democracy", "text": "Varieties of Democracy", "title": "Varieties of Democracy", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "spectrums", "text": "Spectrums", "title": "Spectrums", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "regimes-of-the-world", "text": "Regimes of the World", "title": "Regimes of the World", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "classification", "text": "Classification", "title": "Classification", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "lexical-index-of-electoral-democracy", "…

{"toc": [{"slug": "enhanced-data-downloads", "text": "Enhanced data downloads", "title": "Enhanced data downloads", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "the-chart-data-api", "text": "The Chart Data API", "title": "The Chart Data API", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Our work at Our World in Data begins with one central premise: for research and data to make a difference, it has to be ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "accessible", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "understandable", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "A wealth of crucial data on essential topics, from climate change to mental health, is already out there. It’s produced through the hard work of academic researchers, think tanks, and institutions like the UN, World Bank, WHO, and many others.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But this data is too often lost in inaccessible databases, locked behind paywalls, or buried under technical jargon in academic papers.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "At Our World in Data, it's ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/problems-and-progress", "children": [{"text": "our mission", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " to improve this situation: to make research and data on the world's biggest challenges easier for everyone to understand and use, to make progress against those challenges.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Our work has already become a helpful and trusted resource for millions of people, from teachers and schoolchildren to journalists a…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Debates about migration are often in the news. People quote numbers about how many people are entering and leaving different countries. Governments need to plan and manage public resources based on how their own populations are changing.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Informed discussions and effective policymaking rely on good migration data. But how much do we really know about migration, and where do estimates come from?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In this article, I look at how countries and international agencies define different forms of migration, how they estimate the number of people moving in and out of countries, and how accurate these estimates are.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Migrants without legal status make up a small portion of the overall immigrant population. Most high-income countries and some middle-income ones have a solid understanding of how many immigrants live there. Tracking the exact flows of people moving in and out is trickier, but governments can reliably monitor long-term trends to understand the bigger picture.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "Who is considered an international migrant?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In the United Nations statistics, an international migrant is defined as “a person who moves to a country other than that of his or her usual residence for at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes his or her new country of usual residence”.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "tex…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "top-cumulative-co2.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "When we emit carbon dioxide (CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": ") into the atmosphere, most of it stays there for centuries or millennia. This means that CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2 ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": "emitted even a century ago has contributed to the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/temperature-anomaly", "children": [{"text": "rising temperatures", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " we see today.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In other words, how much the climate warms depends on how much ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "cumulative", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2 ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": "is emitted over time.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows the ten countries with the largest share of the world’s historical emissions, based on cumulative emissions from fossil fuels and industry since 1750.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The United States has contributed the most, accounting for almost one quarter. This is followed by China and Russia.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics", "children": [{"text": "There are many other ways to understand contributions to climate change – explore data on annual, pe…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "china-share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty-desktop.png", "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "china-share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In 1981, 97% of people in the Chinese countryside lived in extreme poverty. Even in cities, it was more than 70%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Since then, large economic growth has made it possible for hundreds of millions of people in China to leave extreme poverty behind, first in cities and then in the countryside.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "By 2020, the share of people living in extreme poverty in both urban and rural areas was below 1%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty?tab=chart&country=China+%28rural%29~China+%28urban%29", "children": [{"text": "Explore this data", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Extreme poverty in China has been almost eliminated — first in urban, then in rural regions", "authors": ["Bastian Herre"], "approved-by": "Ed", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty?tab=chart&country=China+%28rural%29~China+%28urban%29"}

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "When it comes to tackling climate change, the focus tends to be on ‘clean energy’ solutions – the deployment of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy", "children": [{"text": "renewable", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " or nuclear energy; improvements in ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources#energy-intensity-of-economies", "children": [{"text": "energy efficiency", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": "; or transition to low-carbon transport. Indeed, energy, whether in the form of electricity, heat, transport or industrial processes, account for the majority – 76% – of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But the global food system, which encompasses production, and post-farm process such as processing, and distribution is also a key contributor to emissions. And it’s a problem for which we don’t yet have viable technological solutions.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The visualization shown here – based on data from the meta-analysis by Joseph Poore and Thomas Nemecek (2018), published in ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "Science", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " – summarizes food’s share of total emissions and breaks it down by source.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-2", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Food is responsibl…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"text": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This is a guest post by ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "Tatjana Marks", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}, {"text": " and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "Samantha Vanderslott", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}, {"text": ", from the Oxford Vaccine Group and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM).", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "type": "callout", "title": "", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "With the widespread rollout of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations", "children": [{"text": "COVID-19 vaccines", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " globally, some countries have started to consider mandatory vaccination, although no country has yet to make vaccines mandatory for its population.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " While COVID-19 has resurfaced the debate on vaccination policies, it has been an important topic for many other diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that vaccines save two to three million lives each year (excluding COVID). The development of vaccines against vaccine-preventable childhood diseases has been a key driver in the decline of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality", "children": [{"text": "child mortality", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Despite it being such an important topic, it is surprising that information about which countries have mandatory vaccine polic…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "how-important-leisure-is-to-people-in-life-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "how-important-leisure-is-to-people-in-life-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Free time is important to most people around the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "As shown on this chart, in many countries, leisure is important to more than 80% of people. This is based on data from the European Values Study and World Values Survey.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "However, the percentage of people who find leisure “very important” varies more. In some countries, it is the majority; in others, it is less than a quarter.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "People enjoy their free time, but valuing leisure a lot doesn’t mean people ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/how-important-work-is-to-people-in-life", "children": [{"text": "value work less", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " or ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-working-hours-per-worker?time=latest&country=GBR~DEU~USA~NGA~MEX~IDN~JPN~RUS~BRA~CHN", "children": [{"text": "work fewer hours", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ". In countries such as Nigeria, Mexico, and Indonesia, people put a high value on both these aspects of their lives.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/how-important-leisure-is-to-people-in-life", "children": [{"text": "Explore this data", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "uk-coal-desktop3.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "uk-coal-mobile3.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The United Kingdom was the birthplace of coal. It has now, effectively, died there.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "As shown in the chart, in the late 1980s, around two-thirds of the UK’s electricity came from coal. By the time I was born in the 1990s, this had dropped to just over half.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The use of coal has plummeted in my lifetime. It now makes up less than 2% of the UK’s electricity.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Coal was first ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-mix-uk", "children": [{"text": "replaced by gas", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " but is now being pushed out by wind, solar, and biomass.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal", "children": [{"text": "Read more about the death of UK coal", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Coal power has effectively died in the United Kingdom", "authors": ["Hannah Ritchie"], "approved-by": "Ed", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-coal?tab=chart&country=~GBR"}

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Many of us cannot imagine our lives without the Internet — but the technology ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/internet-history-just-begun", "children": [{"text": "is still young", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ". Only 63% of the world’s population ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-individuals-using-the-internet", "children": [{"text": "was online", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in 2023.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The Internet provides an almost endless list of services: it allows us to communicate and collaborate worldwide, send money internationally (including ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/personal-remittances-oda", "children": [{"text": "remittances", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": "), ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/global-education", "children": [{"text": "learn and educate", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " others, form cross-border ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/social-connections-and-loneliness", "children": [{"text": "social connections", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", share news, and many others.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "On this page, you can find all our data, visualizations, and writing relating to the Internet.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "parseErrors": [], "relatedTopics": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/technological-change", "text": "Technological Change", "type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"}, {"url": "https://ourwor…

{"toc": [{"slug": "excess-mortality-during-covid-19", "text": "Excess mortality during COVID-19", "title": "Excess mortality during COVID-19", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "what-is-excess-mortality", "text": "What is “excess mortality”?", "title": "What is “excess mortality”?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "how-is-excess-mortality-measured", "text": "How is excess mortality measured?", "title": "How is excess mortality measured?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "the-p-score-a-measure-of-excess-mortality-that-is-more-comparable-across-countries", "text": "The P-score: a measure of excess mortality that is more comparable across countries", "title": "The P-score: a measure of excess mortality that is more comparable across countries", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "excess-mortality-p-scores", "text": "Excess mortality P-scores", "title": "Excess mortality P-scores", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "excess-mortality-p-scores-by-age-group", "text": "Excess mortality P-scores by age group", "title": "Excess mortality P-scores by age group", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "excess-mortality-using-raw-death-counts", "text": "Excess mortality using raw death counts", "title": "Excess mortality using raw death counts", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "estimated-excess-mortality-from-the-economist", "text": "Estimated excess mortality from The Economist\n", "title": "Estimated excess mortality from The Economist\n", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "estimated-excess-mortality-from-the-world-health-organization", "text": "Estimated excess mortality from the World Health Organization", "title": "Estimated excess mortality from the World Health Organization", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "our-world-in-data-relies-on-data-from-the-human-mortality-database-the-world-mortality-dataset-the-economist-and-the-world-health-organization", "text": "Our World …

{"toc": [{"slug": "if-national-policies-can-have-global-consequences-policymakers-need-to-look-at-global-data", "text": "If national policies can have global consequences, policymakers need to look at global data", "title": "If national policies can have global consequences, policymakers need to look at global data", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Agriculture is a difficult problem to solve. It feeds 8 billion people but is also one of the world’s most environmentally damaging sectors. It’s the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food", "children": [{"text": "leading driver", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " of deforestation, biodiversity loss, land use, freshwater withdrawals, and water pollution.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The world will need effective governmental policies — called agro-environmental policies — and innovations in sustainable food technologies if we want to reduce these impacts while feeding ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?facet=none&Metric=Population&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=Medium&country=~OWID_WRL", "children": [{"text": "9 or 10 billion people", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "You might think, then, that the obvious thing to do is to have more and more policies focused on reducing its environmental impacts. But this assumes that all policies are effective and don’t impose trade-offs with food production or socioeconomic outcomes. This is not always the case.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Sri Lanka is a particularly dramatic case showing how rash and poorly designed policies can l…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "annual-number-of-people-receiving-antiretroviral-therapy-through-pepfar-desktop-v4.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "annual-number-of-people-receiving-antiretroviral-therapy-through-pepfar-mobile-v4.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, known as ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-presidents-emergency-plan-for-aids-relief-pepfar/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1731438780598973&usg=AOvVaw1nF7ZVrxpg7LZF_Y5_SWZU", "children": [{"text": "PEPFAR", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", was established in 2003 to fight the global ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "hiv", "children": [{"text": "HIV", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": " epidemic.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Since its launch, PEPFAR has provided millions of people with ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "antiretroviral_therapy", "children": [{"text": "antiretroviral therapy", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": " (ART) worldwide, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.state.gov/where-we-work-pepfar", "children": [{"text": "especially in Africa", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows the number of people who received therapy through PEPFAR in a given year. In 2023, it was 20.5 million people.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "ART is highly effective: it helps keep people with ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "hiv", "children": [{"text": "HIV", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": " healthy and …

{"toc": [{"slug": "marriages-are-becoming-less-common", "text": "Marriages are becoming less common", "title": "Marriages are becoming less common", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "in-many-countries-marriage-rates-are-declining", "text": "In many countries, marriage rates are declining", "title": "In many countries, marriage rates are declining", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "marriages-across-cohorts-have-declined", "text": "Marriages across cohorts have declined", "title": "Marriages across cohorts have declined", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "people-are-marrying-later", "text": "People are marrying later", "title": "People are marrying later", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "the-share-of-women-who-are-married-or-in-a-union-has-decreased-only-slightly-worldwide", "text": "The share of women who are married or in a union has decreased only slightly worldwide", "title": "The share of women who are married or in a union has decreased only slightly worldwide", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "there-has-been-a-decoupling-of-marriage-and-parenthood", "text": "There has been a ‘decoupling’ of marriage and parenthood", "title": "There has been a ‘decoupling’ of marriage and parenthood", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "higher-shares-of-children-are-born-outside-of-marriage-in-most-rich-countries", "text": "Higher shares of children are born outside of marriage in most rich countries", "title": "Higher shares of children are born outside of marriage in most rich countries", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "single-parenting-is-common-and-has-increased-in-many-countries", "text": "Single parenting is common and has increased in many countries", "title": "Single parenting is common and has increased in many countries", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "same-sex-marriage-has-become-possible-in-many-countries", "text": "Same-sex marriage has become possible in many countries"…

{"toc": [{"slug": "table-1-sources-of-comparative-excess-mortality-data-for-europe-the-uk-and-the-us-and-other-countries", "text": "Table 1: Sources of comparative excess mortality data for Europe, the UK and the US, and other countries", "title": "Table 1: Sources of comparative excess mortality data for Europe, the UK and the US, and other countries", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "box-1-measures-of-excess-mortality-p-scores-per-capita-excess-mortality-and-z-scores", "text": "Box 1: Measures of excess mortality: P-scores, per capita excess mortality and Z-scores", "title": "Box 1: Measures of excess mortality: P-scores, per capita excess mortality and Z-scores", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "4-1-can-we-compare-the-different-statistical-measures-for-excess-mortality-from-all-causes-across-countries", "text": "4.1 Can we compare the different statistical measures for excess mortality (from all causes) across countries?", "title": "4.1 Can we compare the different statistical measures for excess mortality (from all causes) across countries?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "box-2-two-pieces-of-evidence-against-the-poisson-assumption-used-in-euro-momo-z-scores", "text": "Box 2: Two pieces of evidence against the Poisson assumption used in EuroMOMO Z-scores", "title": "Box 2: Two pieces of evidence against the Poisson assumption used in EuroMOMO Z-scores", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "4-2-data-issues-underlying-the-statistics-that-influence-their-comparability", "text": "4.2  Data issues underlying the statistics that influence their comparability", "title": "4.2  Data issues underlying the statistics that influence their comparability", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "table-2-our-p-scores-variant-p-scores-and-euro-momo-s-z-scores-for-poor-performers-showing-peak-weeks-of-excess-mortality-in-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic", "text": "Table 2: Our P-scores/variant P-scores and EuroMOMO’s Z-scores for poor performe…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "cereal-yield-region-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "cereal-yield-region-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Improved crop yields have allowed us to feed billions more people while sparing forests and other land from agriculture.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Global cereal yields have tripled since 1961. And as you can see in the chart, they have increased in all regions.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "However, yields across most African countries have lagged behind. At 1.7 tonnes per hectare, they’re still less than half the global average of 4.2 tonnes.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This is bad for farmers: they get much smaller harvests and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/agriculture-value-added-per-worker-wdi?tab=chart&time=latest&country=OWID_WRL~CHN~USA~GBR~East+Asia+%26+Pacific~Sub-Saharan+Africa~Latin+America+%26+Caribbean~TZA~COG~DNK", "children": [{"text": "live on much lower incomes", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ". It makes it harder for countries to feed their populations. And it’s a problem for biodiversity: lower yields mean that ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/agricultural-productivity-crucial", "children": [{"text": "farmland has to expand into wild habitats", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Increasing agricultural productivity — particularly across Africa — is one of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/africa-yields-problem", "children": [{"text": "the biggest challenges", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "s…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "share-of-births-by-age-of-mother-mobile.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "For many decades, most children in Europe were born to mothers in their twenties. However, since the mid-1970s, there has been a steady increase in the number of women giving birth in their thirties.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "As the chart shows, since 2015, women in their thirties have given birth to the greatest number of babies; in the same year, it became more common for a woman in her forties to give birth than for women in their teens.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Many factors are causing these changes, including women spending more years in education and developing their careers, easily accessible contraception, improvements in fertility treatment, and high childcare costs.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-births-by-age-of-mother", "children": [{"text": "Explore at what age women are having children in your country", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Most births in Europe are to mothers in their thirties", "authors": ["Fiona Spooner"], "approved-by": "Hannah", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-births-by-age-of-mother?country=~Europe+%28UN%29"}

{"toc": [{"slug": "the-richest-half-are-responsible-for-90-of-air-travel-co2-emissions", "text": "The richest half are responsible for 90% of air travel CO2 emissions", "title": "The richest half are responsible for 90% of air travel CO2 emissions", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Global aviation – both passenger flights and freight – emits around one billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": ") each year. This was equivalent to around 2.4% of CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": " emissions in 2018.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "How do global aviation emissions break down?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart gives the answer. This data is sourced from the 2019 ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "International Council on Clean Transportation(ICCT)", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " report on global aviation.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Most emissions come from passenger flights – in 2018, they accounted for 81% of aviation’s emissions; the remaining 19% came from freight, the transport of goods.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Sixty percent of emissions from", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": " passenger", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " flights come from international travel; the other 40% come from…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The animal that kills most people every year isn’t the one that first comes to mind. When it comes to killing humans, no other animal comes close: Mosquitoes kill almost half a million people per year. One death every minute.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Mosquitoes are so very dangerous to us because they carry lethal diseases. The half a million annual deaths are caused by Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Yellow fever, some smaller diseases and the very worst of them: Malaria.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Malaria is a disease that is transmitted from person to person by infected mosquitoes. The bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito transmits a parasite that enters the victim’s blood system and travels into the person’s liver where the parasite reproduces. There the parasite causes a high fever that involves shaking chills and pain. In the worst cases malaria leads to coma and death.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "From half the world to a quarter of the world within one century", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Malaria ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/malaria#the-history-of-malaria", "children": [{"text": "left its mark", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " on our history, our bodies, drinks, and for thousands of years the deaths of people in all corners of the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "But in the last few generations, humanity gained ground in this long-lasting battle against the disease. The map shows …

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Cardiovascular diseases cover all diseases of the heart and blood vessels – including ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "heart-attack", "children": [{"text": "heart attacks", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": " and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "stroke", "children": [{"text": "strokes", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "atherosclerosis", "children": [{"text": "atherosclerosis", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "ischemic-heart-disease", "children": [{"text": "ischemic heart disease", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "hypertensive-heart-disease", "children": [{"text": "hypertensive diseases", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"id": "cardiomyopathy", "children": [{"text": "cardiomyopathy", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-dod"}, {"text": ", and others.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "These diseases tend to develop gradually with age, especially when people have risk factors like high blood pressure, smoking, alcohol use, poor diet, and air pollution.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Together, cardiovascular diseases are the most common ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death", "children": [{"text": "cause of death", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " globally.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In 2000, around 14 million people died from cardiovascular diseases globally, while…

{"toc": [{"slug": "follow-up-post", "text": "Follow-up post:", "title": "Follow-up post:", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The huge majority of the world today is very poor. About 85% of the world live on less than $30 per day and around 61% live on less than $10 per day.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " I believe, for reasons I’ll explain below, that if this should change it will require very substantial economic growth of the economies that are home to the poorest billions of people in the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The reason I wrote this text is that I believe some commentators on global poverty are not clear about the reality that very substantial growth is needed if people in poor countries should have a chance to leave poverty behind. I believe that if we do not express very clearly that economic growth is needed, we are damaging the prospects of the poorest people in the world to leave poverty behind.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "I am therefore asking that everyone who finds global poverty unacceptable should be very clear that the majority of people in the world live in poor economies and that massive economic growth is needed to increase their incomes to a decent level.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Higher incomes are not an end in themselves. But to say that income growth only has an instrumental role is not to say that it is of little importance. A person's income does not measure their well-being; it measures whether goods and services they value remain out of reach or not. Because many of these goods and services matter for their wellbeing, income matters too.", "spanType": "span-simp…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "countries-democracies-autocracies-row-desktop.png", "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "countries-democracies-autocracies-row-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Over the last twenty years, the share of countries that are democracies has remained relatively stable.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Relying on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/regimes-of-the-world-data", "children": [{"text": "data from Varieties of Democracy", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", which we just updated, the chart shows that around half of all countries are democracies.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The world remains close to the historical high in the early 2000s and is much more democratic than 50 years ago; only 20% of countries were democracies in the early 1970s.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "However, the chart shows smaller changes within democratic regimes: the share of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "liberal", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " democracies, which grant additional individual and minority rights and constrain their governments, has decreased over the last decade.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "While democracy has remained fairly resilient over the last few decades, this recent stagnation and limited rollback stresses that progress on increasing political rights is neither linear nor guaranteed.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/less-democratic", "children": [{"text": "Read more about the recent changes in democracy", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"…

{"toc": [{"slug": "undefined-are-emissions-from-aviation-and-shipping-included", "text": "Are emissions from aviation and shipping included?", "title": "Are emissions from aviation and shipping included?", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "undefined-why-are-consumption-based-emissions-only-available-from-1990-why-are-they-not-available-for-all-countries", "text": "Why are consumption-based emissions only available from 1990? Why are they not available for all countries?", "title": "Why are consumption-based emissions only available from 1990? Why are they not available for all countries?", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"text": [{"text": "keyInfoText", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 1, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "list", "items": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "consumed", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ", rather than where they were ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "produced", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The data is calculated by adjusting ‘production-based’ emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "minus", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " emissions embedded in exports, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "plus", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " emissions embedded in imports. If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then i…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "manufacturing-desk.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "manufacturing-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The decline in manufacturing jobs — such as those in factories or industrial plants — often draws significant attention in political debates and media reports in the US, especially when tied to discussions about trade policies, globalization, or job losses in key industries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This focus can sometimes overshadow that manufacturing jobs are already a relatively small part of the labor market. In the US, for example, they account for less than 10% of total employment.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows the evolution of manufacturing as a proportion of total employment in the US and five other rich countries, using estimates compiled by the UN.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Across all countries, manufacturing employment has declined. In the US, it fell from 13% in 2000 to just below 10% in 2022. Even in Germany, where it is the highest among this group, manufacturing is now down to less than 20%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/manufacturing-share-of-total-employment?tab=chart&country=CAN~FRA~DEU~ITA~JPN~USA~GBR", "children": [{"text": "Explore the data on the share of manufacturing jobs in other countries", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Manufacturing accounts for a relatively small and declining share of total employment in rich countries", "authors": ["Esteban Ortiz-Ospina"], "approved-by": "Max", "grapher-url": "https:/…

{"toc": [{"slug": "adapted-methodology-from-tebbens-et-al-2010", "text": "Adapted methodology from Tebbens et al. (2010)", "title": "Adapted methodology from Tebbens et al. (2010)", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "results-comparison-of-reported-cases-vs-estimated-cases", "text": "Results: comparison of reported cases vs. estimated cases", "title": "Results: comparison of reported cases vs. estimated cases", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "results-estimated-cases-by-region", "text": "Results: estimated cases by region", "title": "Results: estimated cases by region", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This article was first published in April 2018. It was last updated in May 2022.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In this post we explain how we estimate the number of cases of paralytic polio by country and region. To summarize, we apply a method by Tebbens et al. (2010) to the reported cases, using two measures of testing quality.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The number of reported cases of paralytic polio can be an underestimate of the number of actual cases for several reasons. People with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) may not be seen by doctors or healthcare workers and reported as suspected cases of polio. They may not have samples taken, or taken in time, to detect the presence of poliovirus. Or their samples may not be tested for poliovirus and reported.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"text": "Adapted methodology from Tebbens et al. (2010)", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In their paper, Tebbens et al. (2010) introduced a method to adjust for under-detection.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-s…

{"toc": [{"slug": "deforestation-rates-are-still-high-across-the-tropics", "text": "Deforestation rates are still high across the tropics", "title": "Deforestation rates are still high across the tropics", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "forest-definitions-and-comparisons-to-other-datasets", "text": "Forest definitions and comparisons to other datasets", "title": "Forest definitions and comparisons to other datasets", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Since the end of the last ice age — 10,000 years ago — the world has lost one-third of its forests.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " Two billion hectares of forest — an area twice the size of the United States — has been cleared to grow crops, raise livestock, and for use as fuelwood.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Previously, we looked at this change in global forests over the long run. What this showed was that although humans have been deforesting the planet for millennia, the rate of forest loss accelerated rapidly in the last few centuries. Half of the global forest loss occurred between 8,000 BCE and 1900; the other half was lost in the last century alone.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "To understand this more recent loss of forest, let’s zoom in on the last 300 years. The world lost 1.5 billion hectares of forest over that period. That’s an area 1.5 times the size of the United States.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In the chart, we see the decadal losses and gains in global forest cover. On the horizontal axis, we have time, spanning from 1700 to 2020; on the vertical axis, we have the decadal change in forest cover. The taller the bar, the …

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "One of the big lessons from the demographic history of countries is that periods of rapid population growth are temporary. For many countries, the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth#the-demographic-transition-why-is-rapid-population-increase-a-temporary-phenomenon", "children": [{"text": "demographic transition", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " has already ended, and as the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate#the-global-fertility-rate-has-halved-in-the-last-50-years", "children": [{"text": "global fertility rate has now halved", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " we know that the world as a whole is approaching the end of rapid population growth.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This visualization presents an overview of the global demographic transition, based on estimates from the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://population.un.org/wpp/", "children": [{"text": "2022 data release from the UN Population Division", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"alt": "", "size": "wide", "type": "image", "filename": "2019-Revision-–-World-Population-Growth-1700-2100.png", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "As we explore at the beginning of the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth", "children": [{"text": "topic page on population growth", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", the global population grew only very slowly up to 1700 – only 0.04% per year. In the many millennia up to that point in history ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality-in-the-past", "c…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"children": [{"text": " ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}, {"text": "It is often claimed that smallholder farmers produce 70% or even 80% of the world’s food. This claim has even been made by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO).", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "It has been a linchpin for agricultural and development policies. But it is wrong. Recent studies suggest that this figure is too high: smallholder farmers produce around one-third of the world’s food, less than half of what these headlines claim.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "A key problem is that some use the terms ‘family farms’ and ‘smallholder farms’ interchangeably. ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "Family", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " farms ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "do", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " produce around 80% of the world’s food. These farms can be of any size, and should not be confused with smallholders.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Most (84%) of the world’s 570 million farms are smallholdings; that is, farms less than two hectares in size.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "#note-1", "children": [{"children": [{"text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-superscript"}], "spanType": "span-ref"}, {"text": " Many smallholder farmers are some of the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty", "children": [{"text": "poorest people", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " in the world. Tragically, and somewhat paradoxically, they are also those who often go hungry.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseE…

{"toc": [{"slug": "how-has-the-world-population-growth-rate-changed", "text": "How has the world population growth rate changed?", "title": "How has the world population growth rate changed?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "other-ways-to-visualize-population-growth", "text": "Other ways to visualize population growth", "title": "Other ways to visualize population growth", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-long-did-it-take-for-the-world-population-to-double", "text": "How long did it take for the world population to double?", "title": "How long did it take for the world population to double?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "how-long-did-it-take-for-the-world-population-to-increase-by-one-billion", "text": "How long did it take for the world population to increase by one billion?", "title": "How long did it take for the world population to increase by one billion?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The world population has changed dramatically over the last few centuries. Let’s examine long-run population data to understand this change and how quickly the world’s population is growing today.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows the increasing number of people living on our planet over the last 12,000 years. This is a mind-boggling change: the world population today is around 2,000 times the size of what it was 12,000 ago when it was around 4 million — less than half of the current population of London.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "What is striking about this chart is, of course, that almost all of this growth happened just very recently. Historical demographers estimate that around 1800, the world population was only around 1 billion people. This implies that, on average, the population grew very slowly over this long time from 10,000 BCE to 1700 (by 0.04% annually)…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "topic-page-intro", "content": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "What are people dying from?", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This question is essential to guide decisions in public health, and find ways to save lives.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Many leading causes of death receive little mainstream attention. If news reports reflected what children died from, they would say that around 1,400 young children die from diarrheal diseases, 1,000 die from malaria, and 1,900 from respiratory infections – ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "every day", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "This can change. Over time, death rates from these causes have declined across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "A better understanding of the causes of death has led to the development of technologies, preventative measures, and better healthcare, reducing the chances of dying from a wide range of different causes, across all age groups.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In the past, infectious diseases dominated. But death rates from infectious diseases have fallen quickly – faster than other causes. This has led to a shift in the leading causes of death. Now, non-communicable diseases – such as ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases", "children": [{"text": "cardiovascular diseases", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/cancer", "children": [{"text": "cancers", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " – ar…

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "nov-unemployment-rate-in-the-eu-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "nov-unemployment-rate-in-the-eu-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Last year, the European Union's population experienced its lowest unemployment rate in over thirty years.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "The chart shows that unemployment rates were above 10% in the mid-1990s and early 2010s. The rate has steadily declined since its peak in 2013, nearly halving over the past ten years.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Unemployment refers to individuals who are available for and actively seeking work but cannot find employment. It differs from economic inactivity, which includes people who are neither working nor actively looking for work.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/unemployment-rate", "children": [{"text": "Explore more unemployment data", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "In 2023, unemployment in the European Union declined to the lowest point in over three decades", "authors": ["Simon van Teutem"], "approved-by": "Max", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/unemployment-rate"}

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "di-primary-enrollment-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "di-primary-enrollment-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Over the past two centuries, the global share of children enrolled in primary school has increased dramatically. In 1820, fewer than 1 in 20 children were enrolled in primary school. Today, the figure is nearly 9 out of 10.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, made remarkable progress for several decades, with enrollment rising from 57% in 1985 to 77% by 2010. Yet, as the chart shows, progress has stalled in the past decade, plateauing just under 80%.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "In North America and Western Europe, near-universal primary school enrollment was achieved ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-enrollment-selected-countries?time=earliest..1945&facet=none&country=OWID_EUR~OWID_NAM", "children": [{"text": "by the mid-1900s", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", with rates consistently above 95% since 1985.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/children-not-in-school", "children": [{"text": "Explore how far the world has come in expanding access to basic education and how much further we have to go", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " →", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "refs": {"errors": [], "definitions": {}}, "type": "data-insight", "title": "Since 2010, progress in primary school enrollment in Sub-Saharan Africa has stalled", "authors": ["Veronika Samborska"], "approved-by": "Max", "grapher-url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-enrollment-selected-countries"}

{"body": [{"size": "narrow", "type": "image", "filename": "peak-per-capita-co2-desktop.png", "hasOutline": false, "parseErrors": [], "smallFilename": "peak-per-capita-co2-mobile.png"}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "To tackle climate change, the world needs to rapidly reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. But before we ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "reduce", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " emissions, we need to stop them rising; the world needs to pass the peak.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Globally, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?Gas+or+Warming=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting=Territorial&Fuel+or+Land+Use+Change=All+fossil+emissions&Count=Per+country&country=~OWID_WRL", "children": [{"text": "total CO2 emissions", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " are still slowly increasing. The Global Carbon Project just released its ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-global-co2-emissions-will-reach-new-high-in-2024-despite-slower-growth/", "children": [{"text": "preliminary estimates for 2024", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": ", which suggest another 0.8% increase.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "However, while total emissions have not yet peaked, emissions ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "per person", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": " have. Globally, per capita CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-subscript"}, {"text": " emissions from fossil fuels peaked in 2012. When land use emissions — which are more uncertain and noisier — are included, they peaked in the 1970s and have fluctuated since then. You can see both tren…

{"toc": [{"slug": "trade-has-changed-the-world-economy", "text": "Trade has changed the world economy", "title": "Trade has changed the world economy", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "trade-has-grown-remarkably-over-the-last-century", "text": "Trade has grown remarkably over the last century", "title": "Trade has grown remarkably over the last century", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "the-increase-in-trade-has-even-outpaced-economic-growth", "text": "The increase in trade has even outpaced economic growth", "title": "The increase in trade has even outpaced economic growth", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "trade-expanded-in-two-waves", "text": "Trade expanded in two waves", "title": "Trade expanded in two waves", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "trade-and-trade-partners-by-country", "text": "Trade and trade partners by country", "title": "Trade and trade partners by country", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "trade-around-the-world-today", "text": "Trade around the world today", "title": "Trade around the world today", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "how-much-do-countries-trade", "text": "How much do countries trade?", "title": "How much do countries trade?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "what-do-countries-trade", "text": "What do countries trade?", "title": "What do countries trade?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "how-are-trade-partnerships-changing", "text": "How are trade partnerships changing?", "title": "How are trade partnerships changing?", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": true}, {"slug": "trade-generates-efficiency-gains", "text": "Trade generates efficiency gains", "title": "Trade generates efficiency gains", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": false}, {"slug": "the-raw-correlation-between-trade-and-growth", "text": "The raw correlation between trade and growth", "title": "The raw correlation between trade and growth", "supertitle": "", "isSubheading": t…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Our World in Data is a winner of this year's Lovie Awards. The Lovie Award is the European internet award and just like its American counterpart, the Webby Awards, it is awarded by the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-italic"}, {"text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Their description of why they award the prize to us captures really well why we are doing this work:", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"text": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Our World in Data will receive the 2019 Lovie Be Greater with Data Award in recognition of their outstanding use of data and the internet to supply the general public with understandable data-driven research – the kind necessary to invoke social, economic, and environmental change. As an antidote to the cynicism that much of the population feels in today’s world–from the war on climate change to poverty and disease – Our World in Data focuses on long-lasting solutions to these issues, with data as its backbone.The birds-eye view that Our World in Data provides gives people everywhere access to digestible, useful information – shared through beautiful data visualisations alongside great storytelling and clear reporting – and delivers the kind of much-needed evidence that our world is actually changing for the better.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}], "type": "blockquote", "citation": "", "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"url": "https://www.lovieawards.com/features/2019-winners-announced/", "children": [{"text": "Here", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": " is the description of all winners of the 2019 Lovie Awards.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "A huge honor to all of us…

{"toc": [], "body": [{"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "To grow food you need two things: some land and some of your time. These two – land and labor – are two of agriculture’s ‘inputs’. To build a food system that works for people and the planet, humanity needs to achieve high productivity in both of them.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "To escape poverty, farmers need to increase ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "labor productivity ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}, {"text": "– to produce more food per hour worked. It is a deep societal problem when most of the population works in farming and gets little money in return. The farmers' families are unable to get a good education; improve healthcare; and to free up labor so that their children can become teachers or build new industries outside of agriculture.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "To protect the world’s wildlife, we need high ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"children": [{"text": "land productivity ", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-bold"}, {"text": "– to produce more food per unit of land area. Land productivity for crops is measured as ‘", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}, {"url": "http://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields", "children": [{"text": "crop yields", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "spanType": "span-link"}, {"text": "’. If humanity wants to reduce deforestation and protect habitats rich in biodiversity then we need to use less land to grow food.", "spanType": "span-simple-text"}], "parseErrors": []}, {"type": "text", "value": [{"text": "Across much of Sub-Saharan Africa, the productivity of both input factors is low. Agricultural productivity across the region needs to improve to reduce hunger, poverty, and the destruction of biodiversity. This is why I think that it is one of the most important problems to tackle this century.", "spanType": "sp…