posts_gdocs: 1fdECw4wt6d7_-cIeMcsBfnoUEoeKwF2Z1gj3Y8RCF4g
This data as json
| id | slug | type | content | published | createdAt | publishedAt | updatedAt | publicationContext | revisionId | breadcrumbs | markdown | title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1fdECw4wt6d7_-cIeMcsBfnoUEoeKwF2Z1gj3Y8RCF4g | war-and-peace | topic-page | {
"toc": [],
"body": [
{
"type": "topic-page-intro",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Since 1800, more than ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=some-conflicts-are-much-much-deadlier-than-most#key-insights",
"children": [
{
"text": "37 million people",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " worldwide have died while actively fighting in wars.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The number would be much higher still if it also considered the civilians who died due to the fighting, the increased number of deaths from hunger and disease resulting from these conflicts, and the deaths in smaller conflicts that are not considered ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "war",
"children": [
{
"text": "wars",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-1",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "1",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Wars are also terrible in many other ways: they make people\u2019s lives insecure, lower their living standards, destroy the environment, and, if fought between countries armed with ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-weapons",
"children": [
{
"text": "nuclear weapons",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ", can be an existential threat to humanity.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Looking at the news alone, it can be difficult to understand whether more or less people are dying as a result of war than in the past. One has to rely on statistics that are carefully collected so that they can be compared over time.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "While every war is a tragedy, the data suggests that ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=conflict-deaths-have-declined-it-is-on-us-that-this-trend-continues#key-insights",
"children": [
{
"text": "fewer people died",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " in conflicts in recent decades than in most of the 20th century. Countries have also built more peaceful relations ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=relationships-between-countries-have-become-more-peaceful#key-insights",
"children": [
{
"text": "between",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " and ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sC5hYCG5Tbnt02QzaxHFeGhliSWbwUuyttXKP8TS9xc/edit",
"children": [
{
"text": "within",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " them.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "How many wars are avoided, and whether the trend of fewer deaths in them continues, is up to our own actions. Conflict deaths recently increased in the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, stressing that the future of these trends is uncertain.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "On this page, you can find data, visualizations, and writing on how common war and peace are between and within countries, and how this has changed over time.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": [],
"relatedTopics": [
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/military-personnel-spending",
"text": "Military Personnel and Spending",
"type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-weapons",
"text": "Nuclear Weapons",
"type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/biological-and-chemical-weapons",
"text": "Biological and Chemical Weapons",
"type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism",
"text": "Terrorism",
"type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/homicides",
"text": "Homicides",
"type": "topic-page-intro-related-topic"
}
]
},
{
"type": "key-insights",
"heading": "Key Insights on War and Peace",
"insights": [
{
"type": "key-insight-slide",
"title": "Some conflicts are much, much deadlier than most",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "There are very large differences in how deadly different wars are: most death tolls are relatively small, a few are large, and very few are extremely large.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The chart shows this for all ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "conventional-war-mars",
"children": [
{
"text": "conventional wars",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " between 1800 and 2011, relying on data from Project Mars.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-2",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "2",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Even though most wars killed several thousand people, we can barely make them out in the chart.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-3",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "3",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "This is because the big wars were ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "much",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-italic"
},
{
"text": " more deadly: wars like the Russian Civil War and the Korean War killed several hundred thousand people. And wars such as the Chinese Civil War and the Vietnam War killed between 1 and 2 million combatants.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "But the deaths in the World Wars loom even over them: in World War I, more than 7 million soldiers died.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "And in World War II alone, more than 21 million combatants died.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Three-quarters of all war deaths since 1800 happened in just these two wars, and 90% in the biggest ten wars; this is one of the reasons why we have to treat any ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=conflict-deaths-have-declined-it-is-on-us-that-this-trend-continues#key-insights",
"children": [
{
"text": "trends over time",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " with caution.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"filename": "combatant_deaths_in_conventional_wars_landscape.png"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-state-based-conflicts-by-region",
"type": "key-insight-slide",
"title": "Conflict deaths have declined; it is on us that this trend continues",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Fewer people died in conflicts in recent decades than in most of the 20th century.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The chart shows that several million people died in conflicts in the years after World War II.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "After falling to much lower levels in the 1950s, conflict deaths surged again in the 1970s and 1980s. But this time, they peaked at 300,000 deaths annually.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "They fell to much lower levels in the 1990s and have stayed below previous peaks in the decades since.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "We see these lower numbers of deaths also in other ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars?time=1946..latest",
"children": [
{
"text": "data",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-militarized-interstate-confrontations?time=1946..latest",
"children": [
{
"text": "sources",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "But there are several reasons we cannot be confident that this decline in conflict deaths will continue.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "First, the chart shows more deaths in the last decade and, most recently, a spike in deaths due to wars ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-armed-conflicts?tab=chart&country=ETH~UKR",
"children": [
{
"text": "in Ethiopia and Ukraine",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ". The trends also differ ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-state-based-conflicts-by-region?facet=entity&uniformYAxis=0",
"children": [
{
"text": "by world region",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ": deaths have plummeted and stayed low for Asia and Oceania, but they have recently increased in the Middle East and soared in Africa and Europe.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "One more reason we cannot be confident is that the deadliness of conflicts shows a lot of variation from year to year. ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=some-conflicts-are-much-much-deadlier-than-most#key-insights",
"children": [
{
"text": "Some wars are much deadlier than others",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ", so a single deadly conflict could change this trend completely. Researchers have used statistical tests to tell actual trends from random fluctuations but have come to different conclusions.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-4",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "4",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "But the absence of a clear trend should not cause despair: countries have built ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=relationships-between-countries-have-become-more-peaceful#key-insights",
"children": [
{
"text": "more peaceful relations",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " between and within them. It is up to us that these historical trends continue over the next decades and centuries.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"text": [
{
"text": [
{
"text": "What you should know about this data",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"type": "heading",
"level": 5,
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "list",
"items": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "There are several other leading approaches to measuring conflicts. You can explore them in our ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/conflict-data",
"children": [
{
"text": "Conflict Data Explorer",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"type": "callout",
"parseErrors": []
}
]
},
{
"type": "key-insight-slide",
"title": "Armed conflict is a rare cause of death in most years and countries",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Globally, close to 80,000 people died due to fighting in armed conflicts in 2019.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "This means conflicts caused around 1 in 700 deaths.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "This is shown in the chart, which presents what people died from during that year. You can find conflict deaths in the bottom-right corner.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Armed conflict is a much rarer cause of death than non-communicable (in blue) or infectious diseases (in red). It is also less common than other causes of ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "violent",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-italic"
},
{
"text": " death: more than five times as many people died from homicides in 2019, and almost ten times as many from suicide.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Yet, the ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-armed-conflicts-by-type",
"children": [
{
"text": "number of conflict deaths",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " can change a lot from year to year \u2014 in 2005, fewer than 20,000 people died in armed conflicts, while in 1994, in the wake of the genocide in Rwanda, it was more than 800,000. During the two World Wars, armed conflict was a leading cause of death, with ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars",
"children": [
{
"text": "several million deaths ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars",
"children": [
{
"text": "per year",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "And while armed conflict is a rare cause of death globally in most years, it is much ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=some-countries-are-much-more-affected-by-conflict-than-others#key-insights",
"children": [
{
"text": "more common in some countries",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"text": [
{
"text": [
{
"text": "What you should know about this data",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"type": "heading",
"level": 5,
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "list",
"items": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "For its data on conflict and terrorism deaths, the data source \u2014\u00a0 the Global Burden of Disease study by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)\u00a0\u2014\u00a0relies on several major sources, including UCDP",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-5",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "5",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
},
{
"text": " and the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-6",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "6",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "We separated terrorism deaths from conflict deaths by using data from the Global Terrorism Database.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-7",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "7",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"type": "callout",
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"filename": "causes-of-deaths-2019-full-conflict-deaths.png"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-armed-conflicts-by-country",
"type": "key-insight-slide",
"title": "Some countries are much more affected by conflict than others",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "There are very large differences in the number of deaths from conflict across the world.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The map shows annual deaths from armed conflicts in each country.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "We see that a large number of countries around the world are relatively peaceful. In them, few to no people die due to conflicts. Many of them are in Europe, but there are countries where few die in conflicts in all world regions.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "In other countries, however, deaths from conflict are common. They see dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of deaths per year. In a few, conflict deaths account for ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-deaths-by-cause?country=~AFG",
"children": [
{
"text": "several percent of all deaths",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " in a year.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "These global differences ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-in-armed-conflicts",
"children": [
{
"text": "look similar",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " when we consider that countries differ in the size of their populations.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The countries with the most conflict deaths can change frequently. In 2022, more than 40% of the people who died from conflict worldwide were in Ethiopia. In 2021, it was Afghanistan, with almost a third of all global conflict deaths occurring there.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The countries with the most conflict deaths also differ depending on whether we look at ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-interstate-conflicts",
"children": [
{
"text": "interstate",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ", ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-intrastate-conflicts",
"children": [
{
"text": "intrastate",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ", ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-non-state-conflicts",
"children": [
{
"text": "non-state",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " conflicts, or ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-from-one-sided-violence",
"children": [
{
"text": "one-sided violence",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ongoing-armed-conflicts-by-type",
"type": "key-insight-slide",
"title": "Armed conflict is common and takes different forms",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "As the chart shows, at least 150 ongoing armed conflicts have been recorded each year recently. This number is up from previous decades, but even then, it rarely fell below 100, and there has been no year without armed conflict ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/conflict-data?facet=none&country=~OWID_WRL&Conflict+type=All+armed+conflicts&Measure=Number&Conflict+sub-type=by+type&Data+source=Conflict+Catalog&Sub-measure=ongoing+conflicts",
"children": [
{
"text": "for centuries",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Wars \u2014 usually defined as armed conflicts that are especially deadly \u2014 ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ongoing-wars",
"children": [
{
"text": "have been rarer",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ", with between 0 and 12 active wars per year. Still, there have been very few years without any.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The frequency of armed conflicts also differs depending on who fights them.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Armed conflict can occur between states (",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "interstate-conflict",
"children": [
{
"text": "interstate",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": "), between a state and a non-state armed group within its territory (",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "intrastate-conflict",
"children": [
{
"text": "intrastate",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": ") or outside of it (",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "extrastate-conflict",
"children": [
{
"text": "extrasystemic",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": "), between non-state armed groups (",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "nonstate-conflict",
"children": [
{
"text": "non-state",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": "), or between an armed group and civilians (",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "onesided-violence",
"children": [
{
"text": "one-sided violence",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": ").",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Looking at these conflict types more closely, we see that there have been no ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "extrastate-conflict",
"children": [
{
"text": "extrasystemic",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " conflicts in recent decades. They disappeared after decolonization ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ongoing-state-based-conflicts-by-type",
"children": [
{
"text": "in the middle of the 20th century",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"id": "interstate-conflict",
"children": [
{
"text": "Interstate conflicts",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " are rare: there have been, at most, three ongoing conflicts of this type in any given year in the last three decades. And several years in that period saw no such conflict at all.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"id": "intrastate-conflict",
"children": [
{
"text": "Intrastate",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " conflicts and ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "onesided-violence",
"children": [
{
"text": "one-sided violence",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " are more frequent. In recent decades, there have been several dozen conflicts of these types ongoing each year.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "And ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "nonstate-conflict",
"children": [
{
"text": "non-state",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " conflicts have become the most common type; they have been the primary driver of the recent increase in conflicts.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"text": [
{
"text": [
{
"text": "What you should know about this data",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"type": "heading",
"level": 5,
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "list",
"items": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "There are several other leading approaches to measuring conflicts. You can explore them in our ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/conflict-data",
"children": [
{
"text": "Conflict Data Explorer",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"type": "callout",
"parseErrors": []
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/relationships-between-countries",
"type": "key-insight-slide",
"title": "Relationships between countries have become more peaceful",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Researchers have argued that we should think of peace as more than just the absence of violence (called ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "negative",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-italic"
},
{
"text": " peace), but envision it as sustained cooperation or even mutual protection between groups (",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "positive",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-italic"
},
{
"text": " peace).",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-8",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "8",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The chart shows global data that uses this distinction to classify the bilateral relationships between countries into different levels of peacefulness or hostility, expressed here as the share of each type of relationship.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Most relationships between countries are characterized as ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "negative-peace",
"children": [
{
"text": "negative",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " and positive peace \u2014\u00a0which is further split into ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "warm-peace",
"children": [
{
"text": "warm peace",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " and ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "security-community",
"children": [
{
"text": "security communities",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Only a small percentage of relationships are classified as rivalries. These rivalries are separated into ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "lesser-rivalry",
"children": [
{
"text": "lesser",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " or ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "severe-rivalry",
"children": [
{
"text": "severe",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": " rivalries by the researchers who produced this data.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "We also see that relationships between countries have changed over time: more than a century ago, in 1900, most countries did not use violence against each other, but none had highly cooperative relationships. And almost 20% of relationships were rivals that occasionally or frequently used violence against each other.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Conflict surged during the two World Wars and the early years of the Cold War. But then, rivalries steadily declined, and bilateral cooperation spread. Importantly, this happened while ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-countries",
"children": [
{
"text": "many more countries became independent",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ", and many more pairs of countries ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/relationships-between-countries?stackMode=absolute",
"children": [
{
"text": "started having a relationship",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "#note-9",
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "9",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-superscript"
}
],
"spanType": "span-ref"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Many countries deepened their ties in the 1990s and 2000s, predominantly in the European Union. This turned almost a fifth of relationships into ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"id": "security-community",
"children": [
{
"text": "security communities",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-dod"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Recent years have seen slight increases in rivalries and declines in peaceful relationships. But bilateral relations remain much more peaceful than over the entire 20th century.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Even if we are more ambitious in our vision of peace, we see that the world has made progress.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
]
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"more": {
"heading": "More on Measuring Conflict",
"articles": [
{
"value": {
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SpyofFwtTSpD69fW6rUq-D-zM6DSsW7I7l0_bNC-AMA/edit"
}
},
{
"value": {
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Raish4hOXi6PwlhyFsTRFnOCZWLr7roteYW-0qBawZo/edit"
}
}
]
},
"rows": [],
"type": "research-and-writing",
"primary": [
{
"value": {
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CfpDU47g7O5aTYMHvFMMvuToaURoSQclduJrsQ1Ymx8/edit"
}
}
],
"secondary": [
{
"value": {
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XtmzRJEsS8JPM-6JVzsXPRzAM2baoTwo669nB7A3Vr0/edit"
}
},
{
"value": {
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H_dmh_1YYoY605lcVHtyOm2RZ2AfpIUuimG99ubmcHs/edit"
}
}
],
"parseErrors": [],
"hide-authors": false
},
{
"type": "gray-section",
"items": [
{
"text": [
{
"text": "Explore Data on Armed Conflict and War",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/countries-in-conflict-data",
"type": "chart",
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"left": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Our team has created ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SpyofFwtTSpD69fW6rUq-D-zM6DSsW7I7l0_bNC-AMA/edit",
"children": [
{
"text": "two additional Data Explorers",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " to make even more data on armed conflicts and war easier to access and understand. They provide and explain data from six leading datasets: on how deadly and common they are, which countries are involved, and where they take place. You can learn more about which measure and data source can best answer your questions in our articles explaining the ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H_dmh_1YYoY605lcVHtyOm2RZ2AfpIUuimG99ubmcHs/edit",
"children": [
{
"text": "metrics",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " and ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XtmzRJEsS8JPM-6JVzsXPRzAM2baoTwo669nB7A3Vr0/edit",
"children": [
{
"text": "datasets",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"type": "sticky-left",
"right": [
{
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SpyofFwtTSpD69fW6rUq-D-zM6DSsW7I7l0_bNC-AMA/edit",
"type": "prominent-link",
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"top": [
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars-project-mars"
}
],
"type": "all-charts",
"heading": "Interactive Charts on War and Peace",
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"text": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "We thank Saloni Dattani, Charlie Giattino, Edouard Mathieu, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Valerie Rogers Muigai, and Veronika Samborska for their helpful suggestions and ideas.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"type": "callout",
"title": "Acknowledgements",
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"refs": {
"errors": [],
"definitions": {
"3f5c649d2dcf675db6cdca566694de3844ec06d5": {
"id": "3f5c649d2dcf675db6cdca566694de3844ec06d5",
"index": 2,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "You can take a closer look at them in ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars-by-war-1800-2011-bar-chart",
"children": [
{
"text": "our bar chart",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": " on wars ranked by their death toll, which allows you to select the wars you are interested in.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
"598ea07b51af0dbb3e8632079e74cbaf6fa6efa3": {
"id": "598ea07b51af0dbb3e8632079e74cbaf6fa6efa3",
"index": 6,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism). 2021.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd",
"children": [
{
"text": " ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"url": "https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd",
"children": [
{
"text": "Global Terrorism Database (GTD) [Data set]",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ". University of Maryland.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
"5b04e9726b278a4adaf76becc55017737bc5d48b": {
"id": "5b04e9726b278a4adaf76becc55017737bc5d48b",
"index": 7,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Galtung, Johan. 1969. ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002234336900600301",
"children": [
{
"text": "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ". Journal of Peace Research 6(3): 167-191.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
"85e7446a77c7a921d1e602ac788b46c653db499e": {
"id": "85e7446a77c7a921d1e602ac788b46c653db499e",
"index": 3,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Braumoeller, Bear. 2019. ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://global.oup.com/academic/product/only-the-dead-9780190849535?cc=us&lang=en&",
"children": [
{
"text": "Only the Dead: The Persistence of War in the Modern Age",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Spagat, Michael, and Stijn van Weezel. 2020. The Decline of War since 1950: New Evidence. In: Nils Petter Gleditsch. ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-31589-4_11",
"children": [
{
"text": "Lewis Fry Richardson: His Intellectual Legacy and Influence in the Social Science",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
"87085e62865c569d323e55b0885d3f66be8c1be2": {
"id": "87085e62865c569d323e55b0885d3f66be8c1be2",
"index": 1,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Lyall, Jason. 2020. ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691192444/divided-armies",
"children": [
{
"text": "Divided Armies: Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ". Princeton University Press.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
"b8fcf39bbdedd5edbbcad352dc8690b1ada2ce7b": {
"id": "b8fcf39bbdedd5edbbcad352dc8690b1ada2ce7b",
"index": 5,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Lacina, Bethany, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. 2005. ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6",
"children": [
{
"text": "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ". European Journal of Population 21: 145-166.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
"c1c9dadbad27ddcf9cfec67f709aea8971a07361": {
"id": "c1c9dadbad27ddcf9cfec67f709aea8971a07361",
"index": 8,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "The share of peaceful relationships also increases when country-pairs without a relationship ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/peaceful-and-hostile-relationships-between-states-no-relationship-included",
"children": [
{
"text": "are included",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ".",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
"ccfea9ee4b6182274e08ee6cb3f34bccaaed98da": {
"id": "ccfea9ee4b6182274e08ee6cb3f34bccaaed98da",
"index": 4,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Davies, Shawn, Therese Pettersson, and Magnus \u00d6berg. 2022. ",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
},
{
"url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00223433221108428",
"children": [
{
"text": "Organized violence 1989-2021 and drone warfare",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"spanType": "span-link"
},
{
"text": ". Journal of Peace Research 59(4): 593-610.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
"d02788d27bc90252736aca6e8bd657159c8c42b0": {
"id": "d02788d27bc90252736aca6e8bd657159c8c42b0",
"index": 0,
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "These additions bring the estimated death toll for the 20th century alone to around 110 million people.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Wimmer, Andreas. 2014. War. Annual Review of Sociology 40: 173-197, citing:",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
},
{
"type": "text",
"value": [
{
"text": "Eckhart, William. 1992. Civilizations, Empires and Wars: A Quantitative History. McFarland.",
"spanType": "span-simple-text"
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
],
"parseErrors": []
}
}
},
"type": "topic-page",
"title": "War and Peace",
"authors": [
"Bastian Herre",
"Lucas Rod\u00e9s-Guirao",
"Max Roser",
"Joe Hasell",
"Bobbie Macdonald"
],
"excerpt": "How common are armed conflict and peace between and within countries? How is this changing over time? Explore research and data on war and peace.",
"atom-title": "How common are armed conflict and peace between and within countries?",
"sticky-nav": [
{
"text": "Introduction",
"target": "#introduction"
},
{
"text": "Key Insights",
"target": "#key-insights"
},
{
"text": "Research & Writing",
"target": "#research-writing"
},
{
"text": "Data Explorer",
"target": "#explore-data-on-armed-conflict-and-war"
},
{
"text": "Charts",
"target": "#all-charts"
},
{
"text": "Endnotes",
"target": "#article-endnotes"
},
{
"text": "Cite This Work",
"target": "#article-citation"
},
{
"text": "Reuse This Work",
"target": "#article-licence"
}
],
"atom-excerpt": "Explore global and national data on armed conflicts and deaths in them, and how they are changing.",
"featured-image": "war-and-peace-featured-image.png"
} |
1 | 2023-09-08 17:05:31 | 2024-03-20 09:00:00 | 2024-03-20 09:54:36 | listed | ALBJ4LvWcRNIYLqolEYIZYLwlDb3umJJs9T7NBvJjYX3CnKjnlCjSaVtVwJgGNmI9MPm9ZncG4DWvFt8urdZIw | Since 1800, more than [37 million people](https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=some-conflicts-are-much-much-deadlier-than-most#key-insights) worldwide have died while actively fighting in wars. The number would be much higher still if it also considered the civilians who died due to the fighting, the increased number of deaths from hunger and disease resulting from these conflicts, and the deaths in smaller conflicts that are not considered wars.1 Wars are also terrible in many other ways: they make people’s lives insecure, lower their living standards, destroy the environment, and, if fought between countries armed with [nuclear weapons](https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-weapons), can be an existential threat to humanity. Looking at the news alone, it can be difficult to understand whether more or less people are dying as a result of war than in the past. One has to rely on statistics that are carefully collected so that they can be compared over time. While every war is a tragedy, the data suggests that [fewer people died](https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=conflict-deaths-have-declined-it-is-on-us-that-this-trend-continues#key-insights) in conflicts in recent decades than in most of the 20th century. Countries have also built more peaceful relations [between](https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=relationships-between-countries-have-become-more-peaceful#key-insights) and [within](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sC5hYCG5Tbnt02QzaxHFeGhliSWbwUuyttXKP8TS9xc/edit) them. How many wars are avoided, and whether the trend of fewer deaths in them continues, is up to our own actions. Conflict deaths recently increased in the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, stressing that the future of these trends is uncertain. On this page, you can find data, visualizations, and writing on how common war and peace are between and within countries, and how this has changed over time. ## Key Insights on War and Peace ### Some conflicts are much, much deadlier than most There are very large differences in how deadly different wars are: most death tolls are relatively small, a few are large, and very few are extremely large. The chart shows this for all conventional wars between 1800 and 2011, relying on data from Project Mars.2 Even though most wars killed several thousand people, we can barely make them out in the chart.3 This is because the big wars were _much_ more deadly: wars like the Russian Civil War and the Korean War killed several hundred thousand people. And wars such as the Chinese Civil War and the Vietnam War killed between 1 and 2 million combatants. But the deaths in the World Wars loom even over them: in World War I, more than 7 million soldiers died. And in World War II alone, more than 21 million combatants died. Three-quarters of all war deaths since 1800 happened in just these two wars, and 90% in the biggest ten wars; this is one of the reasons why we have to treat any [trends over time](https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=conflict-deaths-have-declined-it-is-on-us-that-this-trend-continues#key-insights) with caution.  ### Conflict deaths have declined; it is on us that this trend continues Fewer people died in conflicts in recent decades than in most of the 20th century. The chart shows that several million people died in conflicts in the years after World War II. After falling to much lower levels in the 1950s, conflict deaths surged again in the 1970s and 1980s. But this time, they peaked at 300,000 deaths annually. They fell to much lower levels in the 1990s and have stayed below previous peaks in the decades since. We see these lower numbers of deaths also in other [data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars?time=1946..latest) [sources](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-militarized-interstate-confrontations?time=1946..latest). But there are several reasons we cannot be confident that this decline in conflict deaths will continue. First, the chart shows more deaths in the last decade and, most recently, a spike in deaths due to wars [in Ethiopia and Ukraine](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-armed-conflicts?tab=chart&country=ETH~UKR). The trends also differ [by world region](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-state-based-conflicts-by-region?facet=entity&uniformYAxis=0): deaths have plummeted and stayed low for Asia and Oceania, but they have recently increased in the Middle East and soared in Africa and Europe. One more reason we cannot be confident is that the deadliness of conflicts shows a lot of variation from year to year. [Some wars are much deadlier than others](https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=some-conflicts-are-much-much-deadlier-than-most#key-insights), so a single deadly conflict could change this trend completely. Researchers have used statistical tests to tell actual trends from random fluctuations but have come to different conclusions.4 But the absence of a clear trend should not cause despair: countries have built [more peaceful relations](https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=relationships-between-countries-have-become-more-peaceful#key-insights) between and within them. It is up to us that these historical trends continue over the next decades and centuries. <Callout /> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-state-based-conflicts-by-region"/> ### Armed conflict is a rare cause of death in most years and countries Globally, close to 80,000 people died due to fighting in armed conflicts in 2019. This means conflicts caused around 1 in 700 deaths. This is shown in the chart, which presents what people died from during that year. You can find conflict deaths in the bottom-right corner. Armed conflict is a much rarer cause of death than non-communicable (in blue) or infectious diseases (in red). It is also less common than other causes of _violent_ death: more than five times as many people died from homicides in 2019, and almost ten times as many from suicide. Yet, the [number of conflict deaths](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-armed-conflicts-by-type) can change a lot from year to year — in 2005, fewer than 20,000 people died in armed conflicts, while in 1994, in the wake of the genocide in Rwanda, it was more than 800,000. During the two World Wars, armed conflict was a leading cause of death, with [several million deaths ](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars)[per year](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars). And while armed conflict is a rare cause of death globally in most years, it is much [more common in some countries](https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=some-countries-are-much-more-affected-by-conflict-than-others#key-insights). <Callout />  ### Some countries are much more affected by conflict than others There are very large differences in the number of deaths from conflict across the world. The map shows annual deaths from armed conflicts in each country. We see that a large number of countries around the world are relatively peaceful. In them, few to no people die due to conflicts. Many of them are in Europe, but there are countries where few die in conflicts in all world regions. In other countries, however, deaths from conflict are common. They see dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of deaths per year. In a few, conflict deaths account for [several percent of all deaths](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-deaths-by-cause?country=~AFG) in a year. These global differences [look similar](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-in-armed-conflicts) when we consider that countries differ in the size of their populations. The countries with the most conflict deaths can change frequently. In 2022, more than 40% of the people who died from conflict worldwide were in Ethiopia. In 2021, it was Afghanistan, with almost a third of all global conflict deaths occurring there. The countries with the most conflict deaths also differ depending on whether we look at [interstate](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-interstate-conflicts), [intrastate](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-intrastate-conflicts), [non-state](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-non-state-conflicts) conflicts, or [one-sided violence](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-from-one-sided-violence). <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-armed-conflicts-by-country"/> ### Armed conflict is common and takes different forms As the chart shows, at least 150 ongoing armed conflicts have been recorded each year recently. This number is up from previous decades, but even then, it rarely fell below 100, and there has been no year without armed conflict [for centuries](https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/conflict-data?facet=none&country=~OWID_WRL&Conflict+type=All+armed+conflicts&Measure=Number&Conflict+sub-type=by+type&Data+source=Conflict+Catalog&Sub-measure=ongoing+conflicts). Wars — usually defined as armed conflicts that are especially deadly — [have been rarer](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ongoing-wars), with between 0 and 12 active wars per year. Still, there have been very few years without any. The frequency of armed conflicts also differs depending on who fights them. Armed conflict can occur between states (interstate), between a state and a non-state armed group within its territory (intrastate) or outside of it (extrasystemic), between non-state armed groups (non-state), or between an armed group and civilians (one-sided violence). Looking at these conflict types more closely, we see that there have been no extrasystemic conflicts in recent decades. They disappeared after decolonization [in the middle of the 20th century](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ongoing-state-based-conflicts-by-type). Interstate conflicts are rare: there have been, at most, three ongoing conflicts of this type in any given year in the last three decades. And several years in that period saw no such conflict at all. Intrastate conflicts and one-sided violence are more frequent. In recent decades, there have been several dozen conflicts of these types ongoing each year. And non-state conflicts have become the most common type; they have been the primary driver of the recent increase in conflicts. <Callout /> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ongoing-armed-conflicts-by-type"/> ### Relationships between countries have become more peaceful Researchers have argued that we should think of peace as more than just the absence of violence (called _negative_ peace), but envision it as sustained cooperation or even mutual protection between groups (_positive_ peace).8 The chart shows global data that uses this distinction to classify the bilateral relationships between countries into different levels of peacefulness or hostility, expressed here as the share of each type of relationship. Most relationships between countries are characterized as negative and positive peace — which is further split into warm peace and security communities. Only a small percentage of relationships are classified as rivalries. These rivalries are separated into lesser or severe rivalries by the researchers who produced this data. We also see that relationships between countries have changed over time: more than a century ago, in 1900, most countries did not use violence against each other, but none had highly cooperative relationships. And almost 20% of relationships were rivals that occasionally or frequently used violence against each other. Conflict surged during the two World Wars and the early years of the Cold War. But then, rivalries steadily declined, and bilateral cooperation spread. Importantly, this happened while [many more countries became independent](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-countries), and many more pairs of countries [started having a relationship](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/relationships-between-countries?stackMode=absolute).9 Many countries deepened their ties in the 1990s and 2000s, predominantly in the European Union. This turned almost a fifth of relationships into security communities. Recent years have seen slight increases in rivalries and declines in peaceful relationships. But bilateral relations remain much more peaceful than over the entire 20th century. Even if we are more ambitious in our vision of peace, we see that the world has made progress. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/relationships-between-countries"/> ## Research & Writing * https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XtmzRJEsS8JPM-6JVzsXPRzAM2baoTwo669nB7A3Vr0/edit ,* https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H_dmh_1YYoY605lcVHtyOm2RZ2AfpIUuimG99ubmcHs/edit ,* https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SpyofFwtTSpD69fW6rUq-D-zM6DSsW7I7l0_bNC-AMA/edit ,* https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Raish4hOXi6PwlhyFsTRFnOCZWLr7roteYW-0qBawZo/edit # Explore Data on Armed Conflict and War <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/countries-in-conflict-data"/> Our team has created [two additional Data Explorers](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SpyofFwtTSpD69fW6rUq-D-zM6DSsW7I7l0_bNC-AMA/edit) to make even more data on armed conflicts and war easier to access and understand. They provide and explain data from six leading datasets: on how deadly and common they are, which countries are involved, and where they take place. You can learn more about which measure and data source can best answer your questions in our articles explaining the [metrics](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H_dmh_1YYoY605lcVHtyOm2RZ2AfpIUuimG99ubmcHs/edit) and [datasets](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XtmzRJEsS8JPM-6JVzsXPRzAM2baoTwo669nB7A3Vr0/edit). ### undefined undefined https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SpyofFwtTSpD69fW6rUq-D-zM6DSsW7I7l0_bNC-AMA/edit <AllCharts heading="Interactive Charts on War and Peace"/> <Callout title="Acknowledgements"/> These additions bring the estimated death toll for the 20th century alone to around 110 million people. Wimmer, Andreas. 2014. War. Annual Review of Sociology 40: 173-197, citing: Eckhart, William. 1992. Civilizations, Empires and Wars: A Quantitative History. McFarland. Lyall, Jason. 2020. [Divided Armies: Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War](https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691192444/divided-armies). Princeton University Press. You can take a closer look at them in [our bar chart](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-wars-by-war-1800-2011-bar-chart) on wars ranked by their death toll, which allows you to select the wars you are interested in. Braumoeller, Bear. 2019. [Only the Dead: The Persistence of War in the Modern Age](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/only-the-dead-9780190849535?cc=us&lang=en&). Spagat, Michael, and Stijn van Weezel. 2020. The Decline of War since 1950: New Evidence. In: Nils Petter Gleditsch. [Lewis Fry Richardson: His Intellectual Legacy and Influence in the Social Science](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-31589-4_11). Davies, Shawn, Therese Pettersson, and Magnus Öberg. 2022. [Organized violence 1989-2021 and drone warfare](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00223433221108428). Journal of Peace Research 59(4): 593-610. Lacina, Bethany, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. 2005. [Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6). European Journal of Population 21: 145-166. START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism). 2021.[ ](https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd)[Global Terrorism Database (GTD) [Data set]](https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd). University of Maryland. Galtung, Johan. 1969. [Violence, Peace, and Peace Research](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002234336900600301). Journal of Peace Research 6(3): 167-191. The share of peaceful relationships also increases when country-pairs without a relationship [are included](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/peaceful-and-hostile-relationships-between-states-no-relationship-included). | War and Peace |