posts_gdocs: 1dbB-TqDzAVritAXmK8sgcYNwITRAqJNuy8-Q5CQ0UMM

This table contains the GDocs posts. A lot of interesting data is the content column which is a json blob containing, among other things, the archieml as parsed json. For easy searching etc, a markdown copy of the content is available in the markdown column. If you want to query all posts (both wordpress and gdocs), use the posts_unified table or the posts_unified_with_content view.

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id	slug	type	content	published	createdAt	publishedAt	updatedAt	publicationContext	revisionId	breadcrumbs	markdown	title
1dbB-TqDzAVritAXmK8sgcYNwITRAqJNuy8-Q5CQ0UMM	sdgs/zero-hunger	article	{ "toc": [ { "slug": "target-2-1-universal-access-to-safe-nutritious-and-sufficient-food", "text": "Universal access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food", "title": "Universal access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food", "supertitle": "Target 2.1", "isSubheading": false }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-1-1-prevalence-of-undernourishment", "text": "Prevalence of undernourishment", "title": "Prevalence of undernourishment", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.1.1", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-1-2-prevalence-of-food-insecurity", "text": "Prevalence of food insecurity", "title": "Prevalence of food insecurity", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.1.2", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "target-2-2-end-all-forms-of-malnutrition", "text": "End all forms of malnutrition", "title": "End all forms of malnutrition", "supertitle": "Target 2.2", "isSubheading": false }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-2-1-prevalence-of-childhood-stunting", "text": "Prevalence of childhood stunting", "title": "Prevalence of childhood stunting", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.2.1", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-2-2-prevalence-of-childhood-malnutrition-wasting-or-overweight", "text": "Prevalence of childhood malnutrition (wasting or overweight)", "title": "Prevalence of childhood malnutrition (wasting or overweight)", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.2.2", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "target-2-3-double-the-productivity-and-incomes-of-small-scale-food-producers", "text": "Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers", "title": "Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers", "supertitle": "Target 2.3", "isSubheading": false }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-3-1-production-per-labour-unit", "text": "Production per labour unit", "title": "Production per labour unit", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.3.1", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-3-2-income-of-small-scale-food-producers", "text": "Income of small-scale food producers", "title": "Income of small-scale food producers", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.3.2", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "target-2-4-sustainable-food-production-and-resilient-agricultural-practices", "text": "Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices", "title": "Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices", "supertitle": "Target 2.4", "isSubheading": false }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-4-1-sustainable-food-production", "text": "Sustainable food production", "title": "Sustainable food production", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.4.1", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "target-2-5-maintain-the-genetic-diversity-in-food-production", "text": "Maintain the genetic diversity in food production", "title": "Maintain the genetic diversity in food production", "supertitle": "Target 2.5", "isSubheading": false }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-5-1-genetic-resources-in-conservation-facilities", "text": "Genetic resources in conservation facilities", "title": "Genetic resources in conservation facilities", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.5.1", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-5-2-local-breeds-at-risk-of-extinction", "text": "Local breeds at risk of extinction", "title": "Local breeds at risk of extinction", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.5.2", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "target-2-a-invest-in-rural-infrastructure-agricultural-research-technology-and-gene-banks", "text": "Invest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks", "title": "Invest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks", "supertitle": "Target 2.a", "isSubheading": false }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-a-1-agriculture-orientation-index", "text": "Agriculture orientation index", "title": "Agriculture orientation index", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.a.1", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-a-2-official-flows-to-agriculture", "text": "Official flows to agriculture", "title": "Official flows to agriculture", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.a.2", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "target-2-b-prevent-agricultural-trade-restrictions-market-distortions-and-export-subsidies", "text": "Prevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies", "title": "Prevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies", "supertitle": "Target 2.b", "isSubheading": false }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-b-1-agricultural-export-subsidies", "text": "Agricultural export subsidies", "title": "Agricultural export subsidies", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.b.1", "isSubheading": true }, { "slug": "target-2-c-ensure-stable-food-commodity-markets-and-timely-access-to-information", "text": "Ensure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information", "title": "Ensure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information", "supertitle": "Target 2.c", "isSubheading": false }, { "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-c-1-food-price-anomalies", "text": "Food price anomalies", "title": "Food price anomalies", "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.c.1", "isSubheading": true } ], "body": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Sustainable Development Goal 2 is to \u201ccreate a world free of hunger by 2030\u201d, ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "children": [ { "url": "https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/", "children": [ { "text": "according to the United Nations", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "children": [ { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The visualizations and data below present the global perspective on where the world stands today and how it has changed over time.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "You can find many more visualizations and statistics on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment", "children": [ { "text": "hunger and undernourishment", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency", "children": [ { "text": "micronutrient deficiencies", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/obesity", "children": [ { "text": "obesity", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " on the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Our World in Data", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " topic pages on these topics. Our topic pages on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/famines", "children": [ { "text": "famines", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/food-per-person", "children": [ { "text": "food per person", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ", and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/diet-compositions", "children": [ { "text": "diet compositions", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " also tie closely to these topics.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The UN ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf", "children": [ { "text": "has defined", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " 8 targets and 13 indicators for SDG 2. Targets specify the goals and indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these Targets are achieved. Below we quote the original text of all targets and show the data on the agreed indicators.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "sdg-toc", "value": {}, "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Universal access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "supertitle": [ { "text": "Target 2.1", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "text": [ { "text": "Prevalence of undernourishment", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "supertitle": [ { "text": "SDG Indicator 2.1.1", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Indicator 2.1.1 is the \u201cprevalence of undernourishment\u201d in the", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": " ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf", "children": [ { "text": "UN SDG framework", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This indicator is defined as the share of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient in terms of providing dietary energy levels needed to lead a normal, healthy and active life. Minimum requirements vary by individual based on age, gender, weight, activity levels and so vary by country depending on the demographics of its population.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Shown in the interactive visualization is the share of a country\u2019s population who are undernourished.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Target:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " \u201cEnd hunger\u201d by 2030. This means eliminating undernourishment for all.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "#note-1", "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-superscript" } ], "spanType": "span-ref" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "More research:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Our World in Data", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " topic page on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment", "children": [ { "text": "Hunger and Undernourishment", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "additional-charts", "items": [ [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment?tab=chart", "children": [ { "text": "Prevalence of undernourishment by region", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" } ], [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-undernourished", "children": [ { "text": "Global number of people undernourished", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" } ] ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "text": [ { "text": "Prevalence of food insecurity", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "supertitle": [ { "text": "SDG Indicator 2.1.2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Indicator 2.1.2 is the \u201cprevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)\u201d in the", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": " ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf", "children": [ { "text": "UN SDG framework", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This indicator is measured as the share of individuals in a population who have experienced food insecurity at moderate or severe levels during the reference period. Moderate food insecurity is typically associated with the inability to regularly eat healthy, balanced diets. Severe food insecurity tends to imply reduced food intake and thus more severe forms of undernutrition, including hunger.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The interactive visualization shows the share of each country\u2019s population with moderate or severe food insecurity.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Target:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " \u201cEnsure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round\u201d by 2030.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "#note-1", "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "1", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-superscript" } ], "spanType": "span-ref" }, { "text": " Since food insecurity is a measure of access to food, this means ending moderate and severe food insecurity for all.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "More research:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Our World in Data", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " topic page on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment", "children": [ { "text": "Hunger and Undernourishment", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "additional-charts", "items": [ [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-with-severe-food-insecurity", "children": [ { "text": "Prevalence of severe food insecurity", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" } ], [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region", "children": [ { "text": "Number of people with severe food insecurity by region", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" } ] ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-with-moderate-or-severe-food-insecurity", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "End all forms of malnutrition", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "supertitle": [ { "text": "Target 2.2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "text": [ { "text": "Prevalence of childhood stunting", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "supertitle": [ { "text": "SDG Indicator 2.2.1", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Indicator 2.2.1 is the \u201cprevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age\u201d in the", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": " ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf", "children": [ { "text": "UN SDG framework", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "#note-2", "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-superscript" } ], "spanType": "span-ref" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This indicator is defined as the share of children under 5 years of age who are stunted, meaning that their height-for-age is 2 or more standard deviations below the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Child Growth Standards", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ". Stunting is a consequence of severe malnutrition.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Target:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " By 2030 \u201cend all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age.\u201d", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "#note-3", "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "3", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-superscript" } ], "spanType": "span-ref" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The intermediate target is a reduction in the prevalence of stunting ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149018/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.2_eng.pdf?sequence=1", "children": [ { "text": "by 40% by 2025", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " (from 2012 levels).", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "More research:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Our World in Data", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " topic page on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment", "children": [ { "text": "Hunger and Undernourishment", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "additional-charts", "items": [ [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-stunting-male-vs-female", "children": [ { "text": "Prevalence of childhood stunting by sex", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" } ] ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-children-younger-than-5-who-suffer-from-stunting", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "text": [ { "text": "Prevalence of childhood malnutrition (wasting or overweight)", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "supertitle": [ { "text": "SDG Indicator 2.2.2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Indicator 2.2.2 is the \u201cprevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight)\u201d in the", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": " ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf", "children": [ { "text": "UN SDG framework", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "#note-4", "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "4", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-superscript" } ], "spanType": "span-ref" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "\u201cWasting\u201d or being overweight are both defined as being malnourished.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "A child is defined as \"wasted\" if their weight-for-height is more than 2 standard deviations below the median of the WHO ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Child Growth Standards", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "A child is defined as \"overweight\" if their weight-for-height is more than 2 standard deviations above the median of the WHO ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Child Growth Standards", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The interactive visualizations show data for this indicator. The first chart shows the share of children under 5 who are wasted, and the second chart shows the share who are overweight.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Target:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " By 2030 \u201cend all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age.\u201d", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "#note-3", "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "3", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-superscript" } ], "spanType": "span-ref" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This targets an elimination of wasting, and the prevalence of children being overweight by 2030.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "More research:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Our World in Data", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " topic pages on ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment", "children": [ { "text": "Hunger and Undernourishment", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/obesity", "children": [ { "text": "Obesity", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " and ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency", "children": [ { "text": "Micronutrient Deficiency", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], 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"spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The first component of this indicator is defined as the number of unique accessions (distinct samples of seeds, planting materials, or plants) of plant genetic resources stored in medium to long-term conservation facilities.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The second component is defined as the number of local (existing in only one country) and transboundary (existing in more than one country) animal breeds with enough genetic material stored in medium to long-term conservation facilities so as to be able to reconstitute the breed in terms of extinction.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The interactive visualizations show data for this indicator. The first chart shows the number of unique plant genetic samples in conservation facilities in each country. 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} ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/agriculture-orientation-index", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "text": [ { "text": "Official flows to agriculture", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "supertitle": [ { "text": "SDG Indicator 2.a.2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Indicator 2.a.2 is \u201ctotal official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector\u201d in the", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": " ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "url": 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"definitions": { "3fa90db8b69ef9bc2a3b0bcabb98fa2ac2dc8371": { "id": "3fa90db8b69ef9bc2a3b0bcabb98fa2ac2dc8371", "index": 7, "content": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Full text: \u201cIncrease investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries.\u201d", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, "6666e604ef925511d585e1131ea06624d9f8eaf4": { "id": "6666e604ef925511d585e1131ea06624d9f8eaf4", "index": 0, "content": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Full text: \u201cBy 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.\u201d", "spanType": 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"text": "Full text:\u201dBy 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.\u201d", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, "d065feea8abf0aa987968a8e637900266e022a61": { "id": "d065feea8abf0aa987968a8e637900266e022a61", "index": 1, "content": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Full text: \u201cPrevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age.\u201d", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, "dbd84fa941ac056982e17f8f554dc2a63189cc17": { "id": "dbd84fa941ac056982e17f8f554dc2a63189cc17", "index": 4, "content": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Full text: \u201cBy 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.\u201d", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] } } }, "type": "article", "title": "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture", "authors": [ "Our World in Data team" ], "excerpt": "Sustainable Development Goals Tracker for SDG 2", "supertitle": "Sustainable Development Goal 2", "cover-color": "sdg-color-2", "featured-image": "Thumbnail-SDG-2.png" }	1	2022-10-04 15:34:38	2023-07-18 14:12:31	2023-12-28 16:31:05	unlisted	ALBJ4LuIG6OZ-oLIkXL_5jvTyqctDKJGcWYFu5wTy64B4PoAINP0_Bcuyzv5Uomz1o-IQU5FWHKLlHV88X9qSA	[ { "href": "/sdgs", "label": "SDG Tracker" }, { "label": "Goal 2: Zero hunger" } ]	_Sustainable Development Goal 2 is to “create a world free of hunger by 2030”, __[according to the United Nations](https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/)__._ The visualizations and data below present the global perspective on where the world stands today and how it has changed over time. You can find many more visualizations and statistics on [hunger and undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment), [micronutrient deficiencies](https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency) and [obesity](https://ourworldindata.org/obesity) on the _Our World in Data_ topic pages on these topics. Our topic pages on [famines](https://ourworldindata.org/famines), [food per person](https://ourworldindata.org/food-per-person), and [diet compositions](https://ourworldindata.org/diet-compositions) also tie closely to these topics. The UN [has defined](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf) 8 targets and 13 indicators for SDG 2. Targets specify the goals and indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these Targets are achieved. Below we quote the original text of all targets and show the data on the agreed indicators. ## Target 2.1Universal access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food ### SDG Indicator 2.1.1Prevalence of undernourishment Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.1.1 is the “prevalence of undernourishment” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is defined as the share of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient in terms of providing dietary energy levels needed to lead a normal, healthy and active life. Minimum requirements vary by individual based on age, gender, weight, activity levels and so vary by country depending on the demographics of its population. Shown in the interactive visualization is the share of a country’s population who are undernourished. Target: “End hunger” by 2030. This means eliminating undernourishment for all.1 More research: Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Hunger and Undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment). <AdditionalCharts> * [Prevalence of undernourishment by region](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment?tab=chart) * [Global number of people undernourished](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-undernourished) </AdditionalCharts> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment"/> ### SDG Indicator 2.1.2Prevalence of food insecurity Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.1.2 is the “prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured as the share of individuals in a population who have experienced food insecurity at moderate or severe levels during the reference period. Moderate food insecurity is typically associated with the inability to regularly eat healthy, balanced diets. Severe food insecurity tends to imply reduced food intake and thus more severe forms of undernutrition, including hunger. The interactive visualization shows the share of each country’s population with moderate or severe food insecurity. Target: “Ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round” by 2030.1 Since food insecurity is a measure of access to food, this means ending moderate and severe food insecurity for all. More research: Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Hunger and Undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment). <AdditionalCharts> * [Prevalence of severe food insecurity](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-with-severe-food-insecurity) * [Number of people with severe food insecurity by region](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region) </AdditionalCharts> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-with-moderate-or-severe-food-insecurity"/> ## Target 2.2End all forms of malnutrition ### SDG Indicator 2.2.1Prevalence of childhood stunting Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.2.1 is the “prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf).2 This indicator is defined as the share of children under 5 years of age who are stunted, meaning that their height-for-age is 2 or more standard deviations below the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) _Child Growth Standards_. Stunting is a consequence of severe malnutrition. Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. Target: By 2030 “end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age.”3 The intermediate target is a reduction in the prevalence of stunting [by 40% by 2025](http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149018/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.2_eng.pdf?sequence=1) (from 2012 levels). More research: Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Hunger and Undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment). <AdditionalCharts> * [Prevalence of childhood stunting by sex](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-stunting-male-vs-female) </AdditionalCharts> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-children-younger-than-5-who-suffer-from-stunting"/> ### SDG Indicator 2.2.2Prevalence of childhood malnutrition (wasting or overweight) Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.2.2 is the “prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight)” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf).4 “Wasting” or being overweight are both defined as being malnourished. A child is defined as "wasted" if their weight-for-height is more than 2 standard deviations below the median of the WHO _Child Growth Standards_. A child is defined as "overweight" if their weight-for-height is more than 2 standard deviations above the median of the WHO _Child Growth Standards_. The interactive visualizations show data for this indicator. The first chart shows the share of children under 5 who are wasted, and the second chart shows the share who are overweight. Target: By 2030 “end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age.”3 This targets an elimination of wasting, and the prevalence of children being overweight by 2030. More research: Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic pages on [Hunger and Undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment), [Obesity](https://ourworldindata.org/obesity) and [Micronutrient Deficiency](https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency). <AdditionalCharts> * [Adult obesity](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adults-defined-as-obese) * [Prevalence of anemia in pregnant women](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-anemia-in-pregnant-women) * [Prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-anemia-in-women-of-reproductive-age-aged-15-29) * [Prevalence of anemia in children](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-anemia-in-children) </AdditionalCharts> undefined ## Target 2.3Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers ### SDG Indicator 2.3.1Production per labour unit Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.3.1 is the “volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured as the ratio of annual output to the number of working days in a year. Data for this indicator on small-scale food producers is shown in the interactive visualization. Small-scale food producers are those whose land size, livestock, and economic revenue from agricultural activities fall in the bottom 40 percent of the national distributions of these measures. The second chart shows a related measure, the agricultural value added per worker. Target: By 2030 “double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.” More research: Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Crop Yields](https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture) and [Employment in Agriculture](https://ourworldindata.org/employment-in-agriculture). undefined ### SDG Indicator 2.3.2Income of small-scale food producers Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.3.2 is the “average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured in terms of annual income from on-farm production of food and agricultural products. Small-scale food producers are those whose land size, livestock, and economic revenue from agricultural activities fall in the bottom 40 percent of the national distributions of these measures. Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. Target: By 2030 “double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers.”5 More research: Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic pages on [Food Prices](https://ourworldindata.org/food-prices) and [Employment in Agriculture](https://ourworldindata.org/employment-in-agriculture). <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/income-small-scale-food-producers"/> ## Target 2.4Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices ### SDG Indicator 2.4.1Sustainable food production Definition: Indicator 2.4.1 is the “proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture”in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Target: By 2030 “ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices.”6 More research: Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Crop Yields](https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture), and comparison of the environmental impact of [organic vs. conventional agriculture](https://ourworldindata.org/is-organic-agriculture-better-for-the-environment). <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-agricultural-land-being-productively-and-sustainably-used"/> ## Target 2.5Maintain the genetic diversity in food production ### SDG Indicator 2.5.1Genetic resources in conservation facilities Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.5.1 is the “number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). The first component of this indicator is defined as the number of unique accessions (distinct samples of seeds, planting materials, or plants) of plant genetic resources stored in medium to long-term conservation facilities. The second component is defined as the number of local (existing in only one country) and transboundary (existing in more than one country) animal breeds with enough genetic material stored in medium to long-term conservation facilities so as to be able to reconstitute the breed in terms of extinction. The interactive visualizations show data for this indicator. The first chart shows the number of unique plant genetic samples in conservation facilities in each country. The second and third charts show the number of local and transboundary animal breeds for which sufficient genetic material is stored. Target: By 2020, “maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species.” 7 Unlike most SDG targets, which are set for 2030, this target was set for 2020. undefined ### SDG Indicator 2.5.2Local breeds at risk of extinction Definition of SDG indicator: Indicator 2.5.2 is the “proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not at risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured as the percentage of local livestock breeds, among those local breeds with a known risk status, which are classified as being at risk of extinction at a certain point in time. Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. Target: By 2020, “maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species.” 7 Unlike most SDG targets, which are set for 2030, this target was set for 2020. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/proportion-of-local-breeds-at-risk-of-extinction"/> ## Target 2.aInvest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks ### SDG Indicator 2.a.1Agriculture orientation index Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.a.1 is the “agriculture orientation index for government expenditures” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). The agriculture orientation index (AOI) is the agriculture share of government expenditures, divided by the agriculture share of GDP. An AOI larger than 1 means the agriculture sector receives a higher share of government spending relative to its economic value, while an AOI smaller than 1 reflects a lower orientation to agriculture. Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. Target: By 2030 “increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks.”8 <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/agriculture-orientation-index"/> ### SDG Indicator 2.a.2Official flows to agriculture Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.a.2 is “total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured as disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) and other official flows to the agriculture sector. Official development assistance refers to flows to countries and territories on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and to multilateral institutions which meet a [set of criteria](http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm) related to the source of the funding, the purpose of the transaction, and the concessional nature of the funding. Data for this indicator is shown by recipient country in the interactive visualization. Target: By 2030 “increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks.”8 <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-financial-assistance-and-flows-for-agriculture-by-recipient"/> ## Target 2.bPrevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies ### SDG Indicator 2.b.1Agricultural export subsidies Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.b.1 is “agricultural export subsidies” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. Target: By 2030 “correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round.” This target requires an elimination of agricultural export subsidies by 2030. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/agricultural-export-subsidies"/> ## Target 2.cEnsure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information ### SDG Indicator 2.c.1Food price anomalies Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 2.c.1 is the “indicator of food price anomalies” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). The indicator of food price anomalies (IFPA) identifies market prices that are unusually high, by evaluating growth in prices over a particular month for many years, while taking into account seasonality in agricultural markets and inflation. Data on this indicator is shown in the first interactive visualization. A related measure, the share of countries recording high food prices, is provided in the second visualization for further context. Target: By 2030 “adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.” More research: Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Food Prices](https://ourworldindata.org/food-prices). undefined Full text: “Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries.” Full text: “By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.” Full text: “Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight).” Full text: “By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed.” Full text: “By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality.” Full text:”By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.” Full text: “Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age.” Full text: “By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.”	End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

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1dbB-TqDzAVritAXmK8sgcYNwITRAqJNuy8-Q5CQ0UMM

sdgs/zero-hunger

article

{
    "toc": [
        {
            "slug": "target-2-1-universal-access-to-safe-nutritious-and-sufficient-food",
            "text": "Universal access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food",
            "title": "Universal access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food",
            "supertitle": "Target 2.1",
            "isSubheading": false
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-1-1-prevalence-of-undernourishment",
            "text": "Prevalence of undernourishment",
            "title": "Prevalence of undernourishment",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.1.1",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-1-2-prevalence-of-food-insecurity",
            "text": "Prevalence of food insecurity",
            "title": "Prevalence of food insecurity",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.1.2",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "target-2-2-end-all-forms-of-malnutrition",
            "text": "End all forms of malnutrition",
            "title": "End all forms of malnutrition",
            "supertitle": "Target 2.2",
            "isSubheading": false
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-2-1-prevalence-of-childhood-stunting",
            "text": "Prevalence of childhood stunting",
            "title": "Prevalence of childhood stunting",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.2.1",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-2-2-prevalence-of-childhood-malnutrition-wasting-or-overweight",
            "text": "Prevalence of childhood malnutrition (wasting or overweight)",
            "title": "Prevalence of childhood malnutrition (wasting or overweight)",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.2.2",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "target-2-3-double-the-productivity-and-incomes-of-small-scale-food-producers",
            "text": "Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers",
            "title": "Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers",
            "supertitle": "Target 2.3",
            "isSubheading": false
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-3-1-production-per-labour-unit",
            "text": "Production per labour unit",
            "title": "Production per labour unit",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.3.1",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-3-2-income-of-small-scale-food-producers",
            "text": "Income of small-scale food producers",
            "title": "Income of small-scale food producers",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.3.2",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "target-2-4-sustainable-food-production-and-resilient-agricultural-practices",
            "text": "Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices",
            "title": "Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices",
            "supertitle": "Target 2.4",
            "isSubheading": false
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-4-1-sustainable-food-production",
            "text": "Sustainable food production",
            "title": "Sustainable food production",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.4.1",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "target-2-5-maintain-the-genetic-diversity-in-food-production",
            "text": "Maintain the genetic diversity in food production",
            "title": "Maintain the genetic diversity in food production",
            "supertitle": "Target 2.5",
            "isSubheading": false
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-5-1-genetic-resources-in-conservation-facilities",
            "text": "Genetic resources in conservation facilities",
            "title": "Genetic resources in conservation facilities",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.5.1",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-5-2-local-breeds-at-risk-of-extinction",
            "text": "Local breeds at risk of extinction",
            "title": "Local breeds at risk of extinction",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.5.2",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "target-2-a-invest-in-rural-infrastructure-agricultural-research-technology-and-gene-banks",
            "text": "Invest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks",
            "title": "Invest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks",
            "supertitle": "Target 2.a",
            "isSubheading": false
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-a-1-agriculture-orientation-index",
            "text": "Agriculture orientation index",
            "title": "Agriculture orientation index",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.a.1",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-a-2-official-flows-to-agriculture",
            "text": "Official flows to agriculture",
            "title": "Official flows to agriculture",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.a.2",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "target-2-b-prevent-agricultural-trade-restrictions-market-distortions-and-export-subsidies",
            "text": "Prevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies",
            "title": "Prevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies",
            "supertitle": "Target 2.b",
            "isSubheading": false
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-b-1-agricultural-export-subsidies",
            "text": "Agricultural export subsidies",
            "title": "Agricultural export subsidies",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.b.1",
            "isSubheading": true
        },
        {
            "slug": "target-2-c-ensure-stable-food-commodity-markets-and-timely-access-to-information",
            "text": "Ensure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information",
            "title": "Ensure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information",
            "supertitle": "Target 2.c",
            "isSubheading": false
        },
        {
            "slug": "sdg-indicator-2-c-1-food-price-anomalies",
            "text": "Food price anomalies",
            "title": "Food price anomalies",
            "supertitle": "SDG Indicator 2.c.1",
            "isSubheading": true
        }
    ],
    "body": [
        {
            "type": "text",
            "value": [
                {
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "Sustainable Development Goal 2 is to \u201ccreate a world free of hunger by 2030\u201d, ",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-italic"
                },
                {
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "url": "https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "according to the United Nations",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-link"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-italic"
                },
                {
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": ".",
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                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-italic"
                }
            ],
            "parseErrors": []
        },
        {
            "type": "text",
            "value": [
                {
                    "text": "The visualizations and data below present the global perspective on where the world stands today and how it has changed over time.",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                }
            ],
            "parseErrors": []
        },
        {
            "type": "text",
            "value": [
                {
                    "text": "You can find many more visualizations and statistics on ",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "hunger and undernourishment",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-link"
                },
                {
                    "text": ", ",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "micronutrient deficiencies",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-link"
                },
                {
                    "text": " and ",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/obesity",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "obesity",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-link"
                },
                {
                    "text": " on the ",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                },
                {
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "Our World in Data",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-italic"
                },
                {
                    "text": " topic pages on these topics. Our topic pages on ",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/famines",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "famines",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-link"
                },
                {
                    "text": ", ",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/food-per-person",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "food per person",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-link"
                },
                {
                    "text": ", and ",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/diet-compositions",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "diet compositions",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-link"
                },
                {
                    "text": " also tie closely to these topics.",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                }
            ],
            "parseErrors": []
        },
        {
            "type": "text",
            "value": [
                {
                    "text": "The UN ",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                },
                {
                    "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
                    "children": [
                        {
                            "text": "has defined",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "spanType": "span-link"
                },
                {
                    "text": " 8 targets and 13 indicators for SDG 2. Targets specify the goals and indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these Targets are achieved. Below we quote the original text of all targets and show the data on the agreed indicators.",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                }
            ],
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        {
            "text": [
                {
                    "text": "Universal access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                }
            ],
            "type": "heading",
            "level": 2,
            "supertitle": [
                {
                    "text": "Target 2.1",
                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                }
            ],
            "parseErrors": []
        },
        {
            "left": [
                {
                    "text": [
                        {
                            "text": "Prevalence of undernourishment",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "type": "heading",
                    "level": 3,
                    "supertitle": [
                        {
                            "text": "SDG Indicator 2.1.1",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-bold"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": " Indicator 2.1.1 is the \u201cprevalence of undernourishment\u201d in the",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        },
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": " ",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-italic"
                        },
                        {
                            "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "UN SDG framework",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-link"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": ".",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "text": "This indicator is defined as the share of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient in terms of providing dietary energy levels needed to lead a normal, healthy and active life. Minimum requirements vary by individual based on age, gender, weight, activity levels and so vary by country depending on the demographics of its population.",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "text": "Shown in the interactive visualization is the share of a country\u2019s population who are undernourished.",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Target:",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-bold"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": " \u201cEnd hunger\u201d by 2030. This means eliminating undernourishment for all.",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        },
                        {
                            "url": "#note-1",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "text": "1",
                                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "spanType": "span-superscript"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-ref"
                        }
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "More research:",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-bold"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        },
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Our World in Data",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-italic"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": " topic page on ",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        },
                        {
                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Hunger and Undernourishment",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-link"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": ".",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
                },
                {
                    "type": "additional-charts",
                    "items": [
                        [
                            {
                                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment?tab=chart",
                                "children": [
                                    {
                                        "text": "Prevalence of undernourishment by region",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                    }
                                ],
                                "spanType": "span-link"
                            }
                        ],
                        [
                            {
                                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-undernourished",
                                "children": [
                                    {
                                        "text": "Global number of people undernourished",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                    }
                                ],
                                "spanType": "span-link"
                            }
                        ]
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
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            ],
            "type": "sticky-right",
            "right": [
                {
                    "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment",
                    "type": "chart",
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        {
            "left": [
                {
                    "text": [
                        {
                            "text": "Prevalence of food insecurity",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "type": "heading",
                    "level": 3,
                    "supertitle": [
                        {
                            "text": "SDG Indicator 2.1.2",
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                        }
                    ],
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                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-bold"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": " Indicator 2.1.2 is the \u201cprevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)\u201d in the",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        },
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": " ",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-italic"
                        },
                        {
                            "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "UN SDG framework",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-link"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": ".",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "text": "This indicator is measured as the share of individuals in a population who have experienced food insecurity at moderate or severe levels during the reference period. Moderate food insecurity is typically associated with the inability to regularly eat healthy, balanced diets. Severe food insecurity tends to imply reduced food intake and thus more severe forms of undernutrition, including hunger.",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
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                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "text": "The interactive visualization shows the share of each country\u2019s population with moderate or severe food insecurity.",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Target:",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-bold"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": " \u201cEnsure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round\u201d by 2030.",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        },
                        {
                            "url": "#note-1",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "children": [
                                        {
                                            "text": "1",
                                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                        }
                                    ],
                                    "spanType": "span-superscript"
                                }
                            ],
                            "spanType": "span-ref"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": " Since food insecurity is a measure of access to food, this means ending moderate and severe food insecurity for all.",
                            "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                        }
                    ],
                    "parseErrors": []
                },
                {
                    "type": "text",
                    "value": [
                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "More research:",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                }
                            ],
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                        {
                            "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ",
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                                    "text": "Our World in Data",
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                            "text": " topic page on ",
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                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment",
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                                    "text": "Hunger and Undernourishment",
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                            "text": ".",
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                                        "text": "Prevalence of severe food insecurity",
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                                        "text": "Number of people with severe food insecurity by region",
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                            "text": "Prevalence of childhood stunting",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:",
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                        {
                            "text": " Indicator 2.2.1 is the \u201cprevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age\u201d in the",
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                                    "text": " ",
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                            "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
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                                    "text": "UN SDG framework",
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                            "text": ".",
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                            "url": "#note-2",
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                                            "text": "2",
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                            "text": "This indicator is defined as the share of children under 5 years of age who are stunted, meaning that their height-for-age is 2 or more standard deviations below the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) ",
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                                    "text": "Child Growth Standards",
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                            "text": ". Stunting is a consequence of severe malnutrition.",
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                            "text": "Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.",
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                                    "text": "Target:",
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                            "text": " By 2030 \u201cend all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age.\u201d",
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                            "url": "#note-3",
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                                            "text": "3",
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                            "text": "The intermediate target is a reduction in the prevalence of stunting ",
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                            "url": "http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149018/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.2_eng.pdf?sequence=1",
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                                    "text": "by 40% by 2025",
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                            "text": " (from 2012 levels).",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "More research:",
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                            "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ",
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                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Our World in Data",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                        },
                        {
                            "text": " topic page on ",
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                        {
                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment",
                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Hunger and Undernourishment",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            "text": ".",
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                            {
                                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-stunting-male-vs-female",
                                "children": [
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                                        "text": "Prevalence of childhood stunting by sex",
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                            "text": "Prevalence of childhood malnutrition (wasting or overweight)",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:",
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                            "text": " Indicator 2.2.2 is the \u201cprevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight)\u201d in the",
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                                    "text": " ",
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                            "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
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                            "text": ".",
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                            "url": "#note-4",
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                                            "text": "4",
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                            "text": "\u201cWasting\u201d or being overweight are both defined as being malnourished.",
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                            "text": "A child is defined as \"wasted\" if their weight-for-height is more than 2 standard deviations below the median of the WHO ",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Child Growth Standards",
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                            "text": ".",
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                            "text": "A child is defined as \"overweight\" if their weight-for-height is more than 2 standard deviations above the median of the WHO ",
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                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Child Growth Standards",
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                            "text": ".",
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                            "text": "The interactive visualizations show data for this indicator. The first chart shows the share of children under 5 who are wasted, and the second chart shows the share who are overweight.",
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                                    "text": "Target:",
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                            "text": " By 2030 \u201cend all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age.\u201d",
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                            "url": "#note-3",
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                                            "text": "3",
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                            "text": "This targets an elimination of wasting, and the prevalence of children being overweight by 2030.",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "More research:",
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                            "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ",
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                        {
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Our World in Data",
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                            "text": " topic pages on ",
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                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment",
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                                    "text": "Hunger and Undernourishment",
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                            "text": ", ",
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                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/obesity",
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                                    "text": "Obesity",
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                            "text": " and ",
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                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency",
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                                    "text": "Micronutrient Deficiency",
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                            "text": ".",
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                    "text": "Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers",
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                            "text": " Indicator 2.3.1 is the \u201cvolume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size\u201d in the",
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                                    "text": " ",
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                            "text": "This indicator is measured as the ratio of annual output to the number of working days in a year.",
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                            "text": "Data for this indicator on small-scale food producers is shown in the interactive visualization. Small-scale food producers are those whose land size, livestock, and economic revenue from agricultural activities fall in the bottom 40 percent of the national distributions of these measures.",
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                            "text": "The second chart shows a related measure, the agricultural value added per worker.",
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                            "text": " By 2030 \u201cdouble the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.\u201d",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "More research:",
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                            "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Our World in Data",
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                            "text": " topic page on ",
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                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture",
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                                    "text": "Crop Yields",
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                            "text": " and ",
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                                        "text": "Value added per worker",
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                            "text": "Income of small-scale food producers",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:",
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                            "text": " Indicator 2.3.2 is the \u201caverage income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status\u201d in the",
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                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": " ",
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                            "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
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                                    "text": "UN SDG framework",
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                            "text": ".",
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                            "text": "This indicator is measured in terms of annual income from on-farm production of food and agricultural products. Small-scale food producers are those whose land size, livestock, and economic revenue from agricultural activities fall in the bottom 40 percent of the national distributions of these measures.",
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                            "text": "Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.",
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                                    "text": "Target:",
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                            "text": " By 2030 \u201cdouble the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers.\u201d",
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                        {
                            "url": "#note-5",
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                                            "text": "5",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "More research:",
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                            "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ",
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                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Our World in Data",
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                            "text": " topic pages on ",
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                        {
                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/food-prices",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Food Prices",
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                            "spanType": "span-link"
                        },
                        {
                            "text": " and ",
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                        {
                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/employment-in-agriculture",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "Employment in Agriculture",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            "spanType": "span-link"
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                            "text": ".",
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            "text": [
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                    "text": "Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices",
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            "type": "heading",
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                    "text": "Target 2.4",
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                            "text": "SDG Indicator 2.4.1",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Definition:",
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                            "text": " Indicator 2.4.1 is the \u201cproportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture\u201din the",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": " ",
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                                    "text": "UN SDG framework",
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                                    "text": "Target:",
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                            "text": " By 2030 \u201censure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices.\u201d",
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                            "url": "#note-6",
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                                    "children": [
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                                            "text": "6",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "More research:",
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                            "text": " Further data and research can be found at the ",
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                                    "text": "Our World in Data",
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                            "text": " topic page on ",
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                        {
                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture",
                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Crop Yields",
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                        },
                        {
                            "text": ", and comparison of the environmental impact of ",
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                        {
                            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/is-organic-agriculture-better-for-the-environment",
                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": "organic vs. conventional agriculture",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            "text": ".",
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            "right": [
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                    "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-agricultural-land-being-productively-and-sustainably-used",
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                    "text": "Maintain the genetic diversity in food production",
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                            "text": "Genetic resources in conservation facilities",
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                            "children": [
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                                    "text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:",
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                            "text": " Indicator 2.5.1 is the \u201cnumber of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities\u201d in the",
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                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": " ",
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                            "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
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                                    "text": "UN SDG framework",
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                            "text": "The first component of this indicator is defined as the number of unique accessions (distinct samples of seeds, planting materials, or plants) of plant genetic resources stored in medium to long-term conservation facilities.",
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                            "text": "The second component is defined as the number of local (existing in only one country) and transboundary (existing in more than one country) animal breeds with enough genetic material stored in medium to long-term conservation facilities so as to be able to reconstitute the breed in terms of extinction.",
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                            "text": "The interactive visualizations show data for this indicator. The first chart shows the number of unique plant genetic samples in conservation facilities in each country. The second and third charts show the number of local and transboundary animal breeds for which sufficient genetic material is stored.",
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                            "text": "By 2020, \u201cmaintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species.\u201d ",
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                            "url": "#note-7",
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                            "text": "Unlike most SDG targets, which are set for 2030, this target was set for 2020.",
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                            "text": " Indicator 2.5.2 is the \u201cproportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not at risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction\u201d in the",
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                                    "text": " ",
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                            "text": "This indicator is measured as the percentage of local livestock breeds,  among those local breeds with a known risk status, which are classified as being at risk of extinction at a certain point in time.",
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                            "text": " By 2020, \u201cmaintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species.\u201d ",
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                            "url": "#note-7",
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                            "text": "Unlike most SDG targets, which are set for 2030, this target was set for 2020.",
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            "text": [
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                            "text": " Indicator 2.a.1 is the \u201cagriculture orientation index for government expenditures\u201d in the",
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                            "children": [
                                {
                                    "text": " ",
                                    "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
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                                    "text": "UN SDG framework",
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                            "text": ".",
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                            "text": "The agriculture orientation index (AOI) is the agriculture share of government expenditures, divided by the agriculture share of GDP.",
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                            "text": "An AOI larger than 1 means the agriculture sector receives a higher share of government spending relative to its economic value, while an AOI smaller than 1 reflects a lower orientation to agriculture.",
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                            "text": "Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.",
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                                    "text": "Target:",
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                            "text": " By 2030 \u201cincrease investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks.\u201d",
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                            "url": "#note-8",
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                                            "text": "8",
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2022-10-04 15:34:38

2023-07-18 14:12:31

2023-12-28 16:31:05

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        "label": "Goal 2: Zero hunger"
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_Sustainable Development Goal 2 is to “create a world free of hunger by 2030”, __[according to the United Nations](https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/)__._ The visualizations and data below present the global perspective on where the world stands today and how it has changed over time. You can find many more visualizations and statistics on [hunger and undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment), [micronutrient deficiencies](https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency) and [obesity](https://ourworldindata.org/obesity) on the _Our World in Data_ topic pages on these topics. Our topic pages on [famines](https://ourworldindata.org/famines), [food per person](https://ourworldindata.org/food-per-person), and [diet compositions](https://ourworldindata.org/diet-compositions) also tie closely to these topics. The UN [has defined](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf) 8 targets and 13 indicators for SDG 2. Targets specify the goals and indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these Targets are achieved. Below we quote the original text of all targets and show the data on the agreed indicators. ## Target 2.1Universal access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food ### SDG Indicator 2.1.1Prevalence of undernourishment **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.1.1 is the “prevalence of undernourishment” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is defined as the share of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient in terms of providing dietary energy levels needed to lead a normal, healthy and active life. Minimum requirements vary by individual based on age, gender, weight, activity levels and so vary by country depending on the demographics of its population. Shown in the interactive visualization is the share of a country’s population who are undernourished. **Target:** “End hunger” by 2030. This means eliminating undernourishment for all.1 **More research:** Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Hunger and Undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment). <AdditionalCharts> * [Prevalence of undernourishment by region](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment?tab=chart) * [Global number of people undernourished](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-undernourished) </AdditionalCharts> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment"/> ### SDG Indicator 2.1.2Prevalence of food insecurity **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.1.2 is the “prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured as the share of individuals in a population who have experienced food insecurity at moderate or severe levels during the reference period. Moderate food insecurity is typically associated with the inability to regularly eat healthy, balanced diets. Severe food insecurity tends to imply reduced food intake and thus more severe forms of undernutrition, including hunger. The interactive visualization shows the share of each country’s population with moderate or severe food insecurity. **Target:** “Ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round” by 2030.1 Since food insecurity is a measure of access to food, this means ending moderate and severe food insecurity for all. **More research:** Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Hunger and Undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment). <AdditionalCharts> * [Prevalence of severe food insecurity](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-with-severe-food-insecurity) * [Number of people with severe food insecurity by region](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region) </AdditionalCharts> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-with-moderate-or-severe-food-insecurity"/> ## Target 2.2End all forms of malnutrition ### SDG Indicator 2.2.1Prevalence of childhood stunting **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.2.1 is the “prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf).2 This indicator is defined as the share of children under 5 years of age who are stunted, meaning that their height-for-age is 2 or more standard deviations below the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) _Child Growth Standards_. Stunting is a consequence of severe malnutrition. Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. **Target:** By 2030 “end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age.”3 The intermediate target is a reduction in the prevalence of stunting [by 40% by 2025](http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149018/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.2_eng.pdf?sequence=1) (from 2012 levels). **More research:** Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Hunger and Undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment). <AdditionalCharts> * [Prevalence of childhood stunting by sex](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-stunting-male-vs-female) </AdditionalCharts> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-children-younger-than-5-who-suffer-from-stunting"/> ### SDG Indicator 2.2.2Prevalence of childhood malnutrition (wasting or overweight) **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.2.2 is the “prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight)” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf).4 “Wasting” or being overweight are both defined as being malnourished. A child is defined as "wasted" if their weight-for-height is more than 2 standard deviations below the median of the WHO _Child Growth Standards_. A child is defined as "overweight" if their weight-for-height is more than 2 standard deviations above the median of the WHO _Child Growth Standards_. The interactive visualizations show data for this indicator. The first chart shows the share of children under 5 who are wasted, and the second chart shows the share who are overweight. **Target:** By 2030 “end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age.”3 This targets an elimination of wasting, and the prevalence of children being overweight by 2030. **More research:** Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic pages on [Hunger and Undernourishment](https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment), [Obesity](https://ourworldindata.org/obesity) and [Micronutrient Deficiency](https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency). <AdditionalCharts> * [Adult obesity](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adults-defined-as-obese) * [Prevalence of anemia in pregnant women](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-anemia-in-pregnant-women) * [Prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-anemia-in-women-of-reproductive-age-aged-15-29) * [Prevalence of anemia in children](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-anemia-in-children) </AdditionalCharts> undefined ## Target 2.3Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers ### SDG Indicator 2.3.1Production per labour unit **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.3.1 is the “volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured as the ratio of annual output to the number of working days in a year. Data for this indicator on small-scale food producers is shown in the interactive visualization. Small-scale food producers are those whose land size, livestock, and economic revenue from agricultural activities fall in the bottom 40 percent of the national distributions of these measures. The second chart shows a related measure, the agricultural value added per worker. **Target:** By 2030 “double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.” **More research:** Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Crop Yields](https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture) and [Employment in Agriculture](https://ourworldindata.org/employment-in-agriculture). undefined ### SDG Indicator 2.3.2Income of small-scale food producers **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.3.2 is the “average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured in terms of annual income from on-farm production of food and agricultural products. Small-scale food producers are those whose land size, livestock, and economic revenue from agricultural activities fall in the bottom 40 percent of the national distributions of these measures. Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. **Target:** By 2030 “double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers.”5 **More research:** Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic pages on [Food Prices](https://ourworldindata.org/food-prices) and [Employment in Agriculture](https://ourworldindata.org/employment-in-agriculture). <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/income-small-scale-food-producers"/> ## Target 2.4Sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices ### SDG Indicator 2.4.1Sustainable food production **Definition:** Indicator 2.4.1 is the “proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture”in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). **Target:** By 2030 “ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices.”6 **More research:** Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Crop Yields](https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture), and comparison of the environmental impact of [organic vs. conventional agriculture](https://ourworldindata.org/is-organic-agriculture-better-for-the-environment). <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-agricultural-land-being-productively-and-sustainably-used"/> ## Target 2.5Maintain the genetic diversity in food production ### SDG Indicator 2.5.1Genetic resources in conservation facilities **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.5.1 is the “number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). The first component of this indicator is defined as the number of unique accessions (distinct samples of seeds, planting materials, or plants) of plant genetic resources stored in medium to long-term conservation facilities. The second component is defined as the number of local (existing in only one country) and transboundary (existing in more than one country) animal breeds with enough genetic material stored in medium to long-term conservation facilities so as to be able to reconstitute the breed in terms of extinction. The interactive visualizations show data for this indicator. The first chart shows the number of unique plant genetic samples in conservation facilities in each country. The second and third charts show the number of local and transboundary animal breeds for which sufficient genetic material is stored. **Target: **By 2020, “maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species.” 7 Unlike most SDG targets, which are set for 2030, this target was set for 2020. undefined ### SDG Indicator 2.5.2Local breeds at risk of extinction **Definition of SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.5.2 is the “proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not at risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured as the percentage of local livestock breeds, among those local breeds with a known risk status, which are classified as being at risk of extinction at a certain point in time. Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. **Target:** By 2020, “maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species.” 7 Unlike most SDG targets, which are set for 2030, this target was set for 2020. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/proportion-of-local-breeds-at-risk-of-extinction"/> ## Target 2.aInvest in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology and gene banks ### SDG Indicator 2.a.1Agriculture orientation index **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.a.1 is the “agriculture orientation index for government expenditures” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). The agriculture orientation index (AOI) is the agriculture share of government expenditures, divided by the agriculture share of GDP. An AOI larger than 1 means the agriculture sector receives a higher share of government spending relative to its economic value, while an AOI smaller than 1 reflects a lower orientation to agriculture. Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. **Target:** By 2030 “increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks.”8 <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/agriculture-orientation-index"/> ### SDG Indicator 2.a.2Official flows to agriculture **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.a.2 is “total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured as disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) and other official flows to the agriculture sector. Official development assistance refers to flows to countries and territories on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and to multilateral institutions which meet a [set of criteria](http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm) related to the source of the funding, the purpose of the transaction, and the concessional nature of the funding. Data for this indicator is shown by recipient country in the interactive visualization. **Target:** By 2030 “increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks.”8 <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-financial-assistance-and-flows-for-agriculture-by-recipient"/> ## Target 2.bPrevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies ### SDG Indicator 2.b.1Agricultural export subsidies **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.b.1 is “agricultural export subsidies” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. **Target:** By 2030 “correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round.” This target requires an elimination of agricultural export subsidies by 2030. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/agricultural-export-subsidies"/> ## Target 2.cEnsure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information ### SDG Indicator 2.c.1Food price anomalies **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 2.c.1 is the “indicator of food price anomalies” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). The indicator of food price anomalies (IFPA) identifies market prices that are unusually high, by evaluating growth in prices over a particular month for many years, while taking into account seasonality in agricultural markets and inflation. Data on this indicator is shown in the first interactive visualization. A related measure, the share of countries recording high food prices, is provided in the second visualization for further context. **Target:** By 2030 “adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.” **More research:** Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [Food Prices](https://ourworldindata.org/food-prices). undefined Full text: “Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries.” Full text: “By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.” Full text: “Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight).” Full text: “By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed.” Full text: “By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality.” Full text:”By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.” Full text: “Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age.” Full text: “By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.”

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

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