posts_gdocs: 12VBBcMsdQqVpP2lCVmyxsjtu8ilmw9ruXTJvbJ9JUWY
Data license: CC-BY
This data as json
| id | slug | type | content | published | createdAt | publishedAt | updatedAt | publicationContext | revisionId | breadcrumbs | markdown | title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12VBBcMsdQqVpP2lCVmyxsjtu8ilmw9ruXTJvbJ9JUWY | sdgs/life-on-land | article | {
"toc": [
{
"slug": "target-15-1-conserve-and-restore-terrestrial-and-freshwater-ecosystems",
"text": "Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems",
"title": "Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems",
"supertitle": "Target 15.1",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-1-1-forest-cover",
"text": "Forest cover",
"title": "Forest cover",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.1.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-1-2-protection-of-important-biodiversity-areas",
"text": "Protection of important biodiversity areas",
"title": "Protection of important biodiversity areas",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.1.2",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-2-end-deforestation-and-restore-degraded-forests",
"text": "End deforestation and restore degraded forests",
"title": "End deforestation and restore degraded forests",
"supertitle": "Target 15.2",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-2-1-sustainable-forest-management",
"text": "Sustainable forest management",
"title": "Sustainable forest management",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.2.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-3-end-desertification-and-restore-degraded-land",
"text": "End desertification and restore degraded land",
"title": "End desertification and restore degraded land",
"supertitle": "Target 15.3",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-3-1-end-land-degradation",
"text": "End land degradation",
"title": "End land degradation",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.3.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-4-ensure-conservation-of-mountain-ecosystems",
"text": "Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems",
"title": "Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems",
"supertitle": "Target 15.4",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-4-1-coverage-of-important-sites-for-mountain-biodiversity",
"text": "Coverage of important sites for mountain biodiversity",
"title": "Coverage of important sites for mountain biodiversity",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.4.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-4-2-vegetation-coverage-of-mountainous-areas",
"text": "Vegetation coverage of mountainous areas",
"title": "Vegetation coverage of mountainous areas",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.4.2",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-5-protect-biodiversity-and-natural-habitats",
"text": "Protect biodiversity and natural habitats",
"title": "Protect biodiversity and natural habitats",
"supertitle": "Target 15.5",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-5-1-species-extinction-risk",
"text": "Species extinction risk",
"title": "Species extinction risk",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.5.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-6-protect-access-to-genetic-resources-and-fair-sharing-of-the-benefits",
"text": "Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits",
"title": "Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits",
"supertitle": "Target 15.6",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-6-1-benefits-of-sharing-genetic-resources",
"text": "Benefits of sharing genetic resources",
"title": "Benefits of sharing genetic resources",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.6.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-7-eliminate-poaching-and-trafficking-of-protected-species",
"text": "Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species",
"title": "Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species",
"supertitle": "Target 15.7",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-7-1-wildlife-poaching-and-trafficking",
"text": "Wildlife poaching and trafficking",
"title": "Wildlife poaching and trafficking",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.7.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-8-prevent-invasive-alien-species-on-land-and-in-water-ecosystems",
"text": "Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems",
"title": "Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems",
"supertitle": "Target 15.8",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-8-1-prevent-invasive-alien-species",
"text": "Prevent invasive alien species",
"title": "Prevent invasive alien species",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.8.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-9-integrate-ecosystem-and-biodiversity-in-governmental-planning",
"text": "Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning",
"title": "Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning",
"supertitle": "Target 15.9",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-9-1-integration-of-ecosystem-and-biodiversity-in-planning",
"text": "Integration of ecosystem and biodiversity in planning",
"title": "Integration of ecosystem and biodiversity in planning",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.9.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-a-increase-financial-resources-to-conserve-and-sustainably-use-ecosystem-and-biodiversity",
"text": "Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity",
"title": "Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity",
"supertitle": "Target 15.a",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-a-1-official-development-assistance-for-biodiversity",
"text": "Official development assistance for biodiversity",
"title": "Official development assistance for biodiversity",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.a.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-b-finance-and-incentivize-sustainable-forest-management",
"text": "Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management",
"title": "Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management",
"supertitle": "Target 15.b",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-b-1-official-development-assistance-for-forest-management",
"text": "Official development assistance for forest management",
"title": "Official development assistance for forest management",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.b.1",
"isSubheading": true
},
{
"slug": "target-15-c-combat-global-poaching-and-trafficking",
"text": "Combat global poaching and trafficking",
"title": "Combat global poaching and trafficking",
"supertitle": "Target 15.c",
"isSubheading": false
},
{
"slug": "sdg-indicator-15-c-1-poaching-and-trafficking-wildlife",
"text": "Poaching and trafficking wildlife",
"title": "Poaching and trafficking wildlife",
"supertitle": "SDG Indicator 15.c.1",
"isSubheading": true
}
],
"body": [
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"children": [
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"text": "Sustainable Development Goal 15 is to \u201cconserve life on land\u201d, ",
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"url": "https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/",
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"text": "according to the United Nations.",
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"text": "The visualizations and data below present the global perspective on where the world stands today and how it has changed over time.",
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"text": "The ",
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"url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
"children": [
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"text": "UN has defined",
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"text": " 12 ",
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"text": "targets",
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"text": " and 14 ",
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"text": "indicators",
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"text": " for SDG 15. Targets specify the goals and indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved. Below we quote the original text of all targets and show the data on the agreed indicators.",
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"text": "Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems",
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"level": 2,
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"text": "Target 15.1",
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"text": "Forest cover",
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"text": "SDG Indicator 15.1.1",
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"text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:",
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{
"text": " Indicator 15.1.1 is \u201cforest area as a proportion of total land area\u201d in the",
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"text": " ",
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"url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf",
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"text": "UN SDG framework",
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"text": "Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.",
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"text": "Target: ",
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"text": "\u201cBy 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services.\u201d",
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"url": "#note-1",
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"text": "1",
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"text": "Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020.",
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"text": "More research: ",
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"text": "Further data and research can be found on the ",
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"text": "Our World in Data",
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"text": " page on ",
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"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/forest-area",
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"text": "forest area",
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"url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-km",
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"text": "Forest area (square kilometres)",
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"text": "Protection of important biodiversity areas",
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"text": "SDG Indicator 15.1.2",
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"text": "Definition of the SDG indicator:",
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"text": " Indicator 15.1.2 is the \u201cproportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type\u201d in the",
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"text": " ",
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"text": "Protected areas are covered by three indicators: the proportion of total terrestrial area classified as protected; proportion of key terrestrial biodiversity areas that are protected; and proportion key freshwater biodiversity areas that are protected.",
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"text": " \u201cBy 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services.\u201d",
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"text": "Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020.",
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"text": " Indicator 15.2.1 is \u201cprogress towards sustainable forest management\u201d in the",
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"text": "Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is composed of five sub-indicators that measure progress towards all dimensions of sustainable forest management.",
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"text": "Three sub-indicators focus on the expansion of forest area, above-ground biomass within the forest area and the protection of forest biodiversity. The fourth relates to the availability of a long-term forest management plan; and the final indicator measures areas which are independently verified for compliance with a set of national or international standards.",
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1 | 2022-10-13 07:16:29 | 2023-07-18 14:12:44 | 2023-12-28 16:31:02 | unlisted | ALBJ4LsIpkIfjuDosU8EKiJKTTQ47oY2dOozpYXjDmTej4k96w6FYhwT41a7Yb6m-X51C9nNSdxfTN_J3Pq9Rw | [
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"label": "Goal 15: Life on land"
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_Sustainable Development Goal 15 is to “conserve life on land”, __[according to the United Nations.](https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/)_ The visualizations and data below present the global perspective on where the world stands today and how it has changed over time. The [UN has defined](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf) 12 _targets_ and 14 _indicators_ for SDG 15. Targets specify the goals and indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets are achieved. Below we quote the original text of all targets and show the data on the agreed indicators. ## Target 15.1 Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems ### SDG Indicator 15.1.1 Forest cover **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.1.1 is “forest area as a proportion of total land area” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens. **Target: **“By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services.”1 Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020. **More research: **Further data and research can be found on the _Our World in Data_ page on [forest area](https://ourworldindata.org/forest-area). <AdditionalCharts> * [Forest area (square kilometres)](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-km) * [Share of global forest area](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-global-forest) </AdditionalCharts> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-as-share-of-land-area"/> ### SDG Indicator 15.1.2 Protection of important biodiversity areas **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.1.2 is the “proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Protected areas are covered by three indicators: the proportion of total terrestrial area classified as protected; proportion of key terrestrial biodiversity areas that are protected; and proportion key freshwater biodiversity areas that are protected. **Target:** “By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services.”1 Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020. undefined ## Target 15.2 End deforestation and restore degraded forests ### SDG Indicator 15.2.1 Sustainable forest management **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.2.1 is “progress towards sustainable forest management” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is composed of five sub-indicators that measure progress towards all dimensions of sustainable forest management. Three sub-indicators focus on the expansion of forest area, above-ground biomass within the forest area and the protection of forest biodiversity. The fourth relates to the availability of a long-term forest management plan; and the final indicator measures areas which are independently verified for compliance with a set of national or international standards. **Target:** “By 2020 promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally.” Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020. **More research: **Further data and research can be found on the _Our World in Data_ page on [deforestation and forest loss](https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation). <AdditionalCharts> * [Forest area by type](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-primary-planted) </AdditionalCharts> undefined ## Target 15.3 End desertification and restore degraded land ### SDG Indicator 15.3.1 End land degradation **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.3.1 is the “proportion of land that is degraded over total land area” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is assessed using three sub-indicators: i) Trends in land cover: An example of land degradation due to land cover change is the conversion of forests into croplands or settlements. ii) Trends in land productivity: Land productivity is measured in terms of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of vegetation. Land is considered degraded in terms of productivity if its NPP is less than half the value of the 90th percentile NPP in the same region. iii) Carbon stock: This is considered degraded if there is a net reduction of 10% or more in soil organic carbon between the baseline and current observations. If any of the sub-indicators is deemed degraded for a specific land unit, it will be classified as degraded, pending validation by national authorities. **Target:** “By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.” <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-degraded-land"/> ## Target 15.4 Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems ### SDG Indicator 15.4.1 Coverage of important sites for mountain biodiversity **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.4.1 is “coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator measures the average share of each important site for mountain biodiversity that is covered by designated protected areas. The indicator does not measure the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing biodiversity loss, which depends on a range of management and enforcement factors. **Target: **“By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development.” **More research: **Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [biodiversity](https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity). <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coverage-by-protected-areas-of-important-sites-for-mountain-biodiversity"/> ### SDG Indicator 15.4.2 Vegetation coverage of mountainous areas **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.4.2 is the “(a) Mountain Green Cover Index and (b) proportion of degraded mountain land” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). The Mountain Green Cover Index measures the percentage of mountainous areas covered by some form of green vegetation. The Index measures the changes of the green vegetation in mountain areas - i.e. forest, shrubs, trees, pasture land, crop land, etc. – in order to monitor progress on the mountain target. This is monitored through high resolution satellite imagery. **Target:** “By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development.” undefined ## Target 15.5 Protect biodiversity and natural habitats ### SDG Indicator 15.5.1 Species extinction risk **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.5.1 is the “Red List Index” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). The Red List Index (RLI) shows the trends in overall extinction risk for groups of species. An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species in the group being categorised as 'Least Concern', and hence that none are expected to go extinct in the near future. A value of 0 indicates that all species have gone extinct. **Target:** “Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.” **More research: **Further data and research can be found at the _Our World in Data_ topic page on [biodiversity](https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity). <AdditionalCharts> * [Living Planet Index](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-living-planet-index) * [Number of species threatened with extinction](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-species-threatened) </AdditionalCharts> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/red-list-index"/> ## Target 15.6 Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits ### SDG Indicator 15.6.1 Benefits of sharing genetic resources **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.6.1 is the “number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is measured through several sub-indicators that track countries’ participation in protocols concerned with the promotion and sharing of genetic resources for plants, food and agriculture, such as the Nagoya Protocol and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources. **Target:** “By 2030 promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed.” undefined ## Target 15.7 Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species ### SDG Indicator 15.7.1 Wildlife poaching and trafficking **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.7.1 is the “proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Internationally comparable data on this indicator is not currently available, and is thus not reported here. **Target:** “Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products.” <AdditionalCharts> * [Number of rhinos poached](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-rhinos-poached) </AdditionalCharts> undefined ## Target 15.8 Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems ### SDG Indicator 15.8.1 Prevent invasive alien species **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.8.1 is the “proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Alien species are those which have been introduced outside their natural distribution range through either intentional or accidental dispersion by human activity. Invasive alien species impact native biodiversity thorugh competition for resources, predation, hybridisation, disease transmission, parasitism, herbivory and trampling and rooting. The outcomes of these impacts lead to biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and loss of ecosystem services. Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization. **Target:** “By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species.” Unlike most SDG targets which are set to be achieved by 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020. undefined ## Target 15.9 Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning ### SDG Indicator 15.9.1 Integration of ecosystem and biodiversity in planning **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.9.1 is the “(a) number of countries that have established national targets in accordance with or similar to Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 in their national biodiversity strategy and action plans and the progress reported towards these targets; and (b) integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualizations. **Target:** “By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts.” Unlike most SDG targets which are set to be achieved by 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020. undefined ## Target 15.a Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity ### SDG Indicator 15.a.1 Official development assistance for biodiversity **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.a.1 is the “(a) Official development assistance on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; and (b) revenue generated and finance mobilized from biodiversity-relevant economic instruments” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is reported as the annual official development assistance (ODA) for biodiversity by recipient, and value of assistance by donor. Official development assistance refers to flows to countries and territories on the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and to multilateral institutions which meet a [set of criteria](http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm) related to the source of the funding, the purpose of the transaction, and the concessional nature of the funding. Although they are different indicators the data to track both 15.a.1 and 15.b.1 is currently the same. **Target:** “Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems.” undefined ## Target 15.b Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management ### SDG Indicator 15.b.1 Official development assistance for forest management **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.b.1 is the “(a) official development assistance on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; and (b) revenue generated and finance mobilized from biodiversity-relevant economic instruments” in the_ _[UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202023%20refinement_Eng.pdf). This indicator is reported as the annual official development assistance (ODA) for biodiversity by recipient, and value of assistance by donor. Official development assistance refers to flows to countries and territories on the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and to multilateral institutions which meet a [set of criteria](http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm) related to the source of the funding, the purpose of the transaction, and the concessional nature of the funding. Although they are different indicators the data to track both 15.a.1 and 15.b.1 is currently the same. **Target:** “Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation.” undefined ## Target 15.c Combat global poaching and trafficking ### SDG Indicator 15.c.1 Poaching and trafficking wildlife **Definition of the SDG indicator:** Indicator 15.c.1 is the “proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked”, in the [UN SDG framework](https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202022%20refinement_Eng.pdf). Internationally comparable data on this indicator is not currently available, and is thus not reported here. **Target:** “Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities.” undefined Full text: “By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements.” | Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss |