posts: 32778

{
    "id": "wp-32778",
    "slug": "policy-responses-covid",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/team",
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                                "children": [
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                                        "text": "Research and data:",
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                            },
                            {
                                "text": " Edouard Mathieu, Hannah Ritchie, Lucas Rod\u00e9s-Guirao, Cameron Appel, Daniel Gavrilov, Charlie Giattino, Joe Hasell, Bobbie Macdonald, Saloni Dattani, Diana Beltekian, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, and Max Roser",
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                        "text": "The Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) stopped updating its global database on policy responses to COVID-19 at the end of 2022",
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                        "text": "COVID-19 is a disease that has affected most, if not all, countries in the world. ",
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                        "text": "But, the magnitude of these impacts has varied a lot between countries \u2013  some have been very successful in limiting the ",
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                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/covid-cases",
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                                "text": "spread of the disease",
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                        "text": ", and in preventing ",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths",
                        "children": [
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                                "text": "deaths",
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                        "text": ".",
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                        "text": "There are many reasons why some countries might have been worse-hit than others. Differences in governmental policy responses may explain some differences.",
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                        "text": "To understand which policies might be effective in controlling the outbreak \u2013 especially as countries move towards easing restrictions \u2013 it's essential that we have a good dataset on the timing and stringency of responses across the world.",
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                        "text": "In this article, we present data and research from the ",
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                        "url": "https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/coronavirus-government-response-tracker",
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                                "text": "Coronavirus Government Response Tracker",
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                        "text": " (OxCGRT), published and managed by researchers at the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford.",
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                "text": [
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                        "text": "The Coronavirus Government Response Tracker",
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                        "text": "The research we provide on policy responses is sourced from the Oxford ",
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                        "url": "https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/coronavirus-government-response-tracker",
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                                "text": "Coronavirus Government Response Tracker",
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                        "text": " (OxCGRT). This resource is published by researchers at the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford: Thomas Hale, Anna Petherik, Beatriz Kira, Noam Angrist, Toby Phillips and Samuel Webster. ",
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                        "text": "The tracker presents data collected from public sources by a team of over one hundred\u00a0Oxford University students and staff from every part of the world.",
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                        "text": "OxCGRT collects publicly available information on 17 indicators of government responses, spanning containment and closure policies (such as such as school closures and restrictions in movement); economic policies; and health system policies (such as testing regimes). Further details on how these metrics are measured and collected is available in the project's ",
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                        "url": "https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/publications/variation-government-responses-covid-19",
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                                "text": "working paper",
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                        "text": ".",
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                        "text": "The data presented here is taken directly from the OxCGRT project; ",
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                        "children": [
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                                "text": "Our World in Data",
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                        "text": " do not track policy responses ourselves, and do not make additions to the tracker dataset.",
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                        "text": "These charts are regularly updated based on the latest version of the response tracker.",
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                        "text": "OxCGRT is an ongoing collation project of live data.\u00a0If you see any inaccuracies in the underlying data, or for specific feedback on the analysis or another aspect of the project\u00a0",
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                        "url": "https://forms.office.com/Pages/ResponsePage.aspx?id=G96VzPWXk0-0uv5ouFLPkVPwT6t5-mtCnZ6_s5yQ4ppUME9NOUtYRkxLVldLUVFERTRTMEJSRkZITC4u",
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                                "text": "please contact OxCGRT team",
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                        "text": ". See the tracker's ",
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                        "url": "https://github.com/OxCGRT/covid-policy-tracker#data-quality",
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                                "text": "notes and guidance",
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                        "text": " on data quality.",
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                "text": [
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                        "text": "Government Stringency Index",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?uniformYAxis=0&hideControls=true&Metric=Stringency+index&Interval=7-day+rolling+average&Relative+to+Population=true&Color+by+test+positivity=false&country=USA~ITA~CAN~DEU~GBR~FRA",
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                                "text": "The OxCGRT project calculate a Government Stringency Index, a composite measure of nine of the response metrics. ",
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                                "text": "The nine metrics used to calculate the Government Stringency Index are: school closures; workplace closures; cancellation of public events; restrictions on public gatherings; closures of public transport; stay-at-home requirements; public information campaigns; restrictions on internal movements; and international travel controls.",
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                                "text": "You can explore changes in these individual metrics across the world in the sections which follow in this article.",
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                                "text": "The index on any given day is calculated as the mean score of the nine metrics, each taking a value between 0 and 100. See the authors' ",
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                            {
                                "url": "https://github.com/OxCGRT/covid-policy-tracker/blob/master/documentation/index_methodology.md",
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                                        "text": "full description",
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                                "text": " of how this index is calculated.",
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                                "text": "A higher score indicates a stricter government response (i.e. 100 = strictest response). If policies vary at the subnational level, the index is shown as the response level of the strictest sub-region.",
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                                "text": "Since government policies may differ by vaccination status, a stringency index is calculated for three categories: those who are vaccinated; those who are non-vaccinated; and a national average which is weighted based on the share of people that are vaccinated.",
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                                "text": "It's important to note that this index simply records the strictness of government policies. It does not measure or imply the appropriateness or effectiveness of a country\u2019s response. A higher score does not necessarily mean that a country's response is \u2018better\u2019 than others lower on the index.",
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                        "text": "Containment and Health Index",
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                                "text": "The OxCGRT project also calculate a Containment and Health Index, a composite measure of thirteen of the response metrics. ",
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                                "text": "This index builds on the Government Stringency Index, using its nine indicators ",
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                                        "text": "plus",
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                                "text": " testing policy, the extent of contact tracing, requirements to wear face coverings, and policies around vaccine rollout. It's therefore calculated on the basis of the following thirteen metrics: school closures; workplace closures; cancellation of public events; restrictions on public gatherings; closures of public transport; stay-at-home requirements; public information campaigns; restrictions on internal movements; international travel controls; testing policy; extent of contact tracing; face coverings; and vaccine policy.",
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                                "text": "You can explore changes in these individual metrics across the world in the sections which follow in this article.",
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                                "text": "The index on any given day is calculated as the mean score of the eleven metrics, each taking a value between 0 and 100. See the authors' ",
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                                "url": "https://github.com/OxCGRT/covid-policy-tracker/blob/master/documentation/index_methodology.md",
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                                "text": " of how this index is calculated.",
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                                "text": "A higher score indicates a stricter response (i.e. 100 = strictest response). If policies vary at the subnational level, the index is shown as the response level of the strictest sub-region.",
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                                "text": "It's important to note that this index simply records the strictness of government policies. It does not measure or imply the appropriateness or effectiveness of a country\u2019s response. A higher score does not necessarily mean that a country's response is \u2018better\u2019 than others lower on the index.",
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                        "text": "School and workplace closures",
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                        "text": "Schools closures",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps government policies on school closures.",
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                                "text": "Note that there may be sub-national or regional differences in policies on school closures. The policy categories shown may not apply at all sub-national levels. A country is coded as 'required closures' if at least some sub-national regions have required closures.",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps government policies on workplaces closures.",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps government policies on the cancellation of public events.",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps government policies on restrictions on public gatherings.",
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                                "text": "Countries are grouped into five categories:",
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                                        "text": "Restrictions on very large gatherings (the limit is above 1000 people)",
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                                        "text": "Restrictions on gatherings between 100 to 1000 people",
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                                        "text": "Restrictions on gatherings between 10 to 100 people",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps government policies on stay-at-home requirements or household lockdowns.",
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                                "text": "Countries are grouped into four categories:",
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                                        "text": "Recommended not to leave the house",
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                                        "text": "Required to not leave the house with exceptions for daily exercise, grocery shopping, and \u2018essential\u2019 trips",
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                                        "text": "Required to not leave the house with minimal exceptions (e.g. allowed to leave only once every few days, or only one person can leave at a time, etc.)",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps government policies on the use of face coverings outside-of-the-home.",
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                                        "text": "Recommended",
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                                        "text": "Required in all shared/public spaces outside the home with other people present or all situations when social distancing not possible",
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                                        "text": "Required outside the home at all times regardless of location or presence of other people",
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                                "text": "Note that there may be sub-national or regional differences in policies on face coverings. The policy categories shown may not apply at all sub-national levels. A country is coded based on its most stringent policy at the sub-national level. ",
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                                "text": "The OxCGRT is missing data for many countries at level 1 \u201cpublic officials urging caution about COVID-19\u201d, and so most countries only have data for levels 0 and 2.",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps government policies on testing for COVID-19. Note that this relates to PCR testing for the virus only; it does not include non-PCR, antibody testing.",
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                                        "text": "Testing only for those who both (a) have symptoms AND (b) meet specific criteria (e.g. key workers, admitted to hospital, came into contact with a known case, returned from overseas)",
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                                        "text": "Open public testing (e.g \u201cdrive through\u201d testing available to asymptomatic people)",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps government policies on contract tracing for COVID-19.",
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                                "text": " of vaccinations. It does not track the number of people who have been vaccinated.",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart maps which governments provide income support to workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.",
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                        "text": "Google Mobility Trends: How has the pandemic changed the movement of people around the world?",
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                        "text": ", countries across the world have implemented a range of stringent policies, including ",
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                        "text": "'; ",
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                        "text": "; cancellation of ",
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                        "text": "; and restrictions on ",
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                        "text": "These measures were implemented to slow the spread of the virus by enforcing physical distance between people.",
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                        "text": "How effective have these policies been in reducing human movement? What impact has it had on how people across the world work; live; and where they visit?",
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                        "text": "We can get some insights on this from the data that Google presents in its ",
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                        "url": "https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/",
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                        "text": ". Using anonymized data provided by apps such as Google Maps, the company has produced a regularly updated dataset that shows how peoples' movements have changed throughout the pandemic.{ref}Note that Google emphasize: \"The Community Mobility Reports were developed to be helpful while adhering to our stringent privacy protocols and protecting people\u2019s privacy. No personally identifiable information, such as an individual\u2019s location, contacts or movement, will be made available at any point.",
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                        "text": "Insights in these reports are created with aggregated, anonymized sets of data from users who have turned on the\u00a0",
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                                "text": "Location History",
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                        "text": "\u00a0setting, which is off by default.\"{/ref}",
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                        "text": "This dataset from Google measures visitor numbers to specific categories of location (e.g. grocery stores; parks; train stations) every day and compares this change relative to baseline days before the pandemic outbreak. Baseline days represent a normal value for that day of the week and are given as the median value over the five\u2011week period from January 3rd to February 6th 2020. Measuring it relative to a normal value ",
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                        "text": " is helpful because people obviously often have different routines on weekends versus weekdays.",
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                        "text": "On Google's website the data is only visualized in pdfs \u2013 one for each country. We present Google's data in interactive charts below to make it easier to see changes over time in a given country; and how specific policies may have affected (or not) behavior across communities. Google notes that we should avoid comparing across regions or countries; this is because there may be local differences in categories which could be misleading.",
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                        "text": "We should also emphasise that change in visitors is measured relative to the baseline period between January and February 2020. This means changes in movement do not take account of seasonal variation \u2013 for example, we might expect visitors to parks or outdoor spaces to be higher during the summer. The data may therefore reflect some changes in seasonal movements, rather than being fully explained by changes due to the pandemic.",
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                        "text": "The amount of day-to-day variability in the raw data can make it difficult to understand how overall movements are changing over time. To make this easier to understand, we have converted the raw data into the ",
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                                "text": "seven-day rolling average",
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                        "text": ". This is what is shown in the data in the following charts. ",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart shows how the number of visitors (or time spent) in categorized places has changed compared to baseline days (the median value for the 5\u2011week period from January 3 to February 6, 2020).",
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                                "text": "The \u2018Residential\u2019 category shows a change in duration of time spent at home\u2014the other categories measure a change in total visitors.",
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                                "text": "This index is smoothed to the rolling 7-day average.",
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                                "text": "With the ",
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                                "children": [
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                                                "text": "Change country",
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                                "spanType": "span-bold"
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                            {
                                "text": " option in the bottom left corner you can switch to another country.",
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                        "text": [
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                                "text": "To keep in mind when trying to understand these trends",
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                                "text": "Google provide ",
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                                        "text": "clear guidance",
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                            {
                                "text": " on how to read this data, and what ",
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                                        "text": "should and shouldn't",
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                            {
                                "text": " be inferred from it. Some key points:",
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                                    {
                                        "text": " category is measured in different units (duration rather than visitors) so you shouldn\u2019t compare this change with other categories.",
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                                        "text": " are likely to be smaller.",
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                                        "text": "Visits to ",
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                                        "text": " are highly influenced by weather and holidays \u2013 we would expect larger spikes in this category.",
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                                        "text": "Gaps in a specific time series occur when the quantity of data is too low to meet data quality and anonymity standards \u2013 don't interpret this as zero change in visitors.",
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                                                "text": "levels",
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                                        "text": " across countries or regions. Regions can have local differences in the data which might mislead.",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart shows how the number of visitors to places of retail and recreation has changed compared to baseline days (the median value for the 5\u2011week period from January 3 to February 6, 2020).",
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                                "text": "This includes places like restaurants, cafes, shopping centers, theme parks, museums, libraries, and movie theaters.",
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                                "text": "Three tips on how to interact with this map",
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                                        "text": "By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time.",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart shows how the number of visitors to grocery and pharmacy stores has changed compared to baseline days (the median value for the 5\u2011week period from January 3 to February 6, 2020).",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart shows how the number of visitors to transit stations has changed compared to baseline days (the median value for the 5\u2011week period from January 3 to February 6, 2020).",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart shows how the number of visitors to workplaces has changed compared to baseline days (the median value for the 5\u2011week period from January 3 to February 6, 2020).",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart shows how the number of visitors to residential areas has changed compared to baseline days (the median value for the 5\u2011week period from January 3 to February 6, 2020).",
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                                "text": "To keep in mind when interpreting this data:",
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                                        "text": "The\u00a0",
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                                    {
                                        "text": "\u00a0category shows a change in duration\u2014the other categories measure a change in total visitors. You should therefore be careful in making comparisons to other categories.",
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                                        "text": "People already spend a lot of time at home (even on workdays), we'd generally expect smaller changes than in other categories.",
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        "type": "article",
        "title": "Policy Responses to the Coronavirus Pandemic",
        "authors": [
            "Hannah Ritchie",
            "Max Roser",
            "Esteban Ortiz-Ospina",
            "Joe Hasell"
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        "dateline": "May 6, 2020",
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