posts: 28999

{
    "id": "wp-28999",
    "slug": "loneliness-epidemic",
    "content": {
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                        "text": "The media seems to have agreed that rich countries are experiencing a \u2018loneliness epidemic\u2019. There are literally ",
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                        "url": "https://www.google.com/search?biw=1304&bih=836&tbm=nws&sxsrf=ACYBGNTL_xMYGpHrk9r5bQaLi63lBs44IQ%3A1571695696286&ei=UCyuXcyEEbGd5wKmx4WwCg&q=%22loneliness+epidemic%22&oq=%22loneliness+epidemic%22&gs_l=psy-ab.3...4828.6314.0.6495.3.3.0.0.0.0.139.398.0j3.3.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.6EEGBItbpoA",
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                                "text": "thousands",
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                        "text": " of newspaper articles that use this exact expression.",
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                        "text": "What is the evidence for this? The word \u2018epidemic\u2019 suggests that things are getting much worse and loneliness is increasing rapidly. But does the data in fact show that societies are becoming lonelier?",
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                        "text": "Despite the popularity of the claim, there is surprisingly no empirical support for the fact that loneliness is increasing, let alone spreading at epidemic rates.",
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                        "text": "It is ",
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                        "url": "http://www.ourworldindata.org/living-alone",
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                                "text": "true",
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                        "text": " that more people are living alone around the world. But loneliness and aloneness are not the same. As we explain in a ",
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                        "url": "http://www.ourworldindata.org/lonely-not-alone",
                        "children": [
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                                "text": "companion post",
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                        "text": ", spending time alone is not a good predictor of whether people feel lonely, or have weaker social support.",
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                        "text": "As we explain later, today\u2019s adolescents in the US do not seem to be more likely to report feeling lonely than adolescents from a couple of decades ago; and similarly, today\u2019s older adults in the US do not report higher loneliness than older adults in the past. Surveys covering older adults in other rich countries, including Finland, Germany, England and Sweden, point in the same direction \u2013 it\u2019s not the case that loneliness is increasing across generations in these countries.{ref}\u00a0See the literature review in Hawkley, L. C., Wroblewski, K., Kaiser, T., Luhmann, M., & Schumm, L. P. (2019). Are U.S. older adults getting lonelier?: Age, period, and cohort differences. Psychology and Aging. Online ",
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                        "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0067978&type=printable",
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                                "text": "here",
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                        "text": ".{/ref}",
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                        "text": "Social connections \u2013 including contact with friends and family \u2013 are important for our ",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/social-relations-health-and-well-being",
                        "children": [
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                                "text": "health and emotional welfare",
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                        "text": ", as well as for our ",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/personal-relations-econ-outcomes",
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                                "text": "material well-being",
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                        "text": ". Loneliness is indeed an important problem, but it\u2019s crucial to have a nuanced conversation based on facts. The headlines that claim we are witnessing a \u2018loneliness epidemic\u2019 are wrong and unhelpful.",
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                "text": [
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                        "text": "Are young people more lonely than older adults?",
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                        "text": "One statistic that is often used to argue that loneliness is increasing, is that young people today are lonelier than older adults. This begs two questions: (i) Is it true that younger people are lonelier, and (ii) does this show that loneliness is increasing?",
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                        "text": "Let\u2019s start with the first question. In England, the Office for National Statistics conducts the ",
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                        "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/community-life-survey-2018-19",
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                                "text": "Community Life Survey",
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                        "text": ", in which they ask people how often they feel lonely. In the bar chart here we show a breakdown of self-reported loneliness by age group.",
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                        "text": "According to this data, those aged 16 to 24 are the group most likely to report feeling lonely, with 10% feeling lonely \u201coften or always\u201d. In contrast, those aged 65 years and older are the group least likely to report feeling lonely, with 3% feeling lonely \u201coften or always\u201d.\u00a0",
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                        "text": "Many people tend to associate loneliness with older age, so this pattern might seem surprising. But surveys from several other rich countries have found the same. In ",
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                        "url": "http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/older_people/loneliness-in-nz-2010-NZGSS/loneliness-in-nz.aspx",
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                                "text": "New Zealand",
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                        "text": ", ",
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                        "url": "http://files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Loneliness-and-Social-Isolation-in-the-United-States-the-United-Kingdom-and-Japan-An-International-Survey",
                        "children": [
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                                "text": "Japan",
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                        "text": " and the ",
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                        "url": "https://www.multivu.com/players/English/8294451-cigna-us-loneliness-survey/docs/IndexReport_1524069371598-173525450.pdf",
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                                "text": "US",
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                        "text": ", young adults also report feeling lonely more often than older adults.",
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                        "text": "So, yes, in rich countries we find that younger people are more likely to report feeling lonely.{ref}The emphasis on \u2018rich countries\u2019 is important. A study exploring self-reported loneliness across nine former Soviet countries, found that older adults report higher levels of loneliness. This shows it's wrong to generalize from the available data, which is primarily from rich countries. For more details see: Stickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Roberts, B., Richardson, E., Abbott, P., Tumanov, S., & McKee, M. (2013). Loneliness: its correlates and association with health behaviours and outcomes in nine countries of the former Soviet Union. PloS one, 8(7), e67978. Online ",
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                        "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0067978&type=printable",
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                                "text": "here",
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                        "text": ".{/ref}",
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                        "text": "What about the second question? Does this mean that loneliness is increasing?\u00a0",
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                        "text": "Here, the answer is \u2018no\u2019. Cross-sectional comparisons are not informative about changes ",
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                        "children": [
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                                "text": "over time",
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                        "text": ", because loneliness is not constant across the life cycle. To be able to say something meaningful about changes in loneliness over time, we need to distinguish between changes for ",
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                        "children": [
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                                "text": "individuals",
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                        "text": " over time (do people become lonelier as they get older?) and changes across generations (are people of the same age lonelier today than in the past?).",
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                        "text": "Let\u2019s dig deeper and explore these questions separately.\u00a0",
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                "text": [
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                        "text": "Do we become lonelier as we get older?",
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                        "text": "To understand how loneliness changes across our life cycle, we need loneliness data from surveys that track the same individuals over time, up until old age. In a ",
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                                "text": "study",
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                        "text": " published in the journal ",
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                                "text": "Psychology and Aging",
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                        "text": ", Louise Hawkley and co-authors examine two such surveys, with data for adults older than 50 years in the US.{ref}\u00a0\u00a0Hawkley, L. C., Wroblewski, K., Kaiser, T., Luhmann, M., & Schumm, L. P. (2019). Are U.S. older adults getting lonelier?: Age, period, and cohort differences. Psychology and Aging. Online ",
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                        "text": ".{/ref}",
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                        "text": "They found that after age 50 \u2013 which is the earliest age of participants in their study \u2013 loneliness tended to decrease, until about 75, after which it began to increase again.",
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                        "text": "The authors explain in their paper that the increase in loneliness after 75 was explained by a decline in health and the loss of a spouse or partner. When adjusting for these factors, they found that loneliness continued declining into \u2018oldest old age\u2019.",
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                        "text": "This shows that there are two forces at play. On the one hand, there seems to be a direct relationship between age and loneliness, whereby loneliness ",
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                                "text": "decreases",
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                        "text": " with age as our social expectations adapt, and we become ",
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                        "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/S15324834BASP2304_2?casa_token=885gubc-kPAAAAAA:gP8oVDQ-085Ftuh1-pvmG4Ms4-O58KDka4hjgK5Nq7RjS3ZsESymhhPo_owFbaf5MufXSx2LvFc0oA",
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                                "text": "more selective",
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                        "text": " about relating with contacts who bring positive emotions. On the other hand, there seems to be an indirect association pushing in the opposite direction, whereby loneliness ",
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                                "text": "increases",
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                        "text": " with age, because our health deteriorates and we lose relatives and friends.\u00a0",
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                        "text": "In our middle age the direct effect dominates, but once we enter advanced old age, the negative indirect effect starts dominating.",
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                        "text": "This complex relationship between age and loneliness shows why comparing old and young people at a given point in time is misleading. Cross-sectional comparisons are just not informative about the evolution of loneliness over time, because loneliness is not constant across the life cycle.",
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                        "text": "Loneliness trends over time: Are people lonelier today than in the past?",
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                        "text": "In the \u2018loneliness epidemic\u2019 narrative, it is often implied that if we compare two individuals of the same age \u2013 one today and another one a generation ago \u2013 we would find that the one today is more likely to feel lonely. This is based on the idea that there have been societal changes \u2013 such as the ",
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                        "url": "http://www.ourworldindata.org/living-alone",
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                                "text": "rise of living alone",
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                        "text": " \u2013 that make newer generations more likely to feel lonely.",
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                        "text": "In their ",
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                        "text": ", Louise Hawkley and co-authors searched for evidence of these \u2018cohort trends\u2019 in the US, but didn\u2019t find any. There was very little difference in self-reported loneliness of people born in different generations. Those that were born in 1920-1947 experienced the same changes of loneliness throughout their lives as those born in 1948-1965. It\u2019s not the case that loneliness is increasing across generations.",
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                        "text": "An ",
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                        "url": "https://unherd.com/2019/05/is-the-epidemic-of-loneliness-fake-news/",
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                                "text": "article",
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                        "text": " by Tom Chivers explains this result from the study very well: ",
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                                "text": "\u201c[Hawkley and co-authors] found that \u201cnewer\u201d old people (baby boomers born 1948-1965) are no more likely to think of themselves as lonely than \u201colder\u201d old people (born 1920-1947), and that older people have not become more likely to think of themselves as lonely in the last decade (2005 \u2013 2016)... The average older person appears to be no more likely to be lonely than they were a decade ago.\u201d",
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                        "text": "There are studies with data from other rich countries pointing in the same direction. In Sweden, repeated cross-sectional surveys with adults aged 85, 90, and 95 years old, found no increase in loneliness over a ten-year interval.{ref}\u00a0Nyqvist, F., Cattan, M., Conradsson, M., N\u00e4sman, M., & Gustafsson, Y. (2017). Prevalence of loneliness over ten years among the oldest old. Scandinavian journal of public health, 45(4), 411-418. Available online ",
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                        "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1403494817697511",
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                                "text": "here",
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                        "text": ". For similar results in other countries, including Finland, Germany and England, see the literature review in Hawkley, L. C., Wroblewski, K., Kaiser, T., Luhmann, M., & Schumm, L. P. (2019). Are U.S. older adults getting lonelier?: Age, period, and cohort differences. Psychology and Aging. Online ",
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                        "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0067978&type=printable",
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                                "text": "here",
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                        "text": ".{/ref}",
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                        "text": "These studies find no evidence of cohort effects across older adults. What about evidence for adolescents?",
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                        "text": "In the aptly titled ",
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                                "text": "paper",
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                        "text": " \u201cRethinking \u2018Generation Me\u2019: A Study of Cohort Effects from 1976-2006\u201d, the psychologists Kali Trzesniewski and Brent Donnellan used repeated cohort surveys to explore whether successive groups of high-school graduates were becoming more lonely in the US. They also found no evidence of cohort trends. Newer generations of high-school seniors were not more likely to report feelings of loneliness than earlier generations.{ref}\u00a0Trzesniewski and Donnellan relied on data from the ",
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                    {
                        "url": "http://www.monitoringthefuture.org",
                        "children": [
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                                "text": "Monitoring the Future Project",
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                        "text": ", an ongoing survey of young Americans. Their analysis extends beyond loneliness. The paper abstract explains the results as follows: ",
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                                "text": "\u201cSocial commentators have argued that changes over the last decades have coalesced to create a relatively unique generation of young people. However, using large samples of U.S. high-school seniors from 1976 to 2006 (Total N = 477,380), we found little evidence of meaningful change in egotism, self-enhancement, individualism, self-esteem, locus of control, hopelessness, happiness, life satisfaction, loneliness, antisocial behavior, time spent working or watching television, political activity, the importance of religion, and the importance of social status over the last 30 years.\u201d ",
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                        "text": "The full reference of the paper is: Trzesniewski, K. H., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Rethinking \u201cGeneration Me\u201d: A study of cohort effects from 1976-2006. Perspectives on psychological science, 5(1), 58-75. Available online ",
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                        "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1745691609356789",
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                        "text": ".{/ref}",
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                        "text": "The psychologists Matthew Clark, Natalie Loxton, and Stephanie Tobin ",
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                        "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167214557007",
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                                "text": "replicated",
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                        "text": " this analysis, using the same survey, but focusing on all age groups, not only high-school seniors. The chart here shows their results. They found no signs of increasing loneliness across all age groups. In fact, they found a very small but statistically significant ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "decline in loneliness ",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": "for high school students in the US.{ref}\u00a0To measure loneliness, the project used a six-item questionnaire, where participants used a 1 (disagree) to 5 (agree) scale to respond to the following statements: \u2018\u2018",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "A lot of times I feel lonely",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ",\u2019\u2019 \u2018\u2018",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "There is always someone I can turn to if I need help (reverse scored)",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ",\u2019\u2019 \u2018\u2018",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "I often feel left out of things",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ",\u2019\u2019 \u2018\u2018",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "There is usually someone I can talk to if I need to (reverse scored)",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ",\u2019\u2019 \u2018\u2018",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "I often wish I had more good friends",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ",\u2019\u2019 and \u2018",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "\u2018I usually have a few good friends around that I can get together with (reverse scored).",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": "\u2019\u2019 The project began collecting loneliness data for Grade 12 students in 1977, and data for Grades 8 and 10 in 1991.\u00a0{/ref}",
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                    }
                ],
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                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "(NB. The vertical axis in this chart is truncated, following the presentation in the original paper. The truncated axis is helpful to highlight the trend; but the takeaway is that the changes in levels are extremely small, so the trend is effectively flat in absolute terms, even if the slope is statistically different from zero).",
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                "size": "wide",
                "type": "image",
                "filename": "declining-loneliness-of-US-students.png",
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            {
                "text": [
                    {
                        "text": "Loneliness deserves attention, but headlines that claim we are witnessing a \u2018loneliness epidemic\u2019 are not true, and are actually unhelpful",
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                    }
                ],
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                "type": "text",
                "value": [
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                        "text": "The magazine ",
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "The Economist ",
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                            }
                        ],
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                    },
                    {
                        "text": "wrote ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.economist.com/international/2018/09/01/loneliness-is-a-serious-public-health-problem",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "an article",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " in 2018 with the title \u201cLoneliness is a serious public-health problem\u201d. In one key paragraph, the article reads: \u201cHistorical data about loneliness are scant. But isolation does seem to be increasing, so loneliness may be too.\u201d\u00a0",
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                    }
                ],
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                "value": [
                    {
                        "text": "The data we have found shows that this reasoning is actually incorrect.\u00a0",
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                    }
                ],
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                        "text": "Surveys from rich countries do not suggest there has been an increase in loneliness over time. Today\u2019s adolescents in the US do not seem to be more likely to report feeling lonely than adolescents from a couple of decades ago; and similarly, today\u2019s older adults in the US do not report higher loneliness than did adults of their age in the past.",
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            {
                "type": "text",
                "value": [
                    {
                        "text": "That\u2019s of course not to say we should not pay attention to these topics.",
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                ],
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            {
                "type": "text",
                "value": [
                    {
                        "text": "It\u2019s important to provide support to people who ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/self-reported-loneliness-older-adults",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "suffer from loneliness",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", just as it is important to pay attention to the policy challenges that come from large societal changes such as the ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "http://www.ourworldindata.org/living-alone",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "rise of living alone",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
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                    },
                    {
                        "text": ". However, inaccurate, over-simplified narratives are unhelpful to really understand these complex challenges.",
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                ],
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                "value": [
                    {
                        "text": "There is an epidemic of headlines that claim we are experiencing a \u201cloneliness epidemic\u201d, but there is no empirical support for the fact that loneliness is increasing, let alone spreading at epidemic rates.",
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                    }
                ],
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        ],
        "type": "article",
        "title": "Is there a loneliness epidemic?",
        "authors": [
            "Esteban Ortiz-Ospina"
        ],
        "excerpt": "The media claims we are experiencing a \u2018loneliness epidemic\u2019. What is the evidence for this?",
        "dateline": "December 11, 2019",
        "subtitle": "The media claims we are experiencing a \u2018loneliness epidemic\u2019. What is the evidence for this?",
        "sidebar-toc": false,
        "featured-image": "Screen-Shot-2021-07-28-at-11.29.57.png"
    },
    "createdAt": "2019-12-11T15:39:26.000Z",
    "published": false,
    "updatedAt": "2022-02-03T08:41:48.000Z",
    "revisionId": null,
    "publishedAt": "2019-12-11T15:39:34.000Z",
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    "publicationContext": "listed"
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