posts: 28979
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28979 | Tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) | untitled-reusable-block-174 | wp_block | publish | <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>The chart here shows the coverage of the BCG vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Developed more than a century ago, bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccine (BCG) is currently the only vaccine available against tuberculosis (TB). </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Close to 4 billion people have been vaccinated with BCG - this makes it the most widely used vaccine in the world.{ref}Kendig, E. L., Wilmott, R. W., & Chernick, V. (2012). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323448871000298"><em>Kendig and Chernick's disorders of the respiratory tract in children</em></a>. 9th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences.{/ref} </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>BCG vaccine is based on a reduced-virulence strain of <em>Mycobacterium bovis</em>, a bacterium that is closely related to <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> - the pathogen that causes TB. BCG vaccine was already used in the 1920s in Belgium and France in small trials and after the Second World War its use was expanded to vaccinate children across Europe. In 1950s the WHO started recommending the use of BCG globally. <br></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>BCG is effective at protecting children and adolescents from severe forms of TB and meningitis.{ref} Rodrigues, L. C., Mangtani, P., & Abubakar, I. (2011).<a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d5974.full"> How does the level of BCG vaccine protection against tuberculosis fall over time?</a>. <em>Bmj</em>, <em>343</em>, d5974.{/ref} {ref}Rodrigues, L. C., Diwan, V. K., & Wheeler, J. G. (1993). <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/22/6/1154/650235">Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis.</a><em>International journal of epidemiology</em>, <em>22</em>(6), 1154-1158.{/ref} However, studies have shown that the length of protection provided by the vaccine varies greatly depending on the populations studied: from 15 years in the UK to 50–60 years in Alaska.{ref}Sterne, J. A. C., Rodrigues, L. C., & Guedes, I. N. (1998).<a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iuatld/ijtld/1998/00000002/00000003/art00005"> Does the efficacy of BCG decline with time since vaccination?.</a><em>The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease</em>, <em>2</em>(3), 200-207.{/ref} {ref}Aronson, N. E., Santosham, M., Comstock, G. W., Howard, R. S., Moulton, L. H., Rhoades, E. R., & Harrison, L. H. (2004). <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/198681">Long-term efficacy of BCG vaccine in American Indians and Alaska Natives: a 60-year follow-up study.</a><em>Jama</em>, <em>291</em>(17), 2086-2091.{/ref} The reason for such variability is not clear, but factors such as different vaccine seed strains used for immunization and pre-existing immunity in people already exposed to other mycobacteria strains may be important. <br>Notably, BCG vaccine does not protect people from primary infections, that is it does not prevent people from getting infected with <em>M. tuberculosis </em>bacterium in the first place. BCG also does not prevent activation of latent TB if a person has already been infected. Therefore, the vaccine has limited effect on prevention of <em>M. tuberculosis </em>spread in a population.{ref} https://www.who.int/biologicals/areas/vaccines/bcg/en/ {/ref}</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bcg-immunization-coverage-for-tb-among-1-year-olds" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> | { "id": "wp-28979", "slug": "untitled-reusable-block-174", "content": { "toc": [], "body": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The chart here shows the coverage of the BCG vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Developed more than a century ago, bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccine (BCG) is currently the only vaccine available against tuberculosis (TB).\u00a0", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Close to 4 billion people have been vaccinated with BCG - this makes it the most widely used vaccine in the world.{ref}Kendig, E. L., Wilmott, R. W., & Chernick, V. (2012). ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323448871000298", "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Kendig and Chernick's disorders of the respiratory tract in children", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ". 9th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences.{/ref}\u00a0", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "BCG vaccine is based on a reduced-virulence strain of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Mycobacterium bovis", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ", a bacterium that is closely related to ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " - the pathogen that causes TB. 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(1998).", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iuatld/ijtld/1998/00000002/00000003/art00005", "children": [ { "text": " Does the efficacy of BCG decline with time since vaccination?.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ", ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": "(3), 200-207.{/ref} {ref}Aronson, N. E., Santosham, M., Comstock, G. W., Howard, R. S., Moulton, L. H., Rhoades, E. R., & Harrison, L. H. (2004). 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The chart here shows the coverage of the BCG vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis. Developed more than a century ago, bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccine (BCG) is currently the only vaccine available against tuberculosis (TB). Close to 4 billion people have been vaccinated with BCG - this makes it the most widely used vaccine in the world.{ref}Kendig, E. L., Wilmott, R. W., & Chernick, V. (2012). [_Kendig and Chernick's disorders of the respiratory tract in children_](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323448871000298). 9th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences.{/ref} BCG vaccine is based on a reduced-virulence strain of _Mycobacterium bovis_, a bacterium that is closely related to _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_ - the pathogen that causes TB. BCG vaccine was already used in the 1920s in Belgium and France in small trials and after the Second World War its use was expanded to vaccinate children across Europe. In 1950s the WHO started recommending the use of BCG globally. BCG is effective at protecting children and adolescents from severe forms of TB and meningitis.{ref} Rodrigues, L. C., Mangtani, P., & Abubakar, I. (2011).[ How does the level of BCG vaccine protection against tuberculosis fall over time?](https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d5974.full). _Bmj_, _343_, d5974.{/ref} {ref}Rodrigues, L. C., Diwan, V. K., & Wheeler, J. G. (1993). [Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis.](https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/22/6/1154/650235)_International journal of epidemiology_, _22_(6), 1154-1158.{/ref} However, studies have shown that the length of protection provided by the vaccine varies greatly depending on the populations studied: from 15 years in the UK to 50–60 years in Alaska.{ref}Sterne, J. A. C., Rodrigues, L. C., & Guedes, I. N. (1998).[ Does the efficacy of BCG decline with time since vaccination?.](https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iuatld/ijtld/1998/00000002/00000003/art00005)_The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease_, _2_(3), 200-207.{/ref} {ref}Aronson, N. E., Santosham, M., Comstock, G. W., Howard, R. S., Moulton, L. H., Rhoades, E. R., & Harrison, L. H. (2004). [Long-term efficacy of BCG vaccine in American Indians and Alaska Natives: a 60-year follow-up study.](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/198681)_Jama_, _291_(17), 2086-2091.{/ref} The reason for such variability is not clear, but factors such as different vaccine seed strains used for immunization and pre-existing immunity in people already exposed to other mycobacteria strains may be important. Notably, BCG vaccine does not protect people from primary infections, that is it does not prevent people from getting infected with _M. tuberculosis _bacterium in the first place. BCG also does not prevent activation of latent TB if a person has already been infected. Therefore, the vaccine has limited effect on prevention of _M. tuberculosis _spread in a population.{ref} https://www.who.int/biologicals/areas/vaccines/bcg/en/ {/ref} <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bcg-immunization-coverage-for-tb-among-1-year-olds"/> | { "data": { "wpBlock": { "content": "\n<p>The chart here shows the coverage of the BCG vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Developed more than a century ago, bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccine (BCG) is currently the only vaccine available against tuberculosis (TB). </p>\n\n\n\n<p>Close to 4 billion people have been vaccinated with BCG – this makes it the most widely used vaccine in the world.{ref}Kendig, E. L., Wilmott, R. W., & Chernick, V. (2012). <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323448871000298\"><em>Kendig and Chernick’s disorders of the respiratory tract in children</em></a>. 9th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences.{/ref} </p>\n\n\n\n<p>BCG vaccine is based on a reduced-virulence strain of <em>Mycobacterium bovis</em>, a bacterium that is closely related to <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> – the pathogen that causes TB. BCG vaccine was already used in the 1920s in Belgium and France in small trials and after the Second World War its use was expanded to vaccinate children across Europe. In 1950s the WHO started recommending the use of BCG globally. <br></p>\n\n\n\n<p>BCG is effective at protecting children and adolescents from severe forms of TB and meningitis.{ref}\u00a0Rodrigues, L. C., Mangtani, P., & Abubakar, I. (2011).<a href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d5974.full\"> How does the level of BCG vaccine protection against tuberculosis fall over time?</a>. <em>Bmj</em>, <em>343</em>, d5974.{/ref} {ref}Rodrigues, L. C., Diwan, V. K., & Wheeler, J. G. (1993). <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/22/6/1154/650235\">Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis.</a><em>International journal of epidemiology</em>, <em>22</em>(6), 1154-1158.{/ref} However, studies have shown that the length of protection provided by the vaccine varies greatly depending on the populations studied: from 15 years in the UK to 50\u201360 years in Alaska.{ref}Sterne, J. A. C., Rodrigues, L. C., & Guedes, I. N. (1998).<a href=\"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iuatld/ijtld/1998/00000002/00000003/art00005\"> Does the efficacy of BCG decline with time since vaccination?.</a><em>The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease</em>, <em>2</em>(3), 200-207.{/ref} {ref}Aronson, N. E., Santosham, M., Comstock, G. W., Howard, R. S., Moulton, L. H., Rhoades, E. R., & Harrison, L. H. (2004). <a href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/198681\">Long-term efficacy of BCG vaccine in American Indians and Alaska Natives: a 60-year follow-up study.</a><em>Jama</em>, <em>291</em>(17), 2086-2091.{/ref} The reason for such variability is not clear, but factors such as different vaccine seed strains used for immunization and pre-existing immunity in people already exposed to other mycobacteria strains may be important.\u00a0<br>Notably, BCG vaccine does not protect people from primary infections, that is it does not prevent people from getting infected with <em>M. tuberculosis </em>bacterium in the first place. BCG also does not prevent activation of latent TB if a person has already been infected. Therefore, the vaccine has limited effect on prevention of <em>M. tuberculosis </em>spread in a population.{ref} https://www.who.int/biologicals/areas/vaccines/bcg/en/ {/ref}</p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bcg-immunization-coverage-for-tb-among-1-year-olds\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n" } }, "extensions": { "debug": [ { "type": "DEBUG_LOGS_INACTIVE", "message": "GraphQL Debug logging is not active. To see debug logs, GRAPHQL_DEBUG must be enabled." } ] } } |