posts: 27062

{
    "id": "wp-27062",
    "slug": "untitled-reusable-block-121",
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                        "text": "When we understand what risks can lead to pneumonia, we can find ways to reduce them. Furthermore, because a number of risks factors for pneumonia overlap with risk factors for other diseases, ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/childhood-diarrheal-diseases",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "especially diarrheal diseases",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", interventions that target pneumonia have the additional benefit of helping to limit other diseases and saving more lives.",
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                "text": [
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                        "text": "Vaccines against pneumonia",
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                "value": [
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                        "text": "There are several versions of ",
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                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-one-year-olds-who-received-the-final-dose-of-pneumococcal-vaccine",
                        "children": [
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                                "text": "pneumococcal conjugate vaccine",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
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                    {
                        "text": " (PCV), which target different serotypes of ",
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "S. pneumoniae ",
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                        ],
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                    {
                        "text": "\u2014 the bacterium responsible for most cases of pneumonia. ",
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                        "text": "The PCV vaccine is given to children younger than 24 months. According to a study by Cheryl Cohen et ",
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "al.",
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                        ],
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                        "text": " (2017), PVC13 \u2013 the currently recommended PCV vaccine version \u2013 has 85% effectiveness against invasive infections caused by the specific pneumococcal strains",
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                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": " ",
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                        ],
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                        "text": "included in the vaccine formulation.{ref}Cohen, C., Von Mollendorf, C., De Gouveia, L., Lengana, S., Meiring, S., Quan, V., ... & Madhi, S. A. (2017). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139443/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: a case-control study. ",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "The Lancet Global Health",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "5",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
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                    },
                    {
                        "text": "(3), e359-e369.",
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                        "text": "Lucero, M. G., Dulalia, V. E., Nillos, L. T., Williams, G., Parre\u00f1o, R. A. N., Nohynek, H., ... & Makela, H. (2009). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464899/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine\u2010type invasive pneumococcal disease and X\u2010ray defined pneumonia in children less than two years of age.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", (4).",
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                        "spanType": "span-newline"
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                "value": [
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                        "text": "Moore, M. R., Link-Gelles, R., Schaffner, W., Lynfield, R., Holtzman, C., Harrison, L. H., ... & Thomas, A. (2016). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213260016000527?via%3Dihub",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the USA: a matched case-control study.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "The Lancet Respiratory Medicine",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "4",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
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                    },
                    {
                        "text": "(5), 399-406.{/ref}\u00a0",
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                        "text": "It has been estimated that if PCV13 coverage in low income countries would reach the coverage of the ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-children-immunized-dtp3",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "DTP3 vaccine",
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                            }
                        ],
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                        "text": ", then PCV13 could prevent 399,000 child deaths and 54.6 million pneumonia episodes annually when compared with a world in which no pneumococcal vaccination was available.{ref}Chen, C., Liceras, F. C., Flasche, S., Sidharta, S., Yoong, J., Sundaram, N., & Jit, M. (2019). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(18)30422-4/fulltext",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Effect and cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: a global modelling analysis.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": " The Lancet Global Health",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "7",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                        "text": "(1), e58-e67.{/ref} India \u2013 which has the highest number of child deaths from pneumonia \u2013 only introduced PCV13 in 2017 and the ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-one-year-olds-who-received-the-final-dose-of-pneumococcal-vaccine?tab=chart",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "coverage is still very low",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
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                    },
                    {
                        "text": " \u2014 clearly the pneumococcal vaccine still has a lot of potential.{ref}Read more about pneumococcal vaccines in the ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "#pneumococcal-vaccines",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "section below.",
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                            }
                        ],
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                        "text": "In addition, vaccinating children with PCV can protect adults via ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/vaccination#how-vaccines-work-herd-immunity-and-reasons-for-caring-about-broad-vaccination-coverage",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "herd effect",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", which means that benefits are not limited to one age group the population \u2014 especially important because pneumonia has a ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IDDdkIyv1oTf-cY444pShF6AxsDRoBYhzUxTSR7sZHw/edit#bookmark=id.j87y55283i1n",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "significant burden in older people",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ".\u00a0",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "spanType": "span-newline"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": "Chen, C., Liceras, F. C., Flasche, S., Sidharta, S., Yoong, J., Sundaram, N., & Jit, M. (2019). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(18)30422-4/fulltext",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Effect and cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: a global modelling analysis.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "The Lancet Global Health",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "7",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
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                    {
                        "text": "(1), e58-e67.{/ref}",
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                        "text": "Another vaccine widely used to protect children against both pneumonia is the ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/hib-vaccine",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Hib vaccine",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                        "spanType": "span-link"
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                    {
                        "text": ". ",
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                "value": [
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                        "text": "Hib immunizes children against ",
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Haemophilus influenzae",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
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                        "text": " type b, a leading cause of meningitis in children that is also responsible for around 2% of pneumonia deaths of children younger than five years. In 2015 there were around 0.9 million cases of Hib-related pneumonia globally. The Hib immunization provides around 70% protection against Hib-related pneumonia and 84% protection against meningitis in children.{ref}Troeger, C., Blacker, B., Khalil, I. A., Rao, P. C., Cao, J., Zimsen, S. R., ... & Adetifa, I. M. O. (2018). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30310-4/fulltext",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "The Lancet Infectious Diseases",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", ",
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "18",
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                    {
                        "text": "(11), 1191-1210.{/ref}",
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                    }
                ],
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            {
                "text": [
                    {
                        "text": "Promoting breastfeeding",
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                ],
                "type": "heading",
                "level": 2,
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                        "text": "Encouraging mothers to breastfeed during the first 6 months of a child\u2019s life has a positive impact on reducing child undernutrition, which in turn protects from infectious diseases such as pneumonia. ",
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                "value": [
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                        "text": "According to Laura Lamberti et ",
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "al. ",
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                        "text": "(2013), pneumonia mortality of children in developing countries who are not breastfed in the first 5 months of their lives is 15 times greater than those who exclusively received their mother\u2019s milk.{ref}Lamberti, L. M., Zakarija-Grkovi\u0107, I., Walker, C. L. F., Theodoratou, E., Nair, H., Campbell, H., & Black, R. E. (2013). ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847465/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": " BMC public health",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
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                        "spanType": "span-italic"
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                    {
                        "text": ", ",
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                        "children": [
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                                "text": "13",
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                        "text": "(3), S18.{/ref} As the map shows, the number of infants who are exclusively breast fed is still low in many countries. Globally, an estimated 41% of infants were exclusively breastfed in 2017.{ref}41% number is estimated by the UNICEF based on the most recent data available for the countries from surveys between 2013-2018.\u00a0",
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                    },
                    {
                        "spanType": "span-newline"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": "UNICEF DATA. (2019). ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/infant-and-young-child-feeding/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "children": [
                                    {
                                        "text": "Infant and young child feeding",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                    }
                                ],
                                "spanType": "span-italic"
                            },
                            {
                                "text": ".",
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                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " [online][Accessed 4 Sep. 2019].{/ref}",
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                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/exclusive-breastfeeding",
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            {
                "text": [
                    {
                        "text": "Reducing air pollution",
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                        "text": "There has been significant progress in reducing ",
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                    {
                        "url": "https://owid.cloud/air-pollution",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "air pollution",
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                        "text": " levels in recent decades, particularly of ",
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                    {
                        "url": "https://owid.cloud/indoor-air-pollution",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "indoor air pollution",
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                        "text": ". ",
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                "value": [
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                        "text": "Death rates from indoor air pollution ",
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                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "fell",
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                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " as a result of ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/access-to-clean-fuels-and-technologies-for-cooking?tab=chart&time=2000..2016&country=OWID_WRL",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "improved access",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " to cleaner fuels for heating and cooking. But there is still much progress to be made, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where in most countries ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/access-to-clean-fuels-and-technologies-for-cooking",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "less than 10% of households",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " have access to clean fuels for cooking. And, whilst progress has been made against indoor air pollution, high levels of ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/pm25-air-pollution",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "outdoor pollution",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
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                        "text": " remain a problem across many countries. Reducing air pollution levels would have many other benefits: it would not only reduce the number of cases of pneumonia but also limit the incidence of asthma in children for example.{ref}\u00a0WHO, U. (2006). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/78638/E90038.pdf",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Air quality guidelines: global update 2005.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " p123-124. ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "World Health Organization",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
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                        "spanType": "span-italic"
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                    {
                        "text": ".\u00a0",
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                    {
                        "text": "{/ref}",
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                "text": [
                    {
                        "text": "Access to healthcare and treatment",
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                "level": 2,
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                        "text": "A child with a suspected case of pneumonia \u2013 with symptoms of difficulty in breathing and coughing \u2013 should be taken to a healthcare provider so that the correct and immediate treatment can be provided. Delay in seeking treatment can increase the chances of a child dying.{ref}Ferdous, F., Ahmed, S., Das, S. K., Chisti, M. J., Nasrin, D., Kotloff, K. L., ... & Wagatsuma, Y. (2018). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5970515/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Pneumonia mortality and healthcare utilization in young children in rural Bangladesh: a prospective verbal autopsy study.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Tropical medicine and health",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
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                    {
                        "text": ", ",
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                        "children": [
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                                "text": "46",
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                        "text": "(1), 17.{/ref} However, as the map shows, seeking healthcare is still not as common as it should be. Globally, less than two-thirds of children with symptoms of pneumonia were taken to a healthcare provider in 2016. This figure is even lower in places where healthcare is most needed \u2014 just 47% in Sub-Saharan Africa.{ref}\u00a0UNICEF DATA. (2018). ",
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                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/pneumonia/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "children": [
                                    {
                                        "text": "Pneumonia in Children",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                    }
                                ],
                                "spanType": "span-italic"
                            },
                            {
                                "text": ".",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
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                    },
                    {
                        "text": " [online] [Accessed 5 Sep. 2019]{/ref}\u00a0",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    }
                ],
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                "value": [
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                        "text": "As the map shows, the share of children with symptoms of pneumonia that are taken to a health provider is still low in many countries.",
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            {
                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/pneumonia-careseeking",
                "type": "chart",
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            {
                "text": [
                    {
                        "text": "Access to antibiotic treatment",
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                    }
                ],
                "type": "heading",
                "level": 2,
                "parseErrors": []
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            {
                "type": "text",
                "value": [
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                        "text": "Given that most cases of pneumonia are of bacterial origin, antibiotics are the general course of treatment. ",
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                "value": [
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                        "text": "Due to the lack of resources, in places where pneumonia cases are most common, a quick diagnosis for the cause of disease is not always possible. Given the potential high risk of death from untreated pneumonia, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends antibiotic treatment depending on the disease symptoms and its severity before the cause of disease is known. Amoxicillin, ampicillin and gentamicin are the most commonly used antibiotics to treat pneumonia.{ref}\u00a0World Health Organization. (2014). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/137319/9789241507813_eng.pdf?sequence=1",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "children": [
                                    {
                                        "text": "Revised WHO classification and treatment of pneumonia in children at health facilities: quick reference guide",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                    }
                                ],
                                "spanType": "span-italic"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " (No. WHO/FWC/MCA/14.9). World Health Organization.{/ref} Antibiotics are a relatively cheap and effective treatment, a course of amoxicillin costs less than 50 cents. {ref}Unicef.org. (2018). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.unicef.org/supply/files/Amoxicillin_DT_Supply_Update.pdf",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "children": [
                                    {
                                        "text": "Amoxicillin Dispersible Tablets: Market and Supply Update",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                                "spanType": "span-italic"
                            },
                            {
                                "text": ".",
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                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " [online] [Accessed 26 Sep. 2019]. {/ref} {ref}Unicef. (2016). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_SOWC_2016.pdf",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "The State of the World's Children 2016",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ". ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "New York: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
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                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ".{/ref}",
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            {
                "text": [
                    {
                        "text": "Oxygen therapy",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    }
                ],
                "type": "heading",
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                "value": [
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                        "text": "During pneumonia, alveoli in the lungs get filled with pus and fluid, which prevents oxygen from being transferred to the blood. Consequently, a condition known as hypoxaemia \u2013 a lack of oxygen \u2013 can develop. ",
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            {
                "type": "text",
                "value": [
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                        "text": "When a child with pneumonia develops hypoxaemia the risk of dying increases five-fold.{ref}Lazzerini, M., Sonego, M., & Pellegrin, M. C. (2015). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4570717/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Hypoxaemia as a mortality risk factor in acute lower respiratory infections in children in low and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. ",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "PLoS One",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-italic"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                    {
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "10",
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                        ],
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                    {
                        "text": "(9), e0136166.{/ref} Treatment with oxygen therapy (supplying oxygen-enriched air to the patient){ref}The air we breathe contains 21% of oxygen gas, but it is possible to concentrate this gas using special oxygen concentrators. The oxygen-enriched air can then be supplied to a person with pneumonia via a breathing mask, in this way compensating for reduced oxygen exchange in the lungs.{/ref} is one way to mitigate hypoxaemia.{ref}World Health Organization. (2016). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/child-oxygen-therapy/en/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "Oxygen therapy for children: a manual for health workers.",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "spanType": "span-newline"
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                    {
                        "text": "{/ref}",
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                "value": [
                    {
                        "text": "A study from Papua New Guinea has shown that oxygen therapy can reduce the risk of death from severe pneumonia by 35%. However, the need for a specialist equipment to diagnose and treat hypoxaemia still poses a substantial barrier in low-resource settings. Since 2017, the WHO includes oxygen in its List of Essential Medicines.{ref}\u00a0World Health Organization. (2019). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "WHO model list of essential medicines: 7th list",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ", August 2019.",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "spanType": "span-newline"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": "{/ref} Improved access to oxygen could save the lives of 120,000 children annually.{ref}Delarosa, J., Hayes, J., Pantjushenko, E., Keith, B., Ambler, G. and Lawrence, C. (2017). ",
                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                    },
                    {
                        "url": "https://path.azureedge.net/media/documents/DRG_Oxygen_Primer.pdf",
                        "children": [
                            {
                                "children": [
                                    {
                                        "text": "Oxygen Is Essential: A Policy and Advocacy Primer",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                    }
                                ],
                                "spanType": "span-italic"
                            }
                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-link"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": ". [online] PATH. [Accessed 5 Sep. 2019].{/ref}\u00a0\u00a0",
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                    }
                ],
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        ],
        "type": "article",
        "title": "How do we reduce child pneumonia mortality",
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        ],
        "dateline": "November 5, 2019",
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    "createdAt": "2019-11-05T10:36:37.000Z",
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    "updatedAt": "2023-10-11T09:24:02.000Z",
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