posts: 26509

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                        "text": "Despite having fallen in recent decades, there remains a substantial ",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/economic-inequality-by-gender",
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                                "text": "pay gap between the average wages of men and women",
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                        "text": ".",
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                        "text": "But what does gender inequality look like if we focus on the very top of the income distribution? Do we find any evidence of the so-called 'glass ceiling' preventing women from reaching the top? How did this change over time?",
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                        "text": "Answers to these questions are found in the work of Atkinson, Casarico and Voitchovsky (2018). Using tax records, they investigated the incomes of women and men separately across nine high-income countries. As such, they were restricted to those countries in which taxes are collected on individual basis, rather than as couples.{ref}Atkinson, A.B., Casarico, A. & Voitchovsky, S. J Econ Inequal (2018) 16: 225. ",
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                        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-018-9384-z",
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                                "text": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-018-9384-z",
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                        "text": ".",
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                        "text": "The authors produced results for 8 countries, and included earlier results for Sweden from Boschini, A., Gunnarsson, K., Roine, J.: Women in Top Incomes: Evidence from Sweden 1974-2013, IZA Discussion paper 10979, August (2017).{/ref}",
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                        "text": "In addition to wages they also take into account income from investments and self-employment.",
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                        "text": "Whilst investment income tends to make up a larger share of the total income of rich individuals in general, the authors found this to be particularly marked in the case of women in top income groups.",
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                        "text": "The two charts present the key figures from the study.",
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                        "text": "One chart shows the proportion of women out of all individuals falling into the top 10%, 1% and 0.1% of the income distribution. The open circle represents the share of women in the top income brackets back in 2000; the closed circle shows the latest data, which is from 2013.",
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                        "text": "The other chart shows the data over time for individual countries. You can explore data for other countries using the 'Change country' button on the chart.",
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                        "text": "Share of women in top income groups, 2000 vs 2013{ref}Atkinson, A.B., Casarico, A. & Voitchovsky, S. J Econ Inequal (2018) 16: 225. ",
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                        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-018-9384-z",
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                                "text": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-018-9384-z",
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                        "text": ".",
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                        "text": "The authors produced results for 8 countries, and included earlier results for Sweden from Boschini, A., Gunnarsson, K., Roine, J.: Women in Top Incomes: Evidence from Sweden 1974-2013, IZA Discussion paper 10979, August (2017).{/ref}",
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                "filename": "Change-2000-to-2013-hq.png",
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                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-women-in-top-income-groups-atkinson-casarico-voitchovsky-2018",
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                                "text": "The two charts allow us to answer the initial questions:",
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                                "text": "Women are greatly under-represented in top income groups \u2013 they make up much less than 50% across each of the nine countries. Within the top 1% women account for around 20% and there is surprisingly little variation across countries.",
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                                "text": "The proportion of women is lower the higher you look up the income distribution. In the top 10% up to every third income-earner is a woman; in the top 0.1% only every fifth or tenth person is a woman.",
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                                "text": "The trend is the same in all countries of this study: Women are now better-represented in all top income groups than they were in 2000.",
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                                "text": "But improvements have generally been more limited at the ",
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                                        "text": "very",
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                                "text": " top. With the exception of Australia, we see a much smaller increase in the share of women amongst the top 0.1% than amongst the top 10%.",
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                        "text": "Overall, despite recent inroads, we continue to see remarkably few women making it to the top of the income distribution today.",
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        ],
        "type": "article",
        "title": "Top incomes: more women, but still very male-dominated",
        "authors": [
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        "dateline": "October 30, 2019",
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    "createdAt": "2019-10-30T16:35:49.000Z",
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    "updatedAt": "2023-05-17T15:48:31.000Z",
    "revisionId": null,
    "publishedAt": "2019-10-30T16:35:30.000Z",
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