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| 25024 | Who has contributed most to global CO2 emissions? | contributed-most-global-co2 | post | publish | <!-- wp:html --> <div class="blog-info">Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics.<br>This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on <strong><a href="https://owid.cloud/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></strong>.</div> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp-block-tombstone 25028 --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Since 1751 the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region?stackMode=absolute">world has emitted</a> over 1.5 trillion tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>.{ref}Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from fossil fuel combustion were almost zero prior to 1750. The United Kingdom was the world’s first industrialized nation – and first fossil-fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emitter. In 1751 its (and global) <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?tab=chart&year=1751&country=GBR">emissions were</a> less than 10 million tonnes – 3600 times less than <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by-region">global emissions today</a>. We can conclude that emissions prior to 1750 were very low (and inconsequential to the numbers we compare today). You can find further information on how long historical emissions (dating back to 1751) are estimated <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#how-do-we-measure-or-estimate-co2-emissions"><strong>here</strong></a>.{/ref} To reach our <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#future-emission-scenarios">climate goal</a> of limiting average temperature rise to 2°C, the world needs to urgently reduce emissions. One common argument is that those countries which have added most to the CO<sub>2</sub> in our atmosphere – contributing most to the problem today – should take on the greatest responsibility in tackling it. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>We can compare each country’s total contribution to global emissions by looking at <em>cumulative</em> <em>CO<sub>2</sub></em>. We can calculate cumulative emissions by adding up each country’s annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions over time. We did this calculation for each country and region over the period from 1751 through to 2017.{ref}The underlying data sources for annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions data come from the <a href="https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/">Carbon Dioxide Analysis Center</a> (CDIAC) and the <a href="https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/index.htm">Global Carbon Project</a>. The cumulative figures were calculated by Our World in Data based on these annual estimate sources.{/ref} </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>The distribution of cumulative emissions around the world is shown in the treemap. Treemaps are used to compare entities (such as countries or regions) in relation to others, and relative to the total. Here countries are presented as rectangles and colored by region. The size of each rectangle corresponds to the sum of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from a country between 1751 and 2017. Combined, all rectangles represent the global total.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>There are some key points we can learn from this perspective:</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li>the United States has emitted more CO<sub>2</sub> than any other country to date: at around 400 billion tonnes since 1751, it is responsible for 25% of historical emissions;</li><li>this is twice more than China – the world’s second largest national contributor; </li><li>the 28 countries of the European Union (EU-28) – which are grouped together here as they typically negotiate and <a href="https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu/">set targets</a> on a collaborative basis – is also a large historical contributor at 22%;</li><li>many of the large annual emitters today – such as India and Brazil – are not large contributors in a historical context;</li><li>Africa’s regional contribution – relative to its <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-by-world-regions-post-1820?stackMode=relative">population size</a> – has been very small. This is the result of very low per capita emissions – both historically and currently.</li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:image {"id":25027} --> <figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2019/10/Cumulative-CO2-treemap-660x550.png" alt="" class="wp-image-25027"/></figure> <!-- /wp:image --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>All of this data is also explorable by country and over time in the interactive map. By clicking on any country you can see the country’s cumulative emissions over time, and compare it with other countries.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co-emissions" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>How has each region’s share of global cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions changed over time?</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the visualizations above we focused on each country or region’s total cumulative emissions (1) in absolute terms; and (2) at a single point in time: as of 2017.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the chart we see the change in the share of global cumulative emissions by region over time – from 1751 through to 2017. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Up until 1950, more than half of historical CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were emitted by Europe. The vast majority of European emissions back then were emitted by the United Kingdom; as the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-cumulative-co2?tab=chart&country=GBR">data shows</a>, until 1882 more than half of the world’s cumulative emissions came from the UK alone. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Over the century which followed, industrialization in the USA rapidly increased its contribution.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>It’s only over the past 50 years that growth in South America, Asia and Africa have increased these regions’ share of total contribution.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>How has each country’s share of global cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions changed over time?</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the final visualization you can explore the same cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as you have seen above but now visualizes <em>by country</em>. Using the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can see how contribution across the world has evolved since 1751. By clicking on a country you can see an individual country’s cumulative contribution over time.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>The map for 2017 shows the large inequalities of contribution across the world that the first treemap visualization has shown. The USA has emitted most to date: more than a quarter of all historical CO<sub>2</sub>: twice that of China which is the second largest contributor. In contrast, most countries across Africa have been responsible for less than 0.01% of all emissions over the last 266 years. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>What becomes clear when we look at emissions across the world today is that the countries with the highest emissions over history are not always the biggest emitters today. The UK, for example, was responsible for only <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-share-of-co2-emissions?tab=chart&country=GBR">1% of global emissions</a> in 2017. Reductions here will have a relatively small impact on emissions at the global level – or at least fall far short of the scale of change we need. This creates tension with the argument that the largest contributors in the past should be those doing most to reduce emissions today. This is because a large fraction of CO<sub>2</sub> remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years once emitted.{ref}IPCC, 2013: <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/">Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.{/ref}</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This inequality is one of the main reasons which makes international agreement on who should take action so challenging.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-cumulative-co2" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> | {
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2019-10-01 15:00:19 | 2024-02-16 14:22:49 | 1xsCTYaOy86WqxPNbBBkfWAmSVIxXithmC7gNhemU2rg | [
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There's not only significant variability in how much CO2 countries emit across the world today. There are also large differences in how much each has emitted in the past. Who has contributed most to global CO2 since 1750? | 2019-10-01 05:31:19 | 2022-02-14 17:40:49 | https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Cumulative-CO2-treemap.png | {} |
Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics. This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on **[CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions](https://owid.cloud/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions)** . Since 1751 the [world has emitted](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region?stackMode=absolute) over 1.5 trillion tonnes of CO2.{ref}Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion were almost zero prior to 1750. The United Kingdom was the world’s first industrialized nation – and first fossil-fuel CO2 emitter. In 1751 its (and global) [emissions were](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?tab=chart&year=1751&country=GBR) less than 10 million tonnes – 3600 times less than [global emissions today](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by-region). We can conclude that emissions prior to 1750 were very low (and inconsequential to the numbers we compare today). You can find further information on how long historical emissions (dating back to 1751) are estimated [**here**](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#how-do-we-measure-or-estimate-co2-emissions).{/ref} To reach our [climate goal](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#future-emission-scenarios) of limiting average temperature rise to 2°C, the world needs to urgently reduce emissions. One common argument is that those countries which have added most to the CO2 in our atmosphere – contributing most to the problem today – should take on the greatest responsibility in tackling it. We can compare each country’s total contribution to global emissions by looking at _cumulative__CO2_. We can calculate cumulative emissions by adding up each country’s annual CO2 emissions over time. We did this calculation for each country and region over the period from 1751 through to 2017.{ref}The underlying data sources for annual CO2 emissions data come from the [Carbon Dioxide Analysis Center](https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/) (CDIAC) and the [Global Carbon Project](https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/index.htm). The cumulative figures were calculated by Our World in Data based on these annual estimate sources.{/ref} The distribution of cumulative emissions around the world is shown in the treemap. Treemaps are used to compare entities (such as countries or regions) in relation to others, and relative to the total. Here countries are presented as rectangles and colored by region. The size of each rectangle corresponds to the sum of CO2 emissions from a country between 1751 and 2017. Combined, all rectangles represent the global total. There are some key points we can learn from this perspective: * the United States has emitted more CO2 than any other country to date: at around 400 billion tonnes since 1751, it is responsible for 25% of historical emissions; * this is twice more than China – the world’s second largest national contributor; * the 28 countries of the European Union (EU-28) – which are grouped together here as they typically negotiate and [set targets](https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu/) on a collaborative basis – is also a large historical contributor at 22%; * many of the large annual emitters today – such as India and Brazil – are not large contributors in a historical context; * Africa’s regional contribution – relative to its [population size](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-by-world-regions-post-1820?stackMode=relative) – has been very small. This is the result of very low per capita emissions – both historically and currently. <Image filename="Cumulative-CO2-treemap.png" alt=""/> All of this data is also explorable by country and over time in the interactive map. By clicking on any country you can see the country’s cumulative emissions over time, and compare it with other countries. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co-emissions"/> ## How has each region’s share of global cumulative CO2 emissions changed over time? In the visualizations above we focused on each country or region’s total cumulative emissions (1) in absolute terms; and (2) at a single point in time: as of 2017. In the chart we see the change in the share of global cumulative emissions by region over time – from 1751 through to 2017. Up until 1950, more than half of historical CO2 emissions were emitted by Europe. The vast majority of European emissions back then were emitted by the United Kingdom; as the [data shows](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-cumulative-co2?tab=chart&country=GBR), until 1882 more than half of the world’s cumulative emissions came from the UK alone. Over the century which followed, industrialization in the USA rapidly increased its contribution. It’s only over the past 50 years that growth in South America, Asia and Africa have increased these regions’ share of total contribution. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region"/> ## How has each country’s share of global cumulative CO2 emissions changed over time? In the final visualization you can explore the same cumulative CO2 emissions as you have seen above but now visualizes _by country_. Using the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can see how contribution across the world has evolved since 1751. By clicking on a country you can see an individual country’s cumulative contribution over time. The map for 2017 shows the large inequalities of contribution across the world that the first treemap visualization has shown. The USA has emitted most to date: more than a quarter of all historical CO2: twice that of China which is the second largest contributor. In contrast, most countries across Africa have been responsible for less than 0.01% of all emissions over the last 266 years. What becomes clear when we look at emissions across the world today is that the countries with the highest emissions over history are not always the biggest emitters today. The UK, for example, was responsible for only [1% of global emissions](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-share-of-co2-emissions?tab=chart&country=GBR) in 2017. Reductions here will have a relatively small impact on emissions at the global level – or at least fall far short of the scale of change we need. This creates tension with the argument that the largest contributors in the past should be those doing most to reduce emissions today. This is because a large fraction of CO2 remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years once emitted.{ref}IPCC, 2013: [Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/) [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.{/ref} This inequality is one of the main reasons which makes international agreement on who should take action so challenging. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-cumulative-co2"/> | {
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"rendered": "\n<div class=\"blog-info\">Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics.<br>This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on <strong><a href=\"https://owid.cloud/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></strong>.</div>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 1751 the <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region?stackMode=absolute\">world has emitted</a> over 1.5 trillion tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>.{ref}Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from fossil fuel combustion were almost zero prior to 1750. The United Kingdom was the world\u2019s first industrialized nation \u2013 and first fossil-fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emitter. In 1751 its (and global) <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?tab=chart&year=1751&country=GBR\">emissions were</a> less than 10 million tonnes \u2013 3600 times less than <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by-region\">global emissions today</a>. We can conclude that emissions prior to 1750 were very low (and inconsequential to the numbers we compare today). You can find further information on how long historical emissions (dating back to 1751) are estimated <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#how-do-we-measure-or-estimate-co2-emissions\"><strong>here</strong></a>.{/ref} To reach our <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#future-emission-scenarios\">climate goal</a> of limiting average temperature rise to 2\u00b0C, the world needs to urgently reduce emissions. One common argument is that those countries which have added most to the CO<sub>2</sub> in our atmosphere \u2013 contributing most to the problem today \u2013 should take on the greatest responsibility in tackling it. </p>\n\n\n\n<p>We can compare each country\u2019s total contribution to global emissions by looking at <em>cumulative</em> <em>CO<sub>2</sub></em>. We can calculate cumulative emissions by adding up each country\u2019s annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions over time. We did this calculation for each country and region over the period from 1751 through to 2017.{ref}The underlying data sources for annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions data come from the <a href=\"https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/\">Carbon Dioxide Analysis Center</a> (CDIAC) and the <a href=\"https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/index.htm\">Global Carbon Project</a>. The cumulative figures were calculated by Our World in Data based on these annual estimate sources.{/ref} </p>\n\n\n\n<p>The distribution of cumulative emissions around the world is shown in the treemap. Treemaps are used to compare entities (such as countries or regions) in relation to others, and relative to the total. Here countries are presented as rectangles and colored by region. The size of each rectangle corresponds to the sum of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from a country between 1751 and 2017. Combined, all rectangles represent the global total.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are some key points we can learn from this perspective:</p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>the United States has emitted more CO<sub>2</sub> than any other country to date: at around 400 billion tonnes since 1751, it is responsible for 25% of historical emissions;</li><li>this is twice more than China \u2013 the world\u2019s second largest national contributor; </li><li>the 28 countries of the European Union (EU-28) \u2013 which are grouped together here as they typically negotiate and <a href=\"https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/eu/\">set targets</a> on a collaborative basis \u2013 is also a large historical contributor at 22%;</li><li>many of the large annual emitters today \u2013 such as India and Brazil \u2013 are not large contributors in a historical context;</li><li>Africa\u2019s regional contribution \u2013 relative to its <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-by-world-regions-post-1820?stackMode=relative\">population size</a> \u2013 has been very small. This is the result of very low per capita emissions \u2013 both historically and currently.</li></ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"550\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2019/10/Cumulative-CO2-treemap-660x550.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25027\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2019/10/Cumulative-CO2-treemap-660x550.png 660w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2019/10/Cumulative-CO2-treemap-150x125.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2019/10/Cumulative-CO2-treemap-400x333.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2019/10/Cumulative-CO2-treemap-768x640.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" /></figure>\n\n\n\n<p>All of this data is also explorable by country and over time in the interactive map. By clicking on any country you can see the country\u2019s cumulative emissions over time, and compare it with other countries.</p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co-emissions\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h4>How has each region\u2019s share of global cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions changed over time?</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In the visualizations above we focused on each country or region\u2019s total cumulative emissions (1) in absolute terms; and (2) at a single point in time: as of 2017.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the chart we see the change in the share of global cumulative emissions by region over time \u2013 from 1751 through to 2017.\u00a0</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Up until 1950, more than half of historical CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were emitted by Europe. The vast majority of European emissions back then were emitted by the United Kingdom; as the <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-cumulative-co2?tab=chart&country=GBR\">data shows</a>, until 1882 more than half of the world\u2019s cumulative emissions came from the UK alone. </p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the century which followed, industrialization in the USA rapidly increased its contribution.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s only over the past 50 years that growth in South America, Asia and Africa have increased these regions\u2019 share of total contribution.</p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h4>How has each country\u2019s share of global cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions changed over time?</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In the final visualization you can explore the same cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as you have seen above but now visualizes <em>by country</em>. Using the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can see how contribution across the world has evolved since 1751. By clicking on a country you can see an individual country\u2019s cumulative contribution over time.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>The map for 2017 shows the large inequalities of contribution across the world that the first treemap visualization has shown. The USA has emitted most to date: more than a quarter of all historical CO<sub>2</sub>: twice that of China which is the second largest contributor. In contrast, most countries across Africa have been responsible for less than 0.01% of all emissions over the last 266 years. </p>\n\n\n\n<p>What becomes clear when we look at emissions across the world today is that the countries with the highest emissions over history are not always the biggest emitters today. The UK, for example, was responsible for only <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-share-of-co2-emissions?tab=chart&country=GBR\">1% of global emissions</a> in 2017. Reductions here will have a relatively small impact on emissions at the global level \u2013 or at least fall far short of the scale of change we need. This creates tension with the argument that the largest contributors in the past should be those doing most to reduce emissions today. This is because a large fraction of CO<sub>2</sub> remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years once emitted.{ref}IPCC, 2013: <a href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/\">Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.{/ref}</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This inequality is one of the main reasons which makes international agreement on who should take action so challenging.</p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-cumulative-co2\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n",
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