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id	title	slug	type	status	content	archieml	archieml_update_statistics	published_at	updated_at	gdocSuccessorId	authors	excerpt	created_at_in_wordpress	updated_at_in_wordpress	featured_image	formattingOptions	markdown	wpApiSnapshot
13697	Fossil Fuels	fossil-fuels	page	publish	<!-- wp:html --> <!-- formatting-options subnavId:energy subnavCurrentId:fossil-fuels --> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>For most of human history our ancestors relied on very basic forms of energy: human muscle, animal muscle and the burning of biomass such as wood or crops. But the Industrial Revolution unlocked a whole new energy resource: fossil fuels. Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of the technological, social, economic and development progress which has followed.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned they produce <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major contributor to local <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution">air pollution</a>, which is estimated to linked to millions of premature deaths each year.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>As low-carbon sources of energy – nuclear and renewables – become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This article presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas – how much countries produce and consume; where our fossil fuel reserves are; and what role the fuels play in our energy and electricity systems.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Fossil fuel consumption</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>Global fossil fuel consumption</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-fossil-fuel-consumption" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries – both in terms of what and how much we burn.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive chart we see global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800. Earlier data, pre-1965, is sourced from Vaclav Smil's work on energy transitions; this has been combined with data published in BP's <a href="https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html">Statistical Review of World Energy</a> from 1965 onwards.{ref}Vaclav Smil (2017). <a href="http://vaclavsmil.com/2016/12/14/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/">Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives</a>.{/ref} </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination with oil, and then gas. Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still growing quickly. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3><strong>Fossil fuel consumption</strong>: which countries use the most energy from fossil fuels?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-primary-energy" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related charts:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Annual percentage change in fossil fuel consumption","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-fossil-fuels","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Annual change in fossil fuel consumption","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-fossil-fuels","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>We've looked at how much fossil fuel energy is consumed globally. But what about countries? How much fossil energy do they consume?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>The interactive chart here shows the amount of primary energy from fossil fuels that is consumed each year.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This is the sum of energy from coal, oil and gas. In the sections below we look at each of these sources individually.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:owid/help --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>Three tips on how to interact with this map</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li>By clicking on any country on the map you see the change over time in this country.</li><li>By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time.</li><li>You can focus on a particular world region using the dropdown menu to the top-right of the map.</li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- /wp:owid/help --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3><strong>Per capita</strong>: where do people consume the most energy from fossil fuels?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-per-capita" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related chart:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Fossil fuel per capita by type","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-cons-per-capita","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How much coal, oil and gas energy is consumed per person?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Per capita fossil fuel consumption vs. GDP","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-fossil-energy-vs-gdp","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Do we consume more or less energy from fossil fuels as we get richer? Explore the data on how fossil fuels relate to income.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Looking at energy consumption at the country level is often a strong reflection of population size rather than actual fossil fuel consumption per person.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How do these comparisons look when we adjust for population?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive chart we see the amount of energy from fossil fuels consumed per person. This is the sum of primary energy from coal, oil and gas combined.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Across the world we see that the largest consumers use more than ten times the amount of fossil energy than some of the smallest consumers.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:owid/help --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>Four tips on how you can interact with this chart</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li><strong>Change the bar chart into a line chart:</strong> by clicking on the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can change the bar chart into a line chart.</li><li><strong>See the change over time:</strong> Using the 'play' button on the timeline you can see how this metric changes over time.</li><li><strong>Add any other country:</strong> click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.</li><li><strong>See the data on a world map:</strong> click on the 'MAP' tab to see the global overview across countries.</li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- /wp:owid/help --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>Fossil fuel consumption by type</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-side-by-side"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-side-by-side"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the sections above we looked at the consumption of fossil fuels collectively. But it's important to look at the role of coal, oil and gas individually – their impacts are not equal. Coal, for example, typically produces more CO<sub>2</sub> and local air pollution per unit of energy <em>[see <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">our article</a> on the relative safety and impacts of different energy sources]</em>.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive charts here we fossil fuel consumption disaggregated by type. This is shown as a stacked area chart – useful for seeing the relative contribution of each; but also as a line chart which allows us to see how the consumption of each is changing over time.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:owid/help --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>How you can interact with the stacked area chart</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li>In these charts it is always possible to switch to any other country in the world by choosing <strong>Change Country</strong> in the bottom left corner.</li><li>By unticking the 'Relative' box, you can switch to see the breakdown of emissions in absolute terms.</li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- /wp:owid/help --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-side-by-side"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-side-by-side"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-fuel-type" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-type" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Fossil fuels in the energy and electricity mix</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from fossil fuels?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-share-energy" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related content:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Energy mix","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix","mediaId":35408,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/energy-consumption-by-source-and-region-1.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>What sources does our energy come from? Explore our work on the energy mix across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How do fossil fuels fit in within the rest of the energy mix? What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas. Over the coming decades we need to rapidly reduce this share by displacing them with low-carbon energy sources.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive chart we see how this share varies across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>A few points to keep in mind when considering this data:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li>These figures reflect <em>energy</em> consumption – that is the sum of all energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. Many people assume energy and electricity to mean the same, but electricity is just one component of total energy consumption. We look at electricity consumption later in this profile.</li><li>These figures are based on primary energy consumption – given by the 'substitution method'. You can read our explainer on the different metrics used to measure energy <strong><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#direct-vs-substituted-primary-energy-what-are-the-multiple-ways-of-energy-accounting">here</a></strong>.</li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:owid/help --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>Two tips on how you can interact with this chart</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li><strong>View the data for any country as a line chart:</strong> click on any country to see its change over time, or by using the 'CHART' tab at the bottom.</li><li><strong>Add any other country to the line chart:</strong> click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.</li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- /wp:owid/help --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from fossil fuels?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-fossil-fuels" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related content:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Electricity mix","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix","mediaId":35409,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>What sources does our electricity come from? Explore our work on the electricity mix across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Electricity is one component of total energy consumption – the other two being transport and heating.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In 2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas summed together) across the world. Oil accounts for only a small share of electricity production – most come from coal and gas. The share from coal and gas individually can be found in the sections below.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Coal</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3><strong>Coal production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related charts:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Coal production per capita","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-prod-per-capita","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How much coal do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Coal production by region","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-region","mediaId":35402,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-production-by-region.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which regions produce the most coal?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which countries produce the most coal? How has this changed over time?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive chart here we see coal production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Note that this measures coal <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from coal in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#coal-reserves">coal reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures coal production before trade between countries.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3><strong>Energy from coal</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related charts:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Per capita consumption of energy from coal","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-per-capita","mediaId":35516,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/per-capita-coal.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which countries consume the most coal <em>per person</em>?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Annual change in coal energy consumption","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-coal","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Annual percentage change in coal energy consumption","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-coal","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Coal consumption by region","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-region","mediaId":35398,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-consumption-by-region.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which regions consume the most coal?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Fossil fuel production is an important metric to follow – it helps us understand where fossil fuels are being extracted. But we also care about where that energy is being consumed – that tells us what role fossil fuels are playing in the energy system of each country.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from coal across the world. This represents coal production adjusted for trade (so, coal exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from coal?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-energy-share" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Coal has been a critical energy sources, and mainstay in global energy production for centuries.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>But it's also the most <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">polluting energy source</a>: both in terms of the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> it produces per unit of energy, but also the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from coal?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-coal" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Coal is currently the largest source of electricity globally. For many countries remains the dominant source. But, we also see that others have seen a massive shift away from coal in recent years – the UK is <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal">one such example</a>.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from coal across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>When do countries plan to phase out coal?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-phase-out-timeline?country=FIN~POL~SLE" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Coal is the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?country=~OWID_WRL">world's oldest</a> industrial source of energy. It is still a dominant source of energy across the world today – especially within our electricity mix.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>But coal is the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">world's dirtiest fuel</a> – it not only emits the most carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, it has severe impacts on health through <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution">air pollution</a>.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Many countries are therefore committing to phasing coal power out of their electricity mix. This map shows country pledges to achieve this. Some countries are already coal-free. Some have set to phase it out by 2030; 2040 or later. Some have not yet committed to eliminating it.{ref}This dataset is collated by Our World in Data based on several data sources, including:</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA): https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/<br>Beyond Coal EU: https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-tracker/<br>Bloomberg Global Coal Countdown: https://bloombergcoalcountdown.com/<br>EMBER Climate: https://ember-climate.org/<br>National announcements during the COP26 Climate Summit.{/ref}</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Oil</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3><strong>Oil production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related charts:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Oil production per capita","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-prod-per-capita","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How much oil do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Oil production by region","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-region","mediaId":35399,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/oil-production-by-region.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which regions produce the most oil?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which countries produce the most oil? How has this changed over time?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive chart here we see oil production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Note that this measures oil <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from oil in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#oil-reserves">oil reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures oil production before trade between countries.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3><strong>Energy from oil</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related charts:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Per capita consumption of energy from oil","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-oil","mediaId":35537,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/per-capita-oil.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which countries consume the most oil <em>per person</em>?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Annual change in oil energy consumption","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-oil","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Annual percentage change in oil energy consumption","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-oil","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Oil consumption by region","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh","mediaId":35400,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/oil-consumption-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which regions consume the most oil?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Oil production is an important indicator to follow – it helps us understand where it's being extracted, who the main oil producers are, and how this related to oil reserves. But we also care about where that oil is being consumed – that tells us what role it's playing in the energy system of each country.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from oil across the world. This represents oil production adjusted for trade (so, oil exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from oil?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-share-energy" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Oil is the world's largest energy source today. It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from oil across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Gas</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3><strong>Gas production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-production-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related charts:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Gas production per capita","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-prod-per-capita","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How much gas do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Gas production by region","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh","mediaId":35403,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which regions produce the most natural gas?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which countries produce the most gas? How has this changed over time?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive chart here we see gas production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Note that this measures gas <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from gas in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#gas-reserves">gas reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures gas production before trade between countries.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3><strong>Energy from gas</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-consumption-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related charts:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Per capita consumption of energy from gas","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-gas","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which countries consume the most gas <em>per person</em>?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Annual change in gas energy consumption","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-gas","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Annual percentage change in gas energy consumption","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-gas","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Gas consumption by region","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-consumption-by-region","mediaId":35405,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/natural-gas-consumption-by-region.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which regions consume the most natural gas?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the section above we looked at where in the world gas is <em>produced</em>. But, after trade, where in the world is gas consumed?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from gas across the world. This represents gas production adjusted for trade (so, gas exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from gas?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-share-energy" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly – often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix">electricity production</a>, and a key source of heat.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from gas across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from gas?</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-gas" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor">emits less CO<sub>2</sub></a> per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor">emits less CO<sub>2</sub></a> per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Fossil fuel reserves</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>Coal reserves</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-proved-reserves" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":5} --> <h5>Related chart:</h5> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"Coal reserves by quality/type","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-reserves-by-type","mediaId":35395,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-reserves-by-type.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Coal sources are not homogeneous – they vary significantly in chemical composition and quality. How do coal reserves break down by quality?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In previous sections we looked at how much fossil fuels different countries produced or consumed. But where in the world does our existing reserves of fossil fuels remain?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Which countries have the potential to extract and sell them?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive chart we see proved coal reserves across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>It's important to distinguish <em>reserves</em> versus <em>resources</em> here. "Proved reserves" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><em>Reserves</em> represent only some fraction of <em>resources</em>, however; we continue to discover new quantities of coal, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of <em>reserves</em> changes all the time – not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>We look at the difference between <em>reserves</em> and <em>resources</em> in more detail <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve"><strong>here</strong></a>.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":3} --> <h3>Gas reserves</h3> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:html --> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-proved-reserves" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> <!-- /wp:html --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Where in the world do we have gas reserves? Which countries have the ability to extract, consume and trade?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>In the interactive chart we see proved gas reserves across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>It's important to distinguish <em>reserves</em> versus <em>resources</em> here. "Proved reserves" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. </p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><em>Reserves</em> represent only some fraction of <em>resources</em>, however; we continue to discover new quantities of gas, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of <em>reserves</em> changes all the time – not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>We look at the difference between <em>reserves</em> and <em>resources</em> in more detail <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve"><strong>here</strong></a>.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:columns {"className":"is-style-sticky-left"} --> <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"><!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:owid/prominent-link {"title":"CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions by fuel","linkUrl":"ourworldindata.org/co2-by-fuel","mediaId":35141,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/annual-co-emissions-by-region-1.svg","mediaAlt":"","className":"is-style-thin"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How have fossil fuels contributed to global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change? Has coal, oil or gas made the largest contribution to emissions across the world?</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/prominent-link --></div> <!-- /wp:column --> <!-- wp:column --> <div class="wp-block-column"><!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from energy production. To stand a chance of meeting our climate change targets, we must rapidly reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Explore our related work on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions – where they come from and how they are changing over time.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --></div> <!-- /wp:column --></div> <!-- /wp:columns --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Definitions & Measurement</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>Reserves vs. Resources: When does a resource become a reserve?</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>The terms 'reserves' and 'resources' are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction between the two. The chart explains this distinction visually.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>It is true that every reserve is a resource, but not every resource is a reserve. There are two requirements which determine whether a mineral resource becomes a reserve. The first is the degree of certainty that it exists: the planet likely has many mineral resources which we have not yet discovered. So to be defined as a reserve, we must have either a proved, probable or possible understanding of its existence. The second criteria relates to the economic feasibility of being able to access and extract the mineral resource. To be defined as a reserve, it must be economically and technologically viable to recover. If the economics are subeconomic (i.e. would result in a net loss) or marginal, a mineral resource is not defined as a reserve.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Whilst the original source of this concept - the American geologist Vincent McKelvey - visualised it as a static box, this transition between resources and reserve classifications is dynamic. As we discover previously unknown resources, and develop improved extraction technologies for economic recovery, this reserves box can grow with time (or shrink as we consume them).</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:image {"align":"center","id":15047,"linkDestination":"custom"} --> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01.png"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-750x538.png" alt="" class="wp-image-15047"/></a></figure></div> <!-- /wp:image --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>Units of energy</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>To maintain consistency between metrics and sources, we have attempted to normalise all energy data to units of watt-hours (Wh), or one of its SI prefixes. The table shows the conversion of watt-hours to the range of SI prefixes used.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:table {"className":"aligncenter"} --> <figure class="wp-block-table aligncenter"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>SI Unit</strong></td><td><strong>Watt-hour (Wh) equivalent</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Watt-hour (Wh)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Kilowatt-hour (kWh)</td><td>One thousand watt-hours (10<sup>3</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Megawatt-hour (MWh)</td><td>One million watt-hours (10<sup>6</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Gigawatt-hour (GWh)</td><td>One billion watt-hours (10<sup>9</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Terawatt-hour (TWh)</td><td>One trillion watt-hours (10<sup>12</sup> Wh)</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <!-- /wp:table --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Data Sources</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>BP Statistical Review of World Energy</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> BP publishes data on Oil, Gas Coal, Nuclear Energy, Hydroelectricity, Renewables, Primary Energy Consumption, Electricity Generation, Carbon Doixide Emissions</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global - by country and region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Annual data since 1951</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140605044810/http://www.bp.com:80/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html">www.BP.com</a></li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>The Shift Project (TSP)</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Historical Energy Consumption Statistics and Historical Energy Production Statistics</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global - by country and world region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Since 1900</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Both datasets are online at <a href="http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/all-datasets">www.tsp-data-portal.org</a>.</li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>IEA - International Energy Agency</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Data on electricity, oil, gas, coal and renewables. Data on CO2 emissions (also projections)</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global - by country</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Last decades</li><li><strong>Available at: </strong>Online at <a href="http://data.iea.org/">www.iea.org</a><strong><br></strong></li><li><em>The IEA is publishing the <a href="https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Energy Outlook</a>.</em></li><li><em><em> You have to pay to access the IEA databases. But some data is available through Gapminder, for example <a href="http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=8.91419354838709;ti=2010$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=0ArfEDsV3bBwCdEV1RkJqTEItQnJYVXJlZzVuc3Y3Mmc;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=282;dataMax=119849$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0;dataMax=98$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=">Residential Energy Use (%)</a>. (for few countries since 1960, for more countries since 1971 or 1981)</em></em></li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>Energy Information Administration</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Total and crude oil production, oil consumption, natural gas production and consumption, coal production and consumption, electricity generation and consumption, primary energy, energy intensity, CO2 emissions and imports and exports for all fuels</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global - by country</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Annual data since 1980</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at <a href="http://www.eia.gov">ww.eia.gov</a></li><li class="no-bullet"><em> EIA is a US government agency.</em></li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>World Development Indicators - World Bank</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li><strong>Geographical coverage: </strong>Global - by country and world region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Last decades</li><li><strong>Data: </strong><a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.COMM.KT.OE">Energy use (kt of oil equivalent)</a> - <a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE">Energy use (kg of oil equivalent <em>per capita</em>)</a> - <a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.EGY.PROD.KT.OE">Energy production (kt of oil equivalent)</a><strong><br></strong></li><li class="no-bullet"><em>Many more related indicators.<br></em></li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:heading {"level":4} --> <h4>Eurostat</h4> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Production & consumption of energy.</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Europe</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong></li><li><strong>Data on: </strong><a href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports">Energy production and imports</a> - <a href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Consumption_of_energy">Consumption of energy</a> - <a href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Electricity_production,_consumption_and_market_overview">Electricity production, consumption and markets</a>.</li></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2>Explore more of our work on Energy</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp-block-tombstone 41045 --> <!-- wp:owid/grid --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy","mediaId":39373,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured.png","mediaAlt":"COVID-19 data explorer"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Explore all the metrics – energy production, electricity consumption, and breakdown of fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear energy.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/energy#country-profiles","mediaId":39372,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured.png","mediaAlt":"COVID-19 country profiles"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Get an overview of energy for any country on a single page.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://github.com/owid/energy-data","mediaId":39375,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured.png","mediaAlt":"download complete COVID-19 dataset"} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Download our complete dataset of energy metrics on GitHub. It's open-access and free for anyone to use.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"title":"","linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-access","mediaId":41041,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access.png","mediaAlt":""} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>See how access to electricity and clean cooking fuels vary across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption","mediaId":41039,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production.png","mediaAlt":""} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Explore long-term changes in energy production and consumption across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://owid.cloud/energy-mix","mediaId":41040,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix.png","mediaAlt":""} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How much of our energy comes from fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy? See the breakdown of the energy mix.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://owid.cloud/electricity-mix","mediaId":41042,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix.png","mediaAlt":""} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Explore the breakdown of the electricity mix and how this is changing.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://owid.cloud/fossil-fuels","mediaId":41037,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels.png","mediaAlt":""} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>See the long-term changes in coal, oil and gas production and consumption.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://owid.cloud/renewable-energy","mediaId":41035,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy.png","mediaAlt":""} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>How quickly are countries scaling up the production of renewable technologies? Explore the data.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"https://owid.cloud/nuclear-energy","mediaId":41036,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy.png","mediaAlt":""} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Explore the long-term changes in nuclear energy production across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- wp:owid/card {"linkUrl":"ourworldindata.org/transport","mediaId":45158,"mediaUrl":"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail.png","mediaAlt":""} --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:owid/card --> <!-- /wp:owid/grid -->	{ "id": "wp-13697", "slug": "fossil-fuels", "content": { "toc": [], "body": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "For most of human history our ancestors relied on very basic forms of energy: human muscle, animal muscle and the burning of biomass such as wood or crops. But the Industrial Revolution unlocked a whole new energy resource: fossil fuels. Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of the technological, social, economic and development progress which has followed.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned they produce ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions", "children": [ { "text": "carbon dioxide", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " (CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-subscript" }, { "text": ") and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major contributor to local ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution", "children": [ { "text": "air pollution", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ", which is estimated to linked to millions of premature deaths each year.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "As low-carbon sources of energy \u2013 nuclear and renewables \u2013 become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This article presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas \u2013 how much countries produce and consume; where our fossil fuel reserves are; and what role the fuels play in our energy and electricity systems.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Fossil fuel consumption", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Global fossil fuel consumption", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-fossil-fuel-consumption", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries \u2013 both in terms of what and how much we burn.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the interactive chart we see global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800. Earlier data, pre-1965, is sourced from Vaclav Smil's work on energy transitions; this has been combined with data published in BP's ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html", "children": [ { "text": "Statistical Review of World Energy", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " from 1965 onwards.{ref}Vaclav Smil (2017). ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://vaclavsmil.com/2016/12/14/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/", "children": [ { "text": "Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".{/ref} ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination with oil, and then gas. Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still growing quickly. ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Fossil fuel consumption", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": ": which countries use the most energy from fossil fuels?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-primary-energy", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related charts:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-fossil-fuels", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Annual percentage change in fossil fuel consumption", "description": "How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-fossil-fuels", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Annual change in fossil fuel consumption", "description": "How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms?", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "We've looked at how much fossil fuel energy is consumed globally. But what about countries? How much fossil energy do they consume?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "The interactive chart here shows the amount of primary energy from fossil fuels that is consumed each year.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This is the sum of energy from coal, oil and gas. In the sections below we look at each of these sources individually.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Three tips on how to interact with this map", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 4, "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "list", "items": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "By clicking on any country on the map you see the change over time in this country.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "You can focus on a particular world region using the dropdown menu to the top-right of the map.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Per capita", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": ": where do people consume the most energy from fossil fuels?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-per-capita", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related chart:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-cons-per-capita", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Fossil fuel per capita by type", "description": "How much coal, oil and gas energy is consumed per person?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-fossil-energy-vs-gdp", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Per capita fossil fuel consumption vs. GDP", "description": "Do we consume more or less energy from fossil fuels as we get richer? Explore the data on how fossil fuels relate to income.", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Looking at energy consumption at the country level is often a strong reflection of population size rather than actual fossil fuel consumption per person.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "How do these comparisons look when we adjust for population?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the interactive chart we see the amount of energy from fossil fuels consumed per person. This is the sum of primary energy from coal, oil and gas combined.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Across the world we see that the largest consumers use more than ten times the amount of fossil energy than some of the smallest consumers.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Four tips on how you can interact with this chart", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 4, "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "list", "items": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Change the bar chart into a line chart:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " by clicking on the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can change the bar chart into a line chart.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "See the change over time:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " Using the 'play' button on the timeline you can see how this metric changes over time.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Add any other country:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "See the data on a world map:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " click on the 'MAP' tab to see the global overview across countries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Fossil fuel consumption by type", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the sections above we looked at the consumption of fossil fuels collectively. But it's important to look at the role of coal, oil and gas individually \u2013 their impacts are not equal. Coal, for example, typically produces more CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-subscript" }, { "text": " and local air pollution per unit of energy ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "[see ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy", "children": [ { "text": "our article", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " on the relative safety and impacts of different energy sources]", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the interactive charts here we fossil fuel consumption disaggregated by type. This is shown as a stacked area chart \u2013 useful for seeing the relative contribution of each; but also as a line chart which allows us to see how the consumption of each is changing over time.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "text": [ { "text": "How you can interact with the stacked area chart", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 4, "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "list", "items": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In these charts it is always possible to switch to any other country in the world by choosing ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Change Country", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " in the bottom left corner.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "By unticking the 'Relative' box, you can switch to see the breakdown of emissions in absolute terms.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-fuel-type", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-type", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Fossil fuels in the energy and electricity mix", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "What share of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "primary energy", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " comes from fossil fuels?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-share-energy", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related content:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Energy mix", "description": "What sources does our energy come from? Explore our work on the energy mix across the world.", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "How do fossil fuels fit in within the rest of the energy mix? What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas. Over the coming decades we need to rapidly reduce this share by displacing them with low-carbon energy sources.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the interactive chart we see how this share varies across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "A few points to keep in mind when considering this data:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "list", "items": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "These figures reflect ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "energy", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " consumption \u2013 that is the sum of all energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. Many people assume energy and electricity to mean the same, but electricity is just one component of total energy consumption. We look at electricity consumption later in this profile.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "These figures are based on primary energy consumption \u2013 given by the 'substitution method'. You can read our explainer on the different metrics used to measure energy ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#direct-vs-substituted-primary-energy-what-are-the-multiple-ways-of-energy-accounting", "children": [ { "text": "here", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Two tips on how you can interact with this chart", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 4, "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "list", "items": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "View the data for any country as a line chart:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " click on any country to see its change over time, or by using the 'CHART' tab at the bottom.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Add any other country to the line chart:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "What share of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "electricity", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " comes from fossil fuels?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-fossil-fuels", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related content:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Electricity mix", "description": "What sources does our electricity come from? Explore our work on the electricity mix across the world.", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Electricity is one component of total energy consumption \u2013 the other two being transport and heating.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In 2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas summed together) across the world. Oil accounts for only a small share of electricity production \u2013 most come from coal and gas. The share from coal and gas individually can be found in the sections below.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Coal", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Coal production", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": ": how much do countries produce?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-country", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related charts:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-prod-per-capita", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Coal production per capita", "description": "How much coal do countries produce per person?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-region", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Coal production by region", "description": "Which regions produce the most coal?", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Which countries produce the most coal? How has this changed over time?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the interactive chart here we see coal production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Note that this measures coal ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "production", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ", not consumption. Many countries consume energy from coal in their energy supply. But not all countries have ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#coal-reserves", "children": [ { "text": "coal reserves", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " to produce this themselves. This therefore measures coal production before trade between countries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Energy from coal", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": ": how much do countries consume?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related charts:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-per-capita", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Per capita consumption of energy from coal", "description": "Which countries consume the most coal per person?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-coal", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Annual change in coal energy consumption", "description": "How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-coal", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Annual percentage change in coal energy consumption", "description": "How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in percentage terms?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-region", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Coal consumption by region", "description": "Which regions consume the most coal?", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Fossil fuel production is an important metric to follow \u2013 it helps us understand where fossil fuels are being extracted. But we also care about where that energy is being consumed \u2013 that tells us what role fossil fuels are playing in the energy system of each country.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from coal across the world. This represents coal production adjusted for trade (so, coal exports are subtracted and imports are added).", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "What share of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "primary energy", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " comes from coal?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-energy-share", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Coal has been a critical energy sources, and mainstay in global energy production for centuries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "But it's also the most ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy", "children": [ { "text": "polluting energy source", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ": both in terms of the amount of CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-subscript" }, { "text": " it produces per unit of energy, but also the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "What share of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "electricity", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " comes from coal?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-coal", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Coal is currently the largest source of electricity globally. For many countries remains the dominant source. But, we also see that others have seen a massive shift away from coal in recent years \u2013 the UK is ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal", "children": [ { "text": "one such example", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from coal across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "When do countries plan to phase out coal?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-phase-out-timeline?country=FIN~POL~SLE", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Coal is the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?country=~OWID_WRL", "children": [ { "text": "world's oldest", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " industrial source of energy. It is still a dominant source of energy across the world today \u2013 especially within our electricity mix.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "But coal is the ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy", "children": [ { "text": "world's dirtiest fuel", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " \u2013 it not only emits the most carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, it has severe impacts on health through ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution", "children": [ { "text": "air pollution", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ".", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Many countries are therefore committing to phasing coal power out of their electricity mix. This map shows country pledges to achieve this. Some countries are already coal-free. Some have set to phase it out by 2030; 2040 or later. Some have not yet committed to eliminating it.{ref}This dataset is collated by Our World in Data based on several data sources, including:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA): https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "spanType": "span-newline" }, { "text": "Beyond Coal EU: https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-tracker/", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "spanType": "span-newline" }, { "text": "Bloomberg Global Coal Countdown: https://bloombergcoalcountdown.com/", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "spanType": "span-newline" }, { "text": "EMBER Climate: https://ember-climate.org/", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "spanType": "span-newline" }, { "text": "National announcements during the COP26 Climate Summit.{/ref}", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Oil", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Oil production", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": ": how much do countries produce?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related charts:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-prod-per-capita", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Oil production per capita", "description": "How much oil do countries produce per person?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-region", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Oil production by region", "description": "Which regions produce the most oil?", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Which countries produce the most oil? How has this changed over time?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the interactive chart here we see oil production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Note that this measures oil ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "production", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ", not consumption. Many countries consume energy from oil in their energy supply. But not all countries have ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#oil-reserves", "children": [ { "text": "oil reserves", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " to produce this themselves. 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But we also care about where that oil is being consumed \u2013 that tells us what role it's playing in the energy system of each country.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from oil across the world. 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It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from oil across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Gas", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 2, "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Gas production", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": ": how much do countries produce?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-production-by-country", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related charts:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-prod-per-capita", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Gas production per capita", "description": "How much gas do countries produce per person?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Gas production by region", "description": "Which regions produce the most natural gas?", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Which countries produce the most gas? How has this changed over time?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the interactive chart here we see gas production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Note that this measures gas ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "production", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ", not consumption. Many countries consume energy from gas in their energy supply. But not all countries have ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#gas-reserves", "children": [ { "text": "gas reserves", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " to produce this themselves. This therefore measures gas production before trade between countries.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Energy from gas", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": ": how much do countries consume?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-consumption-by-country", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "Related charts:", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 5, "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-gas", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Per capita consumption of energy from gas", "description": "Which countries consume the most gas per person?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-gas", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Annual change in gas energy consumption", "description": "How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-gas", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Annual percentage change in gas energy consumption", "description": "How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in percentage terms?", "parseErrors": [] }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-consumption-by-region", "type": "prominent-link", "title": "Gas consumption by region", "description": "Which regions consume the most natural gas?", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the section above we looked at where in the world gas is ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "produced", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": ". But, after trade, where in the world is gas consumed?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from gas across the world. This represents gas production adjusted for trade (so, gas exports are subtracted and imports are added).", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "What share of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "primary energy", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " comes from gas?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-share-energy", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly \u2013 often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix", "children": [ { "text": "electricity production", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": ", and a key source of heat.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from gas across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "text": [ { "text": "What share of ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "electricity", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-bold" }, { "text": " comes from gas?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "type": "heading", "level": 3, "parseErrors": [] }, { "left": [ { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-gas", "type": "chart", "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "sticky-right", "right": [ { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor", "children": [ { "text": "emits less CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-subscript" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor", "children": [ { "text": "emits less CO", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-subscript" } ], "spanType": "span-link" }, { "text": " per unit of energy. 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But where in the world does our existing reserves of fossil fuels remain?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Which countries have the potential to extract and sell them?", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "In the interactive chart we see proved coal reserves across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "It's important to distinguish ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "reserves", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " versus ", "spanType": "span-simple-text" }, { "children": [ { "text": "resources", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "spanType": "span-italic" }, { "text": " here. \"Proved reserves\" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. 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It's open-access and free for anyone to use.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "See how access to electricity and clean cooking fuels vary across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Explore long-term changes in energy production and consumption across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "How much of our energy comes from fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy? 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Explore the data.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Explore the long-term changes in nuclear energy production across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] }, { "type": "text", "value": [ { "text": "Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.", "spanType": "span-simple-text" } ], "parseErrors": [] } ], "type": "article", "title": "Fossil Fuels", "authors": [ "Hannah Ritchie", "Pablo Rosado", "Max Roser" ], "excerpt": "Coal, gas and oil were key to industrialization and rising prosperity, but their large impact on health and the climate mean that we should transition away from these sources of energy.", "dateline": "October 2, 2017", "subtitle": "Coal, gas and oil were key to industrialization and rising prosperity, but their large impact on health and the climate mean that we should transition away from these sources of energy.", "sidebar-toc": false, 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"details": "Found unhandled wp:comment tag owid/grid" } ], "numBlocks": 88, "numErrors": 29, "wpTagCounts": { "html": 22, "list": 11, "image": 1, "table": 1, "column": 44, "columns": 22, "heading": 54, "owid/card": 11, "owid/grid": 1, "owid/help": 4, "paragraph": 114, "owid/prominent-link": 26 }, "htmlTagCounts": { "p": 114, "h2": 10, "h3": 20, "h4": 12, "h5": 12, "ul": 11, "div": 67, "table": 1, "figure": 2, "iframe": 21 } }	2017-10-02 05:40:15	2024-02-16 14:22:39	1367JYppXDeRKREHYCj8x3mnvp69UUJIpun2P2yHjUXc	[ "Hannah Ritchie", "Pablo Rosado" ]	Coal, gas and oil were key to industrialization and rising prosperity, but their large impact on health and the climate mean that we should transition away from these sources of energy.	2017-10-25 10:09:44	2023-08-21 10:50:46	https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels.png	{ "subnavId": "energy", "subnavCurrentId": "fossil-fuels" }	For most of human history our ancestors relied on very basic forms of energy: human muscle, animal muscle and the burning of biomass such as wood or crops. But the Industrial Revolution unlocked a whole new energy resource: fossil fuels. Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of the technological, social, economic and development progress which has followed. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems. But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned they produce [carbon dioxide](http://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions) (CO2) and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major contributor to local [air pollution](http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution), which is estimated to linked to millions of premature deaths each year. As low-carbon sources of energy – nuclear and renewables – become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels. This article presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas – how much countries produce and consume; where our fossil fuel reserves are; and what role the fuels play in our energy and electricity systems. ## Fossil fuel consumption ### Global fossil fuel consumption <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-fossil-fuel-consumption"/> The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries – both in terms of what and how much we burn. In the interactive chart we see global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800. Earlier data, pre-1965, is sourced from Vaclav Smil's work on energy transitions; this has been combined with data published in BP's [Statistical Review of World Energy](https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html) from 1965 onwards.{ref}Vaclav Smil (2017). [Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives](http://vaclavsmil.com/2016/12/14/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/).{/ref} Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980. But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination with oil, and then gas. Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still growing quickly. ### Fossil fuel consumption: which countries use the most energy from fossil fuels? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-primary-energy"/> ##### Related charts: ### Annual percentage change in fossil fuel consumption How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-fossil-fuels ### Annual change in fossil fuel consumption How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-fossil-fuels We've looked at how much fossil fuel energy is consumed globally. But what about countries? How much fossil energy do they consume? The interactive chart here shows the amount of primary energy from fossil fuels that is consumed each year. This is the sum of energy from coal, oil and gas. In the sections below we look at each of these sources individually. #### Three tips on how to interact with this map * By clicking on any country on the map you see the change over time in this country. * By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time. * You can focus on a particular world region using the dropdown menu to the top-right of the map. ### Per capita: where do people consume the most energy from fossil fuels? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-per-capita"/> ##### Related chart: ### Fossil fuel per capita by type How much coal, oil and gas energy is consumed per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-cons-per-capita ### Per capita fossil fuel consumption vs. GDP Do we consume more or less energy from fossil fuels as we get richer? Explore the data on how fossil fuels relate to income. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-fossil-energy-vs-gdp Looking at energy consumption at the country level is often a strong reflection of population size rather than actual fossil fuel consumption per person. How do these comparisons look when we adjust for population? In the interactive chart we see the amount of energy from fossil fuels consumed per person. This is the sum of primary energy from coal, oil and gas combined. Across the world we see that the largest consumers use more than ten times the amount of fossil energy than some of the smallest consumers. #### Four tips on how you can interact with this chart * Change the bar chart into a line chart: by clicking on the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can change the bar chart into a line chart. * See the change over time: Using the 'play' button on the timeline you can see how this metric changes over time. * Add any other country: click on the Add country button to compare with any other country. * See the data on a world map: click on the 'MAP' tab to see the global overview across countries. ### Fossil fuel consumption by type In the sections above we looked at the consumption of fossil fuels collectively. But it's important to look at the role of coal, oil and gas individually – their impacts are not equal. Coal, for example, typically produces more CO2 and local air pollution per unit of energy _[see [our article](https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy) on the relative safety and impacts of different energy sources]_. In the interactive charts here we fossil fuel consumption disaggregated by type. This is shown as a stacked area chart – useful for seeing the relative contribution of each; but also as a line chart which allows us to see how the consumption of each is changing over time. #### How you can interact with the stacked area chart * In these charts it is always possible to switch to any other country in the world by choosing Change Country in the bottom left corner. * By unticking the 'Relative' box, you can switch to see the breakdown of emissions in absolute terms. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-fuel-type"/> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-type"/> ## Fossil fuels in the energy and electricity mix ### What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-share-energy"/> ##### Related content: ### Energy mix What sources does our energy come from? Explore our work on the energy mix across the world. https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix How do fossil fuels fit in within the rest of the energy mix? What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels? In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas. Over the coming decades we need to rapidly reduce this share by displacing them with low-carbon energy sources. In the interactive chart we see how this share varies across the world. ##### A few points to keep in mind when considering this data: * These figures reflect _energy_ consumption – that is the sum of all energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. Many people assume energy and electricity to mean the same, but electricity is just one component of total energy consumption. We look at electricity consumption later in this profile. * These figures are based on primary energy consumption – given by the 'substitution method'. You can read our explainer on the different metrics used to measure energy [here](https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#direct-vs-substituted-primary-energy-what-are-the-multiple-ways-of-energy-accounting). #### Two tips on how you can interact with this chart * View the data for any country as a line chart: click on any country to see its change over time, or by using the 'CHART' tab at the bottom. * Add any other country to the line chart: click on the Add country button to compare with any other country. ### What share of electricity comes from fossil fuels? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-fossil-fuels"/> ##### Related content: ### Electricity mix What sources does our electricity come from? Explore our work on the electricity mix across the world. https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix Electricity is one component of total energy consumption – the other two being transport and heating. Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In 2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels. This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas summed together) across the world. Oil accounts for only a small share of electricity production – most come from coal and gas. The share from coal and gas individually can be found in the sections below. ## Coal ### Coal production: how much do countries produce? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Coal production per capita How much coal do countries produce per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-prod-per-capita ### Coal production by region Which regions produce the most coal? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-region Which countries produce the most coal? How has this changed over time? In the interactive chart here we see coal production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy. Note that this measures coal _production_, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from coal in their energy supply. But not all countries have [coal reserves](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#coal-reserves) to produce this themselves. This therefore measures coal production before trade between countries. ### Energy from coal: how much do countries consume? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh"/> ##### Related charts: ### Per capita consumption of energy from coal Which countries consume the most coal per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-per-capita ### Annual change in coal energy consumption How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-coal ### Annual percentage change in coal energy consumption How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in percentage terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-coal ### Coal consumption by region Which regions consume the most coal? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-region Fossil fuel production is an important metric to follow – it helps us understand where fossil fuels are being extracted. But we also care about where that energy is being consumed – that tells us what role fossil fuels are playing in the energy system of each country. This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from coal across the world. This represents coal production adjusted for trade (so, coal exports are subtracted and imports are added). ### What share of primary energy comes from coal? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-energy-share"/> Coal has been a critical energy sources, and mainstay in global energy production for centuries. But it's also the most [polluting energy source](https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy): both in terms of the amount of CO2 it produces per unit of energy, but also the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health. This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world. ### What share of electricity comes from coal? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-coal"/> Coal is currently the largest source of electricity globally. For many countries remains the dominant source. But, we also see that others have seen a massive shift away from coal in recent years – the UK is [one such example](https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal). This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from coal across the world. ### When do countries plan to phase out coal? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-phase-out-timeline?country=FIN~POL~SLE"/> Coal is the [world's oldest](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?country=~OWID_WRL) industrial source of energy. It is still a dominant source of energy across the world today – especially within our electricity mix. But coal is the [world's dirtiest fuel](https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy) – it not only emits the most carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, it has severe impacts on health through [air pollution](http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution). Many countries are therefore committing to phasing coal power out of their electricity mix. This map shows country pledges to achieve this. Some countries are already coal-free. Some have set to phase it out by 2030; 2040 or later. Some have not yet committed to eliminating it.{ref}This dataset is collated by Our World in Data based on several data sources, including: Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA): https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/ Beyond Coal EU: https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-tracker/ Bloomberg Global Coal Countdown: https://bloombergcoalcountdown.com/ EMBER Climate: https://ember-climate.org/ National announcements during the COP26 Climate Summit.{/ref} ## Oil ### Oil production: how much do countries produce? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Oil production per capita How much oil do countries produce per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-prod-per-capita ### Oil production by region Which regions produce the most oil? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-region Which countries produce the most oil? How has this changed over time? In the interactive chart here we see oil production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy. Note that this measures oil _production_, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from oil in their energy supply. But not all countries have [oil reserves](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#oil-reserves) to produce this themselves. This therefore measures oil production before trade between countries. ### Energy from oil: how much do countries consume? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Per capita consumption of energy from oil Which countries consume the most oil per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-oil ### Annual change in oil energy consumption How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-oil ### Annual percentage change in oil energy consumption How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in percentage terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-oil ### Oil consumption by region Which regions consume the most oil? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh Oil production is an important indicator to follow – it helps us understand where it's being extracted, who the main oil producers are, and how this related to oil reserves. But we also care about where that oil is being consumed – that tells us what role it's playing in the energy system of each country. This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from oil across the world. This represents oil production adjusted for trade (so, oil exports are subtracted and imports are added). ### What share of primary energy comes from oil? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-share-energy"/> Oil is the world's largest energy source today. It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular. This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from oil across the world. ## Gas ### Gas production: how much do countries produce? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-production-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Gas production per capita How much gas do countries produce per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-prod-per-capita ### Gas production by region Which regions produce the most natural gas? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh Which countries produce the most gas? How has this changed over time? In the interactive chart here we see gas production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy. Note that this measures gas _production_, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from gas in their energy supply. But not all countries have [gas reserves](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#gas-reserves) to produce this themselves. This therefore measures gas production before trade between countries. ### Energy from gas: how much do countries consume? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-consumption-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Per capita consumption of energy from gas Which countries consume the most gas per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-gas ### Annual change in gas energy consumption How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-gas ### Annual percentage change in gas energy consumption How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in percentage terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-gas ### Gas consumption by region Which regions consume the most natural gas? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-consumption-by-region In the section above we looked at where in the world gas is _produced_. But, after trade, where in the world is gas consumed? This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from gas across the world. This represents gas production adjusted for trade (so, gas exports are subtracted and imports are added). ### What share of primary energy comes from gas? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-share-energy"/> Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly – often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of [electricity production](http://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix), and a key source of heat. This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from gas across the world. ### What share of electricity comes from gas? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-gas"/> Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically [emits less CO2](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor) per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear. Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically [emits less CO2](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor) per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear. This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world. This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world. ## Fossil fuel reserves ### Coal reserves <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-proved-reserves"/> ##### Related chart: ### Coal reserves by quality/type Coal sources are not homogeneous – they vary significantly in chemical composition and quality. How do coal reserves break down by quality? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-reserves-by-type In previous sections we looked at how much fossil fuels different countries produced or consumed. But where in the world does our existing reserves of fossil fuels remain? Which countries have the potential to extract and sell them? In the interactive chart we see proved coal reserves across the world. It's important to distinguish _reserves_ versus _resources_ here. "Proved reserves" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. _Reserves_ represent only some fraction of _resources_, however; we continue to discover new quantities of coal, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of _reserves_ changes all the time – not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'. We look at the difference between _reserves_ and _resources_ in more detail [here](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve). ### Gas reserves <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-proved-reserves"/> Where in the world do we have gas reserves? Which countries have the ability to extract, consume and trade? In the interactive chart we see proved gas reserves across the world. It's important to distinguish _reserves_ versus _resources_ here. "Proved reserves" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. _Reserves_ represent only some fraction of _resources_, however; we continue to discover new quantities of gas, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of _reserves_ changes all the time – not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'. We look at the difference between _reserves_ and _resources_ in more detail [here](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve). ## CO2 emissions from fossil fuels ### CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel How have fossil fuels contributed to global CO2 emissions and climate change? Has coal, oil or gas made the largest contribution to emissions across the world? ourworldindata.org/co2-by-fuel Three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from energy production. To stand a chance of meeting our climate change targets, we must rapidly reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. Explore our related work on CO2 emissions – where they come from and how they are changing over time. ## Definitions & Measurement #### Reserves vs. Resources: When does a resource become a reserve? The terms 'reserves' and 'resources' are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction between the two. The chart explains this distinction visually. It is true that every reserve is a resource, but not every resource is a reserve. There are two requirements which determine whether a mineral resource becomes a reserve. The first is the degree of certainty that it exists: the planet likely has many mineral resources which we have not yet discovered. So to be defined as a reserve, we must have either a proved, probable or possible understanding of its existence. The second criteria relates to the economic feasibility of being able to access and extract the mineral resource. To be defined as a reserve, it must be economically and technologically viable to recover. If the economics are subeconomic (i.e. would result in a net loss) or marginal, a mineral resource is not defined as a reserve. Whilst the original source of this concept - the American geologist Vincent McKelvey - visualised it as a static box, this transition between resources and reserve classifications is dynamic. As we discover previously unknown resources, and develop improved extraction technologies for economic recovery, this reserves box can grow with time (or shrink as we consume them). <Image filename="Reserves-vs.-Resources-01.png" alt=""/> #### Units of energy To maintain consistency between metrics and sources, we have attempted to normalise all energy data to units of watt-hours (Wh), or one of its SI prefixes. The table shows the conversion of watt-hours to the range of SI prefixes used. <div class="raw-html-table__container"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>SI Unit</strong></td><td><strong>Watt-hour (Wh) equivalent</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Watt-hour (Wh)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Kilowatt-hour (kWh)</td><td>One thousand watt-hours (10<sup>3</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Megawatt-hour (MWh)</td><td>One million watt-hours (10<sup>6</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Gigawatt-hour (GWh)</td><td>One billion watt-hours (10<sup>9</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Terawatt-hour (TWh)</td><td>One trillion watt-hours (10<sup>12</sup> Wh)</td></tr></tbody></table></div> ## Data Sources #### BP Statistical Review of World Energy * Data: BP publishes data on Oil, Gas Coal, Nuclear Energy, Hydroelectricity, Renewables, Primary Energy Consumption, Electricity Generation, Carbon Doixide Emissions * Geographical coverage: Global - by country and region * Time span: Annual data since 1951 * Available at: Online at [www.BP.com](http://web.archive.org/web/20140605044810/http://www.bp.com:80/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html) #### The Shift Project (TSP) * Data: Historical Energy Consumption Statistics and Historical Energy Production Statistics * Geographical coverage: Global - by country and world region * Time span: Since 1900 * Available at: Both datasets are online at [www.tsp-data-portal.org](http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/all-datasets). #### IEA - International Energy Agency * Data: Data on electricity, oil, gas, coal and renewables. Data on CO2 emissions (also projections) * Geographical coverage: Global - by country * Time span: Last decades * Available at: Online at [www.iea.org](http://data.iea.org/) * _The IEA is publishing the [World Energy Outlook](https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook)._ * __ You have to pay to access the IEA databases. But some data is available through Gapminder, for example [Residential Energy Use (%)](http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=8.91419354838709;ti=2010$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=0ArfEDsV3bBwCdEV1RkJqTEItQnJYVXJlZzVuc3Y3Mmc;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=282;dataMax=119849$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0;dataMax=98$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=). (for few countries since 1960, for more countries since 1971 or 1981)__ #### Energy Information Administration * Data: Total and crude oil production, oil consumption, natural gas production and consumption, coal production and consumption, electricity generation and consumption, primary energy, energy intensity, CO2 emissions and imports and exports for all fuels * Geographical coverage: Global - by country * Time span: Annual data since 1980 * Available at: Online at [ww.eia.gov](http://www.eia.gov) * _ EIA is a US government agency._ #### World Development Indicators - World Bank * Geographical coverage: Global - by country and world region * Time span: Last decades * Data: [Energy use (kt of oil equivalent)](http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.COMM.KT.OE) - [Energy use (kg of oil equivalent _per capita_)](http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE) - [Energy production (kt of oil equivalent)](http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.EGY.PROD.KT.OE) * _Many more related indicators. _ #### Eurostat * Data: Production & consumption of energy. * Geographical coverage: Europe * Time span: * Data on: [Energy production and imports](http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports) - [Consumption of energy](http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Consumption_of_energy) - [Electricity production, consumption and markets](http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Electricity_production,_consumption_and_market_overview). ## Explore more of our work on Energy Explore all the metrics – energy production, electricity consumption, and breakdown of fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear energy. Get an overview of energy for any country on a single page. Download our complete dataset of energy metrics on GitHub. It's open-access and free for anyone to use. See how access to electricity and clean cooking fuels vary across the world. Explore long-term changes in energy production and consumption across the world. How much of our energy comes from fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy? See the breakdown of the energy mix. Explore the breakdown of the electricity mix and how this is changing. See the long-term changes in coal, oil and gas production and consumption. How quickly are countries scaling up the production of renewable technologies? Explore the data. Explore the long-term changes in nuclear energy production across the world. Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.	{ "id": 13697, "date": "2017-10-02T06:40:15", "guid": { "rendered": "https://ourworldindata.org/?page_id=13697" }, "link": "https://owid.cloud/fossil-fuels", "meta": { "owid_publication_context_meta_field": [], "owid_key_performance_indicators_meta_field": { "raw": "84% of global primary energy comes from fossil fuels.\n\nDeaths per TWh range from 2.8 for gas to 24.6 for coal.", "rendered": "<p><strong>84%</strong> of global primary energy comes from fossil fuels.</p>\n<p>Deaths per TWh range from <strong>2.8</strong> for gas to <strong>24.6</strong> for coal.</p>\n" } }, "slug": "fossil-fuels", "tags": [], "type": "page", "title": { "rendered": "Fossil Fuels" }, "_links": { "self": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/13697" } ], "about": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/types/page" } ], "author": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/users/17", "embeddable": true } ], "curies": [ { "href": "https://api.w.org/{rel}", "name": "wp", "templated": true } ], "replies": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/comments?post=13697", "embeddable": true } ], "wp:term": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/categories?post=13697", "taxonomy": "category", "embeddable": true }, { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/tags?post=13697", "taxonomy": "post_tag", "embeddable": true } ], "collection": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/pages" } ], "wp:attachment": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/media?parent=13697" } ], "version-history": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/13697/revisions", "count": 30 } ], "wp:featuredmedia": [ { "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/media/41037", "embeddable": true } ], "predecessor-version": [ { "id": 58021, "href": "https://owid.cloud/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/13697/revisions/58021" } ] }, "author": 17, "parent": 0, "status": "publish", "content": { "rendered": "\n<!-- formatting-options subnavId:energy subnavCurrentId:fossil-fuels -->\n\n\n\n<p>For most of human history our ancestors relied on very basic forms of energy: human muscle, animal muscle and the burning of biomass such as wood or crops. But the Industrial Revolution unlocked a whole new energy resource: fossil fuels. Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of the technological, social, economic and development progress which has followed.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned they produce <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions\">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major contributor to local <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution\">air pollution</a>, which is estimated to linked to millions of premature deaths each year.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>As low-carbon sources of energy \u2013 nuclear and renewables \u2013 become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas \u2013 how much countries produce and consume; where our fossil fuel reserves are; and what role the fuels play in our energy and electricity systems.</p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Fossil fuel consumption</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Global fossil fuel consumption</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-fossil-fuel-consumption\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries \u2013 both in terms of what and how much we burn.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800. Earlier data, pre-1965, is sourced from Vaclav Smil’s work on energy transitions; this has been combined with data published in BP’s <a href=\"https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html\">Statistical Review of World Energy</a> from 1965 onwards.{ref}Vaclav Smil (2017). <a href=\"http://vaclavsmil.com/2016/12/14/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/\">Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives</a>.{/ref} </p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination with oil, and then gas. Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still growing quickly. </p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Fossil fuel consumption</strong>: which countries use the most energy from fossil fuels?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-primary-energy\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-fossil-fuels</link-url>\n <title>Annual percentage change in fossil fuel consumption</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-fossil-fuels</link-url>\n <title>Annual change in fossil fuel consumption</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>We’ve looked at how much fossil fuel energy is consumed globally. But what about countries? How much fossil energy do they consume?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>The interactive chart here shows the amount of primary energy from fossil fuels that is consumed each year.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the sum of energy from coal, oil and gas. In the sections below we look at each of these sources individually.</p>\n\n\n\t<block type=\"help\">\n\t\t<content>\n\n<h4>Three tips on how to interact with this map</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>By clicking on any country on the map you see the change over time in this country.</li><li>By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time.</li><li>You can focus on a particular world region using the dropdown menu to the top-right of the map.</li></ul>\n\n</content>\n\t</block></div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Per capita</strong>: where do people consume the most energy from fossil fuels?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-per-capita\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related chart:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-cons-per-capita</link-url>\n <title>Fossil fuel per capita by type</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How much coal, oil and gas energy is consumed per person?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-fossil-energy-vs-gdp</link-url>\n <title>Per capita fossil fuel consumption vs. GDP</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Do we consume more or less energy from fossil fuels as we get richer? Explore the data on how fossil fuels relate to income.</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Looking at energy consumption at the country level is often a strong reflection of population size rather than actual fossil fuel consumption per person.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>How do these comparisons look when we adjust for population?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see the amount of energy from fossil fuels consumed per person. This is the sum of primary energy from coal, oil and gas combined.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Across the world we see that the largest consumers use more than ten times the amount of fossil energy than some of the smallest consumers.</p>\n\n\n\t<block type=\"help\">\n\t\t<content>\n\n<h4>Four tips on how you can interact with this chart</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Change the bar chart into a line chart:</strong> by clicking on the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can change the bar chart into a line chart.</li><li><strong>See the change over time:</strong> Using the ‘play’ button on the timeline you can see how this metric changes over time.</li><li><strong>Add any other country:</strong> click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.</li><li><strong>See the data on a world map:</strong> click on the ‘MAP’ tab to see the global overview across countries.</li></ul>\n\n</content>\n\t</block></div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>Fossil fuel consumption by type</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-side-by-side\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>In the sections above we looked at the consumption of fossil fuels collectively. But it’s important to look at the role of coal, oil and gas individually \u2013 their impacts are not equal. Coal, for example, typically produces more CO<sub>2</sub> and local air pollution per unit of energy <em>[see <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy\">our article</a> on the relative safety and impacts of different energy sources]</em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive charts here we fossil fuel consumption disaggregated by type. This is shown as a stacked area chart \u2013 useful for seeing the relative contribution of each; but also as a line chart which allows us to see how the consumption of each is changing over time.</p>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\t<block type=\"help\">\n\t\t<content>\n\n<h4>How you can interact with the stacked area chart</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>In these charts it is always possible to switch to any other country in the world by choosing <strong>Change Country</strong> in the bottom left corner.</li><li>By unticking the ‘Relative’ box, you can switch to see the breakdown of emissions in absolute terms.</li></ul>\n\n</content>\n\t</block></div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-side-by-side\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-fuel-type\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-type\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Fossil fuels in the energy and electricity mix</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from fossil fuels?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-share-energy\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related content:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix</link-url>\n <title>Energy mix</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>What sources does our energy come from? Explore our work on the energy mix across the world.</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/energy-consumption-by-source-and-region-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>How do fossil fuels fit in within the rest of the energy mix? What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas. Over the coming decades we need to rapidly reduce this share by displacing them with low-carbon energy sources.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see how this share varies across the world.</p>\n\n\n\n<h5>A few points to keep in mind when considering this data:</h5>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>These figures reflect <em>energy</em> consumption \u2013 that is the sum of all energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. Many people assume energy and electricity to mean the same, but electricity is just one component of total energy consumption. We look at electricity consumption later in this profile.</li><li>These figures are based on primary energy consumption \u2013 given by the ‘substitution method’. You can read our explainer on the different metrics used to measure energy <strong><a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#direct-vs-substituted-primary-energy-what-are-the-multiple-ways-of-energy-accounting\">here</a></strong>.</li></ul>\n\n\n\t<block type=\"help\">\n\t\t<content>\n\n<h4>Two tips on how you can interact with this chart</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>View the data for any country as a line chart:</strong> click on any country to see its change over time, or by using the ‘CHART’ tab at the bottom.</li><li><strong>Add any other country to the line chart:</strong> click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.</li></ul>\n\n</content>\n\t</block></div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from fossil fuels?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-fossil-fuels\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related content:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix</link-url>\n <title>Electricity mix</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>What sources does our electricity come from? Explore our work on the electricity mix across the world.</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Electricity is one component of total energy consumption \u2013 the other two being transport and heating.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In 2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas summed together) across the world. Oil accounts for only a small share of electricity production \u2013 most come from coal and gas. The share from coal and gas individually can be found in the sections below.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Coal</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Coal production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-prod-per-capita</link-url>\n <title>Coal production per capita</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How much coal do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-region</link-url>\n <title>Coal production by region</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which regions produce the most coal?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-production-by-region.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Which countries produce the most coal? How has this changed over time?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart here we see coal production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that this measures coal <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from coal in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#coal-reserves\">coal reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures coal production before trade between countries.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Energy from coal</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-per-capita</link-url>\n <title>Per capita consumption of energy from coal</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which countries consume the most coal <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/per-capita-coal.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-coal</link-url>\n <title>Annual change in coal energy consumption</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-coal</link-url>\n <title>Annual percentage change in coal energy consumption</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-region</link-url>\n <title>Coal consumption by region</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which regions consume the most coal?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-consumption-by-region.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Fossil fuel production is an important metric to follow \u2013 it helps us understand where fossil fuels are being extracted. But we also care about where that energy is being consumed \u2013 that tells us what role fossil fuels are playing in the energy system of each country.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from coal across the world. This represents coal production adjusted for trade (so, coal exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p>\n\n\n\n<p></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from coal?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-energy-share\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Coal has been a critical energy sources, and mainstay in global energy production for centuries.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>But it’s also the most <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy\">polluting energy source</a>: both in terms of the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> it produces per unit of energy, but also the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from coal?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-coal\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Coal is currently the largest source of electricity globally. For many countries remains the dominant source. But, we also see that others have seen a massive shift away from coal in recent years \u2013 the UK is <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal\">one such example</a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from coal across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>When do countries plan to phase out coal?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-phase-out-timeline?country=FIN~POL~SLE\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Coal is the <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?country=~OWID_WRL\">world’s oldest</a> industrial source of energy. It is still a dominant source of energy across the world today \u2013 especially within our electricity mix.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>But coal is the <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy\">world’s dirtiest fuel</a> \u2013 it not only emits the most carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, it has severe impacts on health through <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution\">air pollution</a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many countries are therefore committing to phasing coal power out of their electricity mix. This map shows country pledges to achieve this. Some countries are already coal-free. Some have set to phase it out by 2030; 2040 or later. Some have not yet committed to eliminating it.{ref}This dataset is collated by Our World in Data based on several data sources, including:</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA): https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/<br>Beyond Coal EU: https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-tracker/<br>Bloomberg Global Coal Countdown: https://bloombergcoalcountdown.com/<br>EMBER Climate: https://ember-climate.org/<br>National announcements during the COP26 Climate Summit.{/ref}</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Oil</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Oil production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-prod-per-capita</link-url>\n <title>Oil production per capita</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How much oil do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-region</link-url>\n <title>Oil production by region</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which regions produce the most oil?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/oil-production-by-region.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Which countries produce the most oil? How has this changed over time?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart here we see oil production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that this measures oil <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from oil in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#oil-reserves\">oil reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures oil production before trade between countries.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Energy from oil</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-oil</link-url>\n <title>Per capita consumption of energy from oil</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which countries consume the most oil <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/per-capita-oil.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-oil</link-url>\n <title>Annual change in oil energy consumption</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-oil</link-url>\n <title>Annual percentage change in oil energy consumption</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh</link-url>\n <title>Oil consumption by region</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which regions consume the most oil?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/oil-consumption-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Oil production is an important indicator to follow \u2013 it helps us understand where it’s being extracted, who the main oil producers are, and how this related to oil reserves. But we also care about where that oil is being consumed \u2013 that tells us what role it’s playing in the energy system of each country.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from oil across the world. This represents oil production adjusted for trade (so, oil exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from oil?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-share-energy\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Oil is the world’s largest energy source today. It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from oil across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Gas</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Gas production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-production-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-prod-per-capita</link-url>\n <title>Gas production per capita</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How much gas do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh</link-url>\n <title>Gas production by region</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which regions produce the most natural gas?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Which countries produce the most gas? How has this changed over time?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart here we see gas production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that this measures gas <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from gas in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#gas-reserves\">gas reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures gas production before trade between countries.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Energy from gas</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-consumption-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-gas</link-url>\n <title>Per capita consumption of energy from gas</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which countries consume the most gas <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-gas</link-url>\n <title>Annual change in gas energy consumption</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-gas</link-url>\n <title>Annual percentage change in gas energy consumption</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure></figure>\n </block>\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-consumption-by-region</link-url>\n <title>Gas consumption by region</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Which regions consume the most natural gas?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/natural-gas-consumption-by-region.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>In the section above we looked at where in the world gas is <em>produced</em>. But, after trade, where in the world is gas consumed?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from gas across the world. This represents gas production adjusted for trade (so, gas exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from gas?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-share-energy\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly \u2013 often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix\">electricity production</a>, and a key source of heat.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from gas across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from gas?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-gas\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. </p>\n\n\n\n<p>Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor\">emits less CO<sub>2</sub></a> per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. </p>\n\n\n\n<p>Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor\">emits less CO<sub>2</sub></a> per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Fossil fuel reserves</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Coal reserves</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-proved-reserves\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related chart:</h5>\n\n\n <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-reserves-by-type</link-url>\n <title>Coal reserves by quality/type</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>Coal sources are not homogeneous \u2013 they vary significantly in chemical composition and quality. How do coal reserves break down by quality?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-reserves-by-type.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>In previous sections we looked at how much fossil fuels different countries produced or consumed. But where in the world does our existing reserves of fossil fuels remain?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which countries have the potential to extract and sell them?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see proved coal reserves across the world.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It’s important to distinguish <em>reserves</em> versus <em>resources</em> here. “Proved reserves” represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it’s there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. </p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Reserves</em> represent only some fraction of <em>resources</em>, however; we continue to discover new quantities of coal, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of <em>reserves</em> changes all the time \u2013 not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are ‘unlocked’.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>We look at the difference between <em>reserves</em> and <em>resources</em> in more detail <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve\"><strong>here</strong></a>.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>Gas reserves</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-proved-reserves\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Where in the world do we have gas reserves? Which countries have the ability to extract, consume and trade?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see proved gas reserves across the world.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It’s important to distinguish <em>reserves</em> versus <em>resources</em> here. “Proved reserves” represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it’s there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. </p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Reserves</em> represent only some fraction of <em>resources</em>, however; we continue to discover new quantities of gas, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of <em>reserves</em> changes all the time \u2013 not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are ‘unlocked’.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>We look at the difference between <em>reserves</em> and <em>resources</em> in more detail <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve\"><strong>here</strong></a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels</h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\"> <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n <link-url>http://ourworldindata.org/co2-by-fuel</link-url>\n <title>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel</title>\n <content>\n\n<p>How have fossil fuels contributed to global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change? Has coal, oil or gas made the largest contribution to emissions across the world?</p>\n\n</content>\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/annual-co-emissions-by-region-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from energy production. To stand a chance of meeting our climate change targets, we must rapidly reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Explore our related work on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions \u2013 where they come from and how they are changing over time.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Definitions & Measurement</h2>\n\n\n\n<h4>Reserves vs. Resources: When does a resource become a reserve?</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The terms ‘reserves’ and ‘resources’ are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction between the two. The chart explains this distinction visually.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is true that every reserve is a resource, but not every resource is a reserve. There are two requirements which determine whether a mineral resource becomes a reserve. The first is the degree of certainty that it exists: the planet likely has many mineral resources which we have not yet discovered. So to be defined as a reserve, we must have either a proved, probable or possible understanding of its existence. The second criteria relates to the economic feasibility of being able to access and extract the mineral resource. To be defined as a reserve, it must be economically and technologically viable to recover. If the economics are subeconomic (i.e. would result in a net loss) or marginal, a mineral resource is not defined as a reserve.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whilst the original source of this concept – the American geologist Vincent McKelvey – visualised it as a static box, this transition between resources and reserve classifications is dynamic. As we discover previously unknown resources, and develop improved extraction technologies for economic recovery, this reserves box can grow with time (or shrink as we consume them).</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"750\" height=\"538\" src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-750x538.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15047\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-750x538.png 750w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-150x108.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-400x287.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-768x551.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" /></a></figure></div>\n\n\n\n<h4>Units of energy</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>To maintain consistency between metrics and sources, we have attempted to normalise all energy data to units of watt-hours (Wh), or one of its SI prefixes. The table shows the conversion of watt-hours to the range of SI prefixes used.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>SI Unit</strong></td><td><strong>Watt-hour (Wh) equivalent</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Watt-hour (Wh)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>Kilowatt-hour (kWh)</td><td>One thousand watt-hours (10<sup>3</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Megawatt-hour (MWh)</td><td>One million watt-hours (10<sup>6</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Gigawatt-hour (GWh)</td><td>One billion watt-hours (10<sup>9</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Terawatt-hour (TWh)</td><td>One trillion watt-hours (10<sup>12</sup> Wh)</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>\n\n\n\n<h2>Data Sources</h2>\n\n\n\n<h4>BP Statistical Review of World Energy</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> BP publishes data on Oil, Gas Coal, Nuclear Energy, Hydroelectricity, Renewables, Primary Energy Consumption, Electricity Generation, Carbon Doixide Emissions</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global – by country and region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Annual data since 1951</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at <a href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20140605044810/http://www.bp.com:80/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html\">www.BP.com</a></li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>The Shift Project (TSP)</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Historical Energy Consumption Statistics and Historical Energy Production Statistics</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global – by country and world region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Since 1900</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Both datasets are online at <a href=\"http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/all-datasets\">www.tsp-data-portal.org</a>.</li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>IEA – International Energy Agency</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Data on electricity, oil, gas, coal and renewables. Data on CO2 emissions (also projections)</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global – by country</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Last decades</li><li><strong>Available at: </strong>Online at <a href=\"http://data.iea.org/\">www.iea.org</a><strong><br></strong></li><li><em>The IEA is publishing the <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Energy Outlook</a>.</em></li><li><em><em> You have to pay to access the IEA databases. But some data is available through Gapminder, for example <a href=\"http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=8.91419354838709;ti=2010$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=0ArfEDsV3bBwCdEV1RkJqTEItQnJYVXJlZzVuc3Y3Mmc;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=282;dataMax=119849$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0;dataMax=98$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=\">Residential Energy Use (%)</a>. (for few countries since 1960, for more countries since 1971 or 1981)</em></em></li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Energy Information Administration</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Total and crude oil production, oil consumption, natural gas production and consumption, coal production and consumption, electricity generation and consumption, primary energy, energy intensity, CO2 emissions and imports and exports for all fuels</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global – by country</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Annual data since 1980</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at <a href=\"http://www.eia.gov\">ww.eia.gov</a></li><li class=\"no-bullet\"><em> EIA is a US government agency.</em></li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>World Development Indicators – World Bank</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Geographical coverage: </strong>Global – by country and world region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Last decades</li><li><strong>Data: </strong><a href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.COMM.KT.OE\">Energy use (kt of oil equivalent)</a> – <a href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE\">Energy use (kg of oil equivalent <em>per capita</em>)</a> – <a href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.EGY.PROD.KT.OE\">Energy production (kt of oil equivalent)</a><strong><br></strong></li><li class=\"no-bullet\"><em>Many more related indicators.<br></em></li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Eurostat</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Production & consumption of energy.</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Europe</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong></li><li><strong>Data on: </strong><a href=\"http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports\">Energy production and imports</a> – <a href=\"http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Consumption_of_energy\">Consumption of energy</a> – <a href=\"http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Electricity_production,_consumption_and_market_overview\">Electricity production, consumption and markets</a>.</li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Explore more of our work on Energy</h2>\n\n\n\t<div class=\"wp-block-owid-grid \">\n\t\t\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"COVID-19 data explorer\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>Explore all the metrics \u2013 energy production, electricity consumption, and breakdown of fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear energy.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy#country-profiles\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"COVID-19 country profiles\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>Get an overview of energy for any country on a single page.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://github.com/owid/energy-data\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"download complete COVID-19 dataset\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>Download our complete dataset of energy metrics on GitHub. It’s open-access and free for anyone to use.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-access\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>See how access to electricity and clean cooking fuels vary across the world.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>Explore long-term changes in energy production and consumption across the world.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/energy-mix\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>How much of our energy comes from fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy? See the breakdown of the energy mix.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/electricity-mix\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>Explore the breakdown of the electricity mix and how this is changing.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/fossil-fuels\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>See the long-term changes in coal, oil and gas production and consumption.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/renewable-energy\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>How quickly are countries scaling up the production of renewable technologies? Explore the data.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/nuclear-energy\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>Explore the long-term changes in nuclear energy production across the world.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/transport\">\n <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n \n <div class=\"description\">\n \n\n<p>Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.</p>\n\n\n </div>\n </div>\n </a>\n </div>\n\n\t</div>", "protected": false }, "excerpt": { "rendered": "Coal, gas and oil were key to industrialization and rising prosperity, but their large impact on health and the climate mean that we should transition away from these sources of energy.", "protected": false }, "date_gmt": "2017-10-02T05:40:15", "modified": "2023-08-21T11:50:46", "template": "", "categories": [ 49, 48 ], "menu_order": 223, "ping_status": "closed", "authors_name": [ "Hannah Ritchie", "Pablo Rosado" ], "modified_gmt": "2023-08-21T10:50:46", "comment_status": "closed", "featured_media": 41037, "featured_media_paths": { "thumbnail": "/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-150x79.png", "medium_large": "/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-768x404.png" } }

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Fossil Fuels

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<p>For most of human history our ancestors relied on very basic forms of energy: human muscle, animal muscle and the burning of biomass such as wood or crops. But the Industrial Revolution unlocked a whole new energy resource: fossil fuels. Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of the technological, social, economic and development progress which has followed.</p>   <p>Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems.</p>   <p>But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned they produce <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major contributor to local <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution">air pollution</a>, which is estimated to linked to millions of premature deaths each year.</p>   <p>As low-carbon sources of energy – nuclear and renewables – become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels.</p>   <p>This article presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas – how much countries produce and consume; where our fossil fuel reserves are; and what role the fuels play in our energy and electricity systems.</p>   <h2>Fossil fuel consumption</h2>   <h3>Global fossil fuel consumption</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-fossil-fuel-consumption" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries – both in terms of what and how much we burn.</p>   <p>In the interactive chart we see global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800. Earlier data, pre-1965, is sourced from Vaclav Smil's work on energy transitions; this has been combined with data published in BP's <a href="https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html">Statistical Review of World Energy</a> from 1965 onwards.{ref}Vaclav Smil (2017). <a href="http://vaclavsmil.com/2016/12/14/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/">Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives</a>.{/ref} </p>   <p>Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980.</p>   <p>But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination with oil, and then gas. Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still growing quickly. </p> </div> </div>   <h3><strong>Fossil fuel consumption</strong>: which countries use the most energy from fossil fuels?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-primary-energy" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related charts:</h5>    <p>How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>     <p>How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>We've looked at how much fossil fuel energy is consumed globally. But what about countries? How much fossil energy do they consume?</p>   <p>The interactive chart here shows the amount of primary energy from fossil fuels that is consumed each year.</p>   <p>This is the sum of energy from coal, oil and gas. In the sections below we look at each of these sources individually.</p>    <h4>Three tips on how to interact with this map</h4>   <ul><li>By clicking on any country on the map you see the change over time in this country.</li><li>By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time.</li><li>You can focus on a particular world region using the dropdown menu to the top-right of the map.</li></ul>  </div> </div>   <h3><strong>Per capita</strong>: where do people consume the most energy from fossil fuels?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-per-capita" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related chart:</h5>    <p>How much coal, oil and gas energy is consumed per person?</p>     <p>Do we consume more or less energy from fossil fuels as we get richer? Explore the data on how fossil fuels relate to income.</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Looking at energy consumption at the country level is often a strong reflection of population size rather than actual fossil fuel consumption per person.</p>   <p>How do these comparisons look when we adjust for population?</p>   <p>In the interactive chart we see the amount of energy from fossil fuels consumed per person. This is the sum of primary energy from coal, oil and gas combined.</p>   <p>Across the world we see that the largest consumers use more than ten times the amount of fossil energy than some of the smallest consumers.</p>    <h4>Four tips on how you can interact with this chart</h4>   <ul><li><strong>Change the bar chart into a line chart:</strong> by clicking on the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can change the bar chart into a line chart.</li><li><strong>See the change over time:</strong> Using the 'play' button on the timeline you can see how this metric changes over time.</li><li><strong>Add any other country:</strong> click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.</li><li><strong>See the data on a world map:</strong> click on the 'MAP' tab to see the global overview across countries.</li></ul>  </div> </div>   <h3>Fossil fuel consumption by type</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-side-by-side"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>In the sections above we looked at the consumption of fossil fuels collectively. But it's important to look at the role of coal, oil and gas individually – their impacts are not equal. Coal, for example, typically produces more CO<sub>2</sub> and local air pollution per unit of energy <em>[see <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">our article</a> on the relative safety and impacts of different energy sources]</em>.</p>   <p>In the interactive charts here we fossil fuel consumption disaggregated by type. This is shown as a stacked area chart – useful for seeing the relative contribution of each; but also as a line chart which allows us to see how the consumption of each is changing over time.</p> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column">  <h4>How you can interact with the stacked area chart</h4>   <ul><li>In these charts it is always possible to switch to any other country in the world by choosing <strong>Change Country</strong> in the bottom left corner.</li><li>By unticking the 'Relative' box, you can switch to see the breakdown of emissions in absolute terms.</li></ul>  </div> </div>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-side-by-side"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-fuel-type" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-type" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div> </div>   <h2>Fossil fuels in the energy and electricity mix</h2>   <h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from fossil fuels?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-share-energy" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related content:</h5>    <p>What sources does our energy come from? Explore our work on the energy mix across the world.</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>How do fossil fuels fit in within the rest of the energy mix? What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels?</p>   <p>In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas. Over the coming decades we need to rapidly reduce this share by displacing them with low-carbon energy sources.</p>   <p>In the interactive chart we see how this share varies across the world.</p>   <h5>A few points to keep in mind when considering this data:</h5>   <ul><li>These figures reflect <em>energy</em> consumption – that is the sum of all energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. Many people assume energy and electricity to mean the same, but electricity is just one component of total energy consumption. We look at electricity consumption later in this profile.</li><li>These figures are based on primary energy consumption – given by the 'substitution method'. You can read our explainer on the different metrics used to measure energy <strong><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#direct-vs-substituted-primary-energy-what-are-the-multiple-ways-of-energy-accounting">here</a></strong>.</li></ul>    <h4>Two tips on how you can interact with this chart</h4>   <ul><li><strong>View the data for any country as a line chart:</strong> click on any country to see its change over time, or by using the 'CHART' tab at the bottom.</li><li><strong>Add any other country to the line chart:</strong> click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.</li></ul>  </div> </div>   <h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from fossil fuels?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-fossil-fuels" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related content:</h5>    <p>What sources does our electricity come from? Explore our work on the electricity mix across the world.</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Electricity is one component of total energy consumption – the other two being transport and heating.</p>   <p>Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In 2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels.</p>   <p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas summed together) across the world. Oil accounts for only a small share of electricity production – most come from coal and gas. The share from coal and gas individually can be found in the sections below.</p> </div> </div>   <h2>Coal</h2>   <h3><strong>Coal production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related charts:</h5>    <p>How much coal do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>     <p>Which regions produce the most coal?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Which countries produce the most coal? How has this changed over time?</p>   <p>In the interactive chart here we see coal production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>   <p>Note that this measures coal <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from coal in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#coal-reserves">coal reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures coal production before trade between countries.</p> </div> </div>   <h3><strong>Energy from coal</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related charts:</h5>    <p>Which countries consume the most coal <em>per person</em>?</p>     <p>How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>     <p>How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>     <p>Which regions consume the most coal?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Fossil fuel production is an important metric to follow – it helps us understand where fossil fuels are being extracted. But we also care about where that energy is being consumed – that tells us what role fossil fuels are playing in the energy system of each country.</p>   <p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from coal across the world. This represents coal production adjusted for trade (so, coal exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p>   <p></p> </div> </div>   <h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from coal?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-energy-share" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Coal has been a critical energy sources, and mainstay in global energy production for centuries.</p>   <p>But it's also the most <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">polluting energy source</a>: both in terms of the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> it produces per unit of energy, but also the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health.</p>   <p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world.</p> </div> </div>   <h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from coal?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-coal" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Coal is currently the largest source of electricity globally. For many countries remains the dominant source. But, we also see that others have seen a massive shift away from coal in recent years – the UK is <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal">one such example</a>.</p>   <p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from coal across the world.</p> </div> </div>   <h3>When do countries plan to phase out coal?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-phase-out-timeline?country=FIN~POL~SLE" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Coal is the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?country=~OWID_WRL">world's oldest</a> industrial source of energy. It is still a dominant source of energy across the world today – especially within our electricity mix.</p>   <p>But coal is the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">world's dirtiest fuel</a> – it not only emits the most carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, it has severe impacts on health through <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution">air pollution</a>.</p>   <p>Many countries are therefore committing to phasing coal power out of their electricity mix. This map shows country pledges to achieve this. Some countries are already coal-free. Some have set to phase it out by 2030; 2040 or later. Some have not yet committed to eliminating it.{ref}This dataset is collated by Our World in Data based on several data sources, including:</p>   <p>Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA): https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/<br>Beyond Coal EU: https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-tracker/<br>Bloomberg Global Coal Countdown: https://bloombergcoalcountdown.com/<br>EMBER Climate: https://ember-climate.org/<br>National announcements during the COP26 Climate Summit.{/ref}</p> </div> </div>   <h2>Oil</h2>   <h3><strong>Oil production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related charts:</h5>    <p>How much oil do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>     <p>Which regions produce the most oil?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Which countries produce the most oil? How has this changed over time?</p>   <p>In the interactive chart here we see oil production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>   <p>Note that this measures oil <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from oil in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#oil-reserves">oil reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures oil production before trade between countries.</p> </div> </div>   <h3><strong>Energy from oil</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related charts:</h5>    <p>Which countries consume the most oil <em>per person</em>?</p>     <p>How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>     <p>How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>     <p>Which regions consume the most oil?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Oil production is an important indicator to follow – it helps us understand where it's being extracted, who the main oil producers are, and how this related to oil reserves. But we also care about where that oil is being consumed – that tells us what role it's playing in the energy system of each country.</p>   <p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from oil across the world. This represents oil production adjusted for trade (so, oil exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p> </div> </div>   <h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from oil?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-share-energy" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Oil is the world's largest energy source today. It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular.</p>   <p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from oil across the world.</p> </div> </div>   <h2>Gas</h2>   <h3><strong>Gas production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-production-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related charts:</h5>    <p>How much gas do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>     <p>Which regions produce the most natural gas?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Which countries produce the most gas? How has this changed over time?</p>   <p>In the interactive chart here we see gas production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>   <p>Note that this measures gas <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from gas in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#gas-reserves">gas reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures gas production before trade between countries.</p> </div> </div>   <h3><strong>Energy from gas</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-consumption-by-country" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related charts:</h5>    <p>Which countries consume the most gas <em>per person</em>?</p>     <p>How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>     <p>How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>     <p>Which regions consume the most natural gas?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>In the section above we looked at where in the world gas is <em>produced</em>. But, after trade, where in the world is gas consumed?</p>   <p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from gas across the world. This represents gas production adjusted for trade (so, gas exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p> </div> </div>   <h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from gas?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-share-energy" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly – often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix">electricity production</a>, and a key source of heat.</p>   <p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from gas across the world.</p> </div> </div>   <h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from gas?</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-gas" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. </p>   <p>Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor">emits less CO<sub>2</sub></a> per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.</p>   <p>Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. </p>   <p>Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor">emits less CO<sub>2</sub></a> per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.</p>   <p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world.</p>   <p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world.</p> </div> </div>   <h2>Fossil fuel reserves</h2>   <h3>Coal reserves</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-proved-reserves" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe>   <h5>Related chart:</h5>    <p>Coal sources are not homogeneous – they vary significantly in chemical composition and quality. How do coal reserves break down by quality?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>In previous sections we looked at how much fossil fuels different countries produced or consumed. But where in the world does our existing reserves of fossil fuels remain?</p>   <p>Which countries have the potential to extract and sell them?</p>   <p>In the interactive chart we see proved coal reserves across the world.</p>   <p>It's important to distinguish <em>reserves</em> versus <em>resources</em> here. "Proved reserves" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. </p>   <p><em>Reserves</em> represent only some fraction of <em>resources</em>, however; we continue to discover new quantities of coal, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of <em>reserves</em> changes all the time – not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'.</p>   <p>We look at the difference between <em>reserves</em> and <em>resources</em> in more detail <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve"><strong>here</strong></a>.</p> </div> </div>   <h3>Gas reserves</h3>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column"> <iframe src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-proved-reserves" loading="lazy" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"></iframe> </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Where in the world do we have gas reserves? Which countries have the ability to extract, consume and trade?</p>   <p>In the interactive chart we see proved gas reserves across the world.</p>   <p>It's important to distinguish <em>reserves</em> versus <em>resources</em> here. "Proved reserves" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. </p>   <p><em>Reserves</em> represent only some fraction of <em>resources</em>, however; we continue to discover new quantities of gas, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of <em>reserves</em> changes all the time – not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'.</p>   <p>We look at the difference between <em>reserves</em> and <em>resources</em> in more detail <a href="http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve"><strong>here</strong></a>.</p>   <p></p> </div> </div>   <h2>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels</h2>   <div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left"> <div class="wp-block-column">  <p>How have fossil fuels contributed to global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change? Has coal, oil or gas made the largest contribution to emissions across the world?</p>  </div>   <div class="wp-block-column"> <p>Three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from energy production. To stand a chance of meeting our climate change targets, we must rapidly reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels.</p>   <p>Explore our related work on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions – where they come from and how they are changing over time.</p> </div> </div>   <h2>Definitions & Measurement</h2>   <h4>Reserves vs. Resources: When does a resource become a reserve?</h4>   <p>The terms 'reserves' and 'resources' are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction between the two. The chart explains this distinction visually.</p>   <p>It is true that every reserve is a resource, but not every resource is a reserve. There are two requirements which determine whether a mineral resource becomes a reserve. The first is the degree of certainty that it exists: the planet likely has many mineral resources which we have not yet discovered. So to be defined as a reserve, we must have either a proved, probable or possible understanding of its existence. The second criteria relates to the economic feasibility of being able to access and extract the mineral resource. To be defined as a reserve, it must be economically and technologically viable to recover. If the economics are subeconomic (i.e. would result in a net loss) or marginal, a mineral resource is not defined as a reserve.</p>   <p>Whilst the original source of this concept - the American geologist Vincent McKelvey - visualised it as a static box, this transition between resources and reserve classifications is dynamic. As we discover previously unknown resources, and develop improved extraction technologies for economic recovery, this reserves box can grow with time (or shrink as we consume them).</p>   <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01.png"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-750x538.png" alt="" class="wp-image-15047"/></a></figure></div>   <h4>Units of energy</h4>   <p>To maintain consistency between metrics and sources, we have attempted to normalise all energy data to units of watt-hours (Wh), or one of its SI prefixes. The table shows the conversion of watt-hours to the range of SI prefixes used.</p>   <figure class="wp-block-table aligncenter"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>SI Unit</strong></td><td><strong>Watt-hour (Wh) equivalent</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Watt-hour (Wh)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Kilowatt-hour (kWh)</td><td>One thousand watt-hours (10<sup>3</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Megawatt-hour (MWh)</td><td>One million watt-hours (10<sup>6</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Gigawatt-hour (GWh)</td><td>One billion watt-hours (10<sup>9</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Terawatt-hour (TWh)</td><td>One trillion watt-hours (10<sup>12</sup> Wh)</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>   <h2>Data Sources</h2>   <h4>BP Statistical Review of World Energy</h4>   <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> BP publishes data on Oil, Gas Coal, Nuclear Energy, Hydroelectricity, Renewables, Primary Energy Consumption, Electricity Generation, Carbon Doixide Emissions</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global - by country and region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Annual data since 1951</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140605044810/http://www.bp.com:80/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html">www.BP.com</a></li></ul>   <h4>The Shift Project (TSP)</h4>   <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Historical Energy Consumption Statistics and Historical Energy Production Statistics</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global - by country and world region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Since 1900</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Both datasets are online at <a href="http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/all-datasets">www.tsp-data-portal.org</a>.</li></ul>   <h4>IEA - International Energy Agency</h4>   <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Data on electricity, oil, gas, coal and renewables. Data on CO2 emissions (also projections)</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global - by country</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Last decades</li><li><strong>Available at: </strong>Online at <a href="http://data.iea.org/">www.iea.org</a><strong><br></strong></li><li><em>The IEA is publishing the <a href="https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Energy Outlook</a>.</em></li><li><em><em> You have to pay to access the IEA databases. But some data is available through Gapminder, for example <a href="http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=8.91419354838709;ti=2010$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=0ArfEDsV3bBwCdEV1RkJqTEItQnJYVXJlZzVuc3Y3Mmc;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=282;dataMax=119849$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0;dataMax=98$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=">Residential Energy Use (%)</a>. (for few countries since 1960, for more countries since 1971 or 1981)</em></em></li></ul>   <h4>Energy Information Administration</h4>   <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Total and crude oil production, oil consumption, natural gas production and consumption, coal production and consumption, electricity generation and consumption, primary energy, energy intensity, CO2 emissions and imports and exports for all fuels</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global - by country</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Annual data since 1980</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at <a href="http://www.eia.gov">ww.eia.gov</a></li><li class="no-bullet"><em> EIA is a US government agency.</em></li></ul>   <h4>World Development Indicators - World Bank</h4>   <ul><li><strong>Geographical coverage: </strong>Global - by country and world region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Last decades</li><li><strong>Data: </strong><a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.COMM.KT.OE">Energy use (kt of oil equivalent)</a> - <a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE">Energy use (kg of oil equivalent <em>per capita</em>)</a> - <a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.EGY.PROD.KT.OE">Energy production (kt of oil equivalent)</a><strong><br></strong></li><li class="no-bullet"><em>Many more related indicators.<br></em></li></ul>   <h4>Eurostat</h4>   <ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Production & consumption of energy.</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Europe</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong></li><li><strong>Data on: </strong><a href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports">Energy production and imports</a> - <a href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Consumption_of_energy">Consumption of energy</a> - <a href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Electricity_production,_consumption_and_market_overview">Electricity production, consumption and markets</a>.</li></ul>   <h2>Explore more of our work on Energy</h2>      <p>Explore all the metrics – energy production, electricity consumption, and breakdown of fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear energy.</p>     <p>Get an overview of energy for any country on a single page.</p>     <p>Download our complete dataset of energy metrics on GitHub. It's open-access and free for anyone to use.</p>     <p>See how access to electricity and clean cooking fuels vary across the world.</p>     <p>Explore long-term changes in energy production and consumption across the world.</p>     <p>How much of our energy comes from fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy? See the breakdown of the energy mix.</p>     <p>Explore the breakdown of the electricity mix and how this is changing.</p>     <p>See the long-term changes in coal, oil and gas production and consumption.</p>     <p>How quickly are countries scaling up the production of renewable technologies? Explore the data.</p>     <p>Explore the long-term changes in nuclear energy production across the world.</p>     <p>Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.</p>

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                        "text": "For most of human history our ancestors relied on very basic forms of energy: human muscle, animal muscle and the burning of biomass such as wood or crops. But the Industrial Revolution unlocked a whole new energy resource: fossil fuels. Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of the technological, social, economic and development progress which has followed.",
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                        "text": "Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems.",
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                        "text": "But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned they produce ",
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                        "text": ") and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major contributor to local ",
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                        "text": ", which is estimated to linked to millions of premature deaths each year.",
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                        "text": "As low-carbon sources of energy \u2013 nuclear and renewables \u2013 become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels.",
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                        "text": "This article presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas \u2013 how much countries produce and consume; where our fossil fuel reserves are; and what role the fuels play in our energy and electricity systems.",
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                                "text": "The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries \u2013 both in terms of what and how much we burn.",
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                                "text": "In the interactive chart we see global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800. Earlier data, pre-1965, is sourced from Vaclav Smil's work on energy transitions; this has been combined with data published in BP's ",
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                                "url": "https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html",
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                                "text": " from 1965 onwards.{ref}Vaclav Smil (2017). ",
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                                        "text": "Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives",
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                                "text": ".{/ref} ",
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                                "text": "Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980.",
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                                "text": "But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination with oil, and then gas. Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still growing quickly. ",
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                                "text": "Fossil fuel consumption",
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                        "text": ": which countries use the most energy from fossil fuels?",
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                                "text": "Related charts:",
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                                "text": "We've looked at how much fossil fuel energy is consumed globally. But what about countries? How much fossil energy do they consume?",
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                                "text": "The interactive chart here shows the amount of primary energy from fossil fuels that is consumed each year.",
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                                "text": "This is the sum of energy from coal, oil and gas. In the sections below we look at each of these sources individually.",
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                                "text": "Three tips on how to interact with this map",
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                                        "text": "By clicking on any country on the map you see the change over time in this country.",
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                                        "text": "By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time.",
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                                        "text": "You can focus on a particular world region using the dropdown menu to the top-right of the map.",
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                                "text": "Per capita",
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                        "text": ": where do people consume the most energy from fossil fuels?",
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                        "description": "Do we consume more or less energy from fossil fuels as we get richer? Explore the data on how fossil fuels relate to income.",
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                                "text": "Looking at energy consumption at the country level is often a strong reflection of population size rather than actual fossil fuel consumption per person.",
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                                "text": "How do these comparisons look when we adjust for population?",
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                                "text": "In the interactive chart we see the amount of energy from fossil fuels consumed per person. This is the sum of primary energy from coal, oil and gas combined.",
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                                "text": "Across the world we see that the largest consumers use more than ten times the amount of fossil energy than some of the smallest consumers.",
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                                "text": "Four tips on how you can interact with this chart",
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                                                "text": "Change the bar chart into a line chart:",
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                                        "text": " by clicking on the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can change the bar chart into a line chart.",
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                                        "text": " Using the 'play' button on the timeline you can see how this metric changes over time.",
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                                        "text": " click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.",
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                                        "text": " click on the 'MAP' tab to see the global overview across countries.",
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                        "text": "Fossil fuel consumption by type",
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                                "text": "In the sections above we looked at the consumption of fossil fuels collectively. But it's important  to look at the role of coal, oil and gas individually \u2013 their impacts are not equal. Coal, for example, typically produces more CO",
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                                "text": " and local air pollution per unit of energy ",
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                                        "text": "[see ",
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                                                "text": "our article",
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                                        "text": " on the relative safety and impacts of different energy sources]",
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                                "text": "In the interactive charts here we fossil fuel consumption disaggregated by type. This is shown as a stacked area chart \u2013 useful for seeing the relative contribution of each; but also as a line chart which allows us to see how the consumption of each is changing over time.",
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                                "text": "How you can interact with the stacked area chart",
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                                        "text": "In these charts it is always possible to switch to any other country in the world by choosing ",
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                                        "children": [
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                                                "text": "Change Country",
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                                        "spanType": "span-bold"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "text": " in the bottom left corner.",
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                                ],
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                                "type": "text",
                                "value": [
                                    {
                                        "text": "By unticking the 'Relative' box, you can switch to see the breakdown of emissions in absolute terms.",
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                                ],
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                ],
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                "left": [
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-fuel-type",
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                "right": [
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-type",
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                ],
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            {
                "text": [
                    {
                        "text": "Fossil fuels in the energy and electricity mix",
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                ],
                "type": "heading",
                "level": 2,
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            },
            {
                "text": [
                    {
                        "text": "What share of ",
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                        "children": [
                            {
                                "text": "primary energy",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                        ],
                        "spanType": "span-bold"
                    },
                    {
                        "text": " comes from fossil fuels?",
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                ],
                "type": "heading",
                "level": 3,
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                "left": [
                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-share-energy",
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                        "text": [
                            {
                                "text": "Related content:",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                        "type": "heading",
                        "level": 5,
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                    {
                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix",
                        "type": "prominent-link",
                        "title": "Energy mix",
                        "description": "What sources does our energy come from? Explore our work on the energy mix across the world.",
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                    }
                ],
                "type": "sticky-right",
                "right": [
                    {
                        "type": "text",
                        "value": [
                            {
                                "text": "How do fossil fuels fit in within the rest of the energy mix? What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels?",
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                        ],
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                                "text": "In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas. Over the coming decades we need to rapidly reduce this share by displacing them with low-carbon energy sources.",
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                                "text": "In the interactive chart we see how this share varies across the world.",
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                        "text": [
                            {
                                "text": "A few points to keep in mind when considering this data:",
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                                        "text": "These figures reflect ",
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                                                "text": "energy",
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                                    {
                                        "text": " consumption \u2013 that is the sum of all energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. Many people assume energy and electricity to mean the same, but electricity is just one component of total energy consumption. We look at electricity consumption later in this profile.",
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                                        "text": "These figures are based on primary energy consumption \u2013 given by the 'substitution method'. You can read our explainer on the different metrics used to measure energy ",
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                                                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#direct-vs-substituted-primary-energy-what-are-the-multiple-ways-of-energy-accounting",
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                                                    {
                                                        "text": "here",
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                                        "text": ".",
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                    {
                        "text": [
                            {
                                "text": "Two tips on how you can interact with this chart",
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                                                "text": "View the data for any country as a line chart:",
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                                            }
                                        ],
                                        "spanType": "span-bold"
                                    },
                                    {
                                        "text": " click on any country to see its change over time, or by using the 'CHART' tab at the bottom.",
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                                                "text": "Add any other country to the line chart:",
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                                        "spanType": "span-bold"
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                                    {
                                        "text": " click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.",
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                "text": [
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                        "text": "What share of ",
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                                "text": "electricity",
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                        "text": " comes from fossil fuels?",
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                        "text": [
                            {
                                "text": "Related content:",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix",
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                "right": [
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                        "type": "text",
                        "value": [
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                                "text": "Electricity is one component of total energy consumption \u2013 the other two being transport and heating.",
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                                "text": "Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In 2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels.",
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                                "text": "This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas summed together) across the world. Oil accounts for only a small share of electricity production \u2013 most come from coal and gas. The share from coal and gas individually can be found in the sections below.",
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                        "text": "Coal",
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                                "text": "Coal production",
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                        "text": ": how much do countries produce?",
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                                "text": "Related charts:",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-prod-per-capita",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-region",
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                        "description": "Which regions produce the most coal?",
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                                "text": "Which countries produce the most coal? How has this changed over time?",
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                                "text": "In the interactive chart here we see coal production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.",
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                                "text": "Note that this measures coal ",
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                                "text": ", not consumption. Many countries consume energy from coal in their energy supply. But not all countries have ",
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                                "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#coal-reserves",
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                                        "text": "coal reserves",
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                            {
                                "text": " to produce this themselves. This therefore measures coal production before trade between countries.",
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                                "text": "Energy from coal",
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                        "text": ": how much do countries consume?",
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                                "text": "Related charts:",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-per-capita",
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                        "description": "Which countries consume the most coal per person?",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-coal",
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                        "title": "Annual change in coal energy consumption",
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                        "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-coal",
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                                "text": "Fossil fuel production is an important metric to follow \u2013 it helps us understand where fossil fuels are being extracted. But we also care about where that energy is being consumed \u2013 that tells us what role fossil fuels are playing in the energy system of each country.",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from coal across the world. This represents coal production adjusted for trade (so, coal exports are subtracted and imports are added).",
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                        "text": "What share of ",
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                                "text": "primary energy",
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                        "text": " comes from coal?",
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                                "text": "Coal has been a critical energy sources, and mainstay in global energy production for centuries.",
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                                "text": "But it's also the most ",
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                                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy",
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                                        "text": "polluting energy source",
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                                "text": ": both in terms of the amount of CO",
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                                "text": " it produces per unit of energy, but also the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health.",
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                                "text": "This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world.",
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                        "text": "What share of ",
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                        "type": "text",
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                                "text": "Coal is currently the largest source of electricity globally. For many countries remains the dominant source. But, we also see that others have seen a massive shift away from coal in recent years \u2013 the UK is ",
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                            {
                                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal",
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                                        "text": "one such example",
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                                "text": ".",
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                                "text": "This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from coal across the world.",
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                        "text": "When do countries plan to phase out coal?",
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                                "text": "Coal is the ",
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                                "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?country=~OWID_WRL",
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                                        "text": "world's oldest",
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                            {
                                "text": " industrial source of energy. It is still a dominant source of energy across the world today \u2013 especially within our electricity mix.",
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                                "text": "But coal is the ",
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                                        "text": "world's dirtiest fuel",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
                                    }
                                ],
                                "spanType": "span-link"
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                                "text": " \u2013 it not only emits the most carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, it has severe impacts on health through ",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            {
                                "url": "http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution",
                                "children": [
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                                        "text": "air pollution",
                                        "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                                "spanType": "span-link"
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                                "text": ".",
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                            {
                                "text": "Many countries are therefore committing to phasing coal power out of their electricity mix. This map shows country pledges to achieve this. Some countries are already coal-free. Some have set to phase it out by 2030; 2040 or later. Some have not yet committed to eliminating it.{ref}This dataset is collated by Our World in Data based on several data sources, including:",
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                        "type": "text",
                        "value": [
                            {
                                "text": "Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA): https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            {
                                "spanType": "span-newline"
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                            {
                                "text": "Beyond Coal EU: https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-tracker/",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            {
                                "spanType": "span-newline"
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                            {
                                "text": "Bloomberg Global Coal Countdown: https://bloombergcoalcountdown.com/",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            {
                                "spanType": "span-newline"
                            },
                            {
                                "text": "EMBER Climate: https://ember-climate.org/",
                                "spanType": "span-simple-text"
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                            {
                                "spanType": "span-newline"
                            },
                            {
                                "text": "National announcements during the COP26 Climate Summit.{/ref}",
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                        "text": "Oil",
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                                "text": "Oil production",
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                        "text": ": how much do countries produce?",
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                                "text": "In the interactive chart here we see oil production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.",
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                                "text": ", not consumption. Many countries consume energy from oil in their energy supply. But not all countries have ",
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                                "text": "Oil production is an important indicator to follow \u2013 it helps us understand where it's being extracted, who the main oil producers are, and how this related to oil reserves. But we also care about where that oil is being consumed \u2013 that tells us what role it's playing in the energy system of each country.",
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                                "text": "Oil is the world's largest energy source today. It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular.",
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                                "text": "In the interactive chart here we see gas production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.",
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                                "text": "In the section above we looked at where in the world gas is ",
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                                "text": "This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from gas across the world. This represents gas production adjusted for trade (so, gas exports are subtracted and imports are added).",
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                                "text": "Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly \u2013 often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of ",
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                                "text": " per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.",
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                                "text": "In previous sections we looked at how much fossil fuels different countries produced or consumed. But where in the world does our existing reserves of fossil fuels remain?",
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                                "text": "In the interactive chart we see proved coal reserves across the world.",
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                                "text": " here. \"Proved reserves\" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. ",
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                                "text": ", however; we continue to discover new quantities of coal, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of ",
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                                "text": " changes all the time \u2013 not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'.",
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2024-02-16 14:22:39

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[
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    "Pablo Rosado"
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Coal, gas and oil were key to industrialization and rising prosperity, but their large impact on health and the climate mean that we should transition away from these sources of energy.

2017-10-25 10:09:44

2023-08-21 10:50:46

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For most of human history our ancestors relied on very basic forms of energy: human muscle, animal muscle and the burning of biomass such as wood or crops. But the Industrial Revolution unlocked a whole new energy resource: fossil fuels. Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of the technological, social, economic and development progress which has followed. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems. But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned they produce [carbon dioxide](http://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions) (CO2) and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major contributor to local [air pollution](http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution), which is estimated to linked to millions of premature deaths each year. As low-carbon sources of energy – nuclear and renewables – become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels. This article presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas – how much countries produce and consume; where our fossil fuel reserves are; and what role the fuels play in our energy and electricity systems. ## Fossil fuel consumption ### Global fossil fuel consumption <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-fossil-fuel-consumption"/> The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries – both in terms of what and how much we burn. In the interactive chart we see global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800. Earlier data, pre-1965, is sourced from Vaclav Smil's work on energy transitions; this has been combined with data published in BP's [Statistical Review of World Energy](https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html) from 1965 onwards.{ref}Vaclav Smil (2017). [Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives](http://vaclavsmil.com/2016/12/14/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/).{/ref} Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980. But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination with oil, and then gas. Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still growing quickly. ### **Fossil fuel consumption**: which countries use the most energy from fossil fuels? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-primary-energy"/> ##### Related charts: ### Annual percentage change in fossil fuel consumption How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-fossil-fuels ### Annual change in fossil fuel consumption How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-fossil-fuels We've looked at how much fossil fuel energy is consumed globally. But what about countries? How much fossil energy do they consume? The interactive chart here shows the amount of primary energy from fossil fuels that is consumed each year. This is the sum of energy from coal, oil and gas. In the sections below we look at each of these sources individually. #### Three tips on how to interact with this map * By clicking on any country on the map you see the change over time in this country. * By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time. * You can focus on a particular world region using the dropdown menu to the top-right of the map. ### **Per capita**: where do people consume the most energy from fossil fuels? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-per-capita"/> ##### Related chart: ### Fossil fuel per capita by type How much coal, oil and gas energy is consumed per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-cons-per-capita ### Per capita fossil fuel consumption vs. GDP Do we consume more or less energy from fossil fuels as we get richer? Explore the data on how fossil fuels relate to income. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-fossil-energy-vs-gdp Looking at energy consumption at the country level is often a strong reflection of population size rather than actual fossil fuel consumption per person. How do these comparisons look when we adjust for population? In the interactive chart we see the amount of energy from fossil fuels consumed per person. This is the sum of primary energy from coal, oil and gas combined. Across the world we see that the largest consumers use more than ten times the amount of fossil energy than some of the smallest consumers. #### Four tips on how you can interact with this chart * **Change the bar chart into a line chart:** by clicking on the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can change the bar chart into a line chart. * **See the change over time:** Using the 'play' button on the timeline you can see how this metric changes over time. * **Add any other country:** click on the Add country button to compare with any other country. * **See the data on a world map:** click on the 'MAP' tab to see the global overview across countries. ### Fossil fuel consumption by type In the sections above we looked at the consumption of fossil fuels collectively. But it's important to look at the role of coal, oil and gas individually – their impacts are not equal. Coal, for example, typically produces more CO2 and local air pollution per unit of energy _[see [our article](https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy) on the relative safety and impacts of different energy sources]_. In the interactive charts here we fossil fuel consumption disaggregated by type. This is shown as a stacked area chart – useful for seeing the relative contribution of each; but also as a line chart which allows us to see how the consumption of each is changing over time. #### How you can interact with the stacked area chart * In these charts it is always possible to switch to any other country in the world by choosing **Change Country** in the bottom left corner. * By unticking the 'Relative' box, you can switch to see the breakdown of emissions in absolute terms. <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-fuel-type"/> <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-type"/> ## Fossil fuels in the energy and electricity mix ### What share of **primary energy** comes from fossil fuels? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-share-energy"/> ##### Related content: ### Energy mix What sources does our energy come from? Explore our work on the energy mix across the world. https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix How do fossil fuels fit in within the rest of the energy mix? What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels? In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas. Over the coming decades we need to rapidly reduce this share by displacing them with low-carbon energy sources. In the interactive chart we see how this share varies across the world. ##### A few points to keep in mind when considering this data: * These figures reflect _energy_ consumption – that is the sum of all energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. Many people assume energy and electricity to mean the same, but electricity is just one component of total energy consumption. We look at electricity consumption later in this profile. * These figures are based on primary energy consumption – given by the 'substitution method'. You can read our explainer on the different metrics used to measure energy **[here](https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#direct-vs-substituted-primary-energy-what-are-the-multiple-ways-of-energy-accounting)**. #### Two tips on how you can interact with this chart * **View the data for any country as a line chart:** click on any country to see its change over time, or by using the 'CHART' tab at the bottom. * **Add any other country to the line chart:** click on the Add country button to compare with any other country. ### What share of **electricity** comes from fossil fuels? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-fossil-fuels"/> ##### Related content: ### Electricity mix What sources does our electricity come from? Explore our work on the electricity mix across the world. https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix Electricity is one component of total energy consumption – the other two being transport and heating. Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In 2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels. This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas summed together) across the world. Oil accounts for only a small share of electricity production – most come from coal and gas. The share from coal and gas individually can be found in the sections below. ## Coal ### **Coal production**: how much do countries produce? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Coal production per capita How much coal do countries produce per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-prod-per-capita ### Coal production by region Which regions produce the most coal? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-region Which countries produce the most coal? How has this changed over time? In the interactive chart here we see coal production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy. Note that this measures coal _production_, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from coal in their energy supply. But not all countries have [coal reserves](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#coal-reserves) to produce this themselves. This therefore measures coal production before trade between countries. ### **Energy from coal**: how much do countries consume? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh"/> ##### Related charts: ### Per capita consumption of energy from coal Which countries consume the most coal per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-per-capita ### Annual change in coal energy consumption How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-coal ### Annual percentage change in coal energy consumption How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in percentage terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-coal ### Coal consumption by region Which regions consume the most coal? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-region Fossil fuel production is an important metric to follow – it helps us understand where fossil fuels are being extracted. But we also care about where that energy is being consumed – that tells us what role fossil fuels are playing in the energy system of each country. This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from coal across the world. This represents coal production adjusted for trade (so, coal exports are subtracted and imports are added). ### What share of **primary energy** comes from coal? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-energy-share"/> Coal has been a critical energy sources, and mainstay in global energy production for centuries. But it's also the most [polluting energy source](https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy): both in terms of the amount of CO2 it produces per unit of energy, but also the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health. This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world. ### What share of **electricity** comes from coal? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-coal"/> Coal is currently the largest source of electricity globally. For many countries remains the dominant source. But, we also see that others have seen a massive shift away from coal in recent years – the UK is [one such example](https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal). This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from coal across the world. ### When do countries plan to phase out coal? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-phase-out-timeline?country=FIN~POL~SLE"/> Coal is the [world's oldest](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?country=~OWID_WRL) industrial source of energy. It is still a dominant source of energy across the world today – especially within our electricity mix. But coal is the [world's dirtiest fuel](https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy) – it not only emits the most carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, it has severe impacts on health through [air pollution](http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution). Many countries are therefore committing to phasing coal power out of their electricity mix. This map shows country pledges to achieve this. Some countries are already coal-free. Some have set to phase it out by 2030; 2040 or later. Some have not yet committed to eliminating it.{ref}This dataset is collated by Our World in Data based on several data sources, including: Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA): https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/ Beyond Coal EU: https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-tracker/ Bloomberg Global Coal Countdown: https://bloombergcoalcountdown.com/ EMBER Climate: https://ember-climate.org/ National announcements during the COP26 Climate Summit.{/ref} ## Oil ### **Oil production**: how much do countries produce? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Oil production per capita How much oil do countries produce per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-prod-per-capita ### Oil production by region Which regions produce the most oil? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-region Which countries produce the most oil? How has this changed over time? In the interactive chart here we see oil production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy. Note that this measures oil _production_, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from oil in their energy supply. But not all countries have [oil reserves](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#oil-reserves) to produce this themselves. This therefore measures oil production before trade between countries. ### **Energy from oil**: how much do countries consume? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Per capita consumption of energy from oil Which countries consume the most oil per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-oil ### Annual change in oil energy consumption How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-oil ### Annual percentage change in oil energy consumption How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in percentage terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-oil ### Oil consumption by region Which regions consume the most oil? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh Oil production is an important indicator to follow – it helps us understand where it's being extracted, who the main oil producers are, and how this related to oil reserves. But we also care about where that oil is being consumed – that tells us what role it's playing in the energy system of each country. This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from oil across the world. This represents oil production adjusted for trade (so, oil exports are subtracted and imports are added). ### What share of **primary energy** comes from oil? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-share-energy"/> Oil is the world's largest energy source today. It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular. This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from oil across the world. ## Gas ### **Gas production**: how much do countries produce? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-production-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Gas production per capita How much gas do countries produce per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-prod-per-capita ### Gas production by region Which regions produce the most natural gas? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh Which countries produce the most gas? How has this changed over time? In the interactive chart here we see gas production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy. Note that this measures gas _production_, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from gas in their energy supply. But not all countries have [gas reserves](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#gas-reserves) to produce this themselves. This therefore measures gas production before trade between countries. ### **Energy from gas**: how much do countries consume? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-consumption-by-country"/> ##### Related charts: ### Per capita consumption of energy from gas Which countries consume the most gas per person? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-gas ### Annual change in gas energy consumption How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in absolute terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-gas ### Annual percentage change in gas energy consumption How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in percentage terms? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-gas ### Gas consumption by region Which regions consume the most natural gas? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-consumption-by-region In the section above we looked at where in the world gas is _produced_. But, after trade, where in the world is gas consumed? This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from gas across the world. This represents gas production adjusted for trade (so, gas exports are subtracted and imports are added). ### What share of **primary energy** comes from gas? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-share-energy"/> Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly – often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of [electricity production](http://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix), and a key source of heat. This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from gas across the world. ### What share of **electricity** comes from gas? <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-gas"/> Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically [emits less CO2](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor) per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear. Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically [emits less CO2](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor) per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear. This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world. This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world. ## Fossil fuel reserves ### Coal reserves <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-proved-reserves"/> ##### Related chart: ### Coal reserves by quality/type Coal sources are not homogeneous – they vary significantly in chemical composition and quality. How do coal reserves break down by quality? https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-reserves-by-type In previous sections we looked at how much fossil fuels different countries produced or consumed. But where in the world does our existing reserves of fossil fuels remain? Which countries have the potential to extract and sell them? In the interactive chart we see proved coal reserves across the world. It's important to distinguish _reserves_ versus _resources_ here. "Proved reserves" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. _Reserves_ represent only some fraction of _resources_, however; we continue to discover new quantities of coal, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of _reserves_ changes all the time – not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'. We look at the difference between _reserves_ and _resources_ in more detail [**here**](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve). ### Gas reserves <Chart url="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-proved-reserves"/> Where in the world do we have gas reserves? Which countries have the ability to extract, consume and trade? In the interactive chart we see proved gas reserves across the world. It's important to distinguish _reserves_ versus _resources_ here. "Proved reserves" represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it's there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. _Reserves_ represent only some fraction of _resources_, however; we continue to discover new quantities of gas, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of _reserves_ changes all the time – not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are 'unlocked'. We look at the difference between _reserves_ and _resources_ in more detail [**here**](http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve). ## CO2 emissions from fossil fuels ### CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel How have fossil fuels contributed to global CO2 emissions and climate change? Has coal, oil or gas made the largest contribution to emissions across the world? ourworldindata.org/co2-by-fuel Three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from energy production. To stand a chance of meeting our climate change targets, we must rapidly reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. Explore our related work on CO2 emissions – where they come from and how they are changing over time. ## Definitions & Measurement #### Reserves vs. Resources: When does a resource become a reserve? The terms 'reserves' and 'resources' are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction between the two. The chart explains this distinction visually. It is true that every reserve is a resource, but not every resource is a reserve. There are two requirements which determine whether a mineral resource becomes a reserve. The first is the degree of certainty that it exists: the planet likely has many mineral resources which we have not yet discovered. So to be defined as a reserve, we must have either a proved, probable or possible understanding of its existence. The second criteria relates to the economic feasibility of being able to access and extract the mineral resource. To be defined as a reserve, it must be economically and technologically viable to recover. If the economics are subeconomic (i.e. would result in a net loss) or marginal, a mineral resource is not defined as a reserve. Whilst the original source of this concept - the American geologist Vincent McKelvey - visualised it as a static box, this transition between resources and reserve classifications is dynamic. As we discover previously unknown resources, and develop improved extraction technologies for economic recovery, this reserves box can grow with time (or shrink as we consume them). <Image filename="Reserves-vs.-Resources-01.png" alt=""/> #### Units of energy To maintain consistency between metrics and sources, we have attempted to normalise all energy data to units of watt-hours (Wh), or one of its SI prefixes. The table shows the conversion of watt-hours to the range of SI prefixes used. <div class="raw-html-table__container"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>SI Unit</strong></td><td><strong>Watt-hour (Wh) equivalent</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Watt-hour (Wh)</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Kilowatt-hour (kWh)</td><td>One thousand watt-hours (10<sup>3</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Megawatt-hour (MWh)</td><td>One million watt-hours (10<sup>6</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Gigawatt-hour (GWh)</td><td>One billion watt-hours (10<sup>9</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Terawatt-hour (TWh)</td><td>One trillion watt-hours (10<sup>12</sup> Wh)</td></tr></tbody></table></div> ## Data Sources #### BP Statistical Review of World Energy * **Data:** BP publishes data on Oil, Gas Coal, Nuclear Energy, Hydroelectricity, Renewables, Primary Energy Consumption, Electricity Generation, Carbon Doixide Emissions * **Geographical coverage:** Global - by country and region * **Time span:** Annual data since 1951 * **Available at:** Online at [www.BP.com](http://web.archive.org/web/20140605044810/http://www.bp.com:80/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html) #### The Shift Project (TSP) * **Data:** Historical Energy Consumption Statistics and Historical Energy Production Statistics * **Geographical coverage:** Global - by country and world region * **Time span:** Since 1900 * **Available at:** Both datasets are online at [www.tsp-data-portal.org](http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/all-datasets). #### IEA - International Energy Agency * **Data:** Data on electricity, oil, gas, coal and renewables. Data on CO2 emissions (also projections) * **Geographical coverage:** Global - by country * **Time span:** Last decades * **Available at: **Online at [www.iea.org](http://data.iea.org/)** ** * _The IEA is publishing the [World Energy Outlook](https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook)._ * __ You have to pay to access the IEA databases. But some data is available through Gapminder, for example [Residential Energy Use (%)](http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=8.91419354838709;ti=2010$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=0ArfEDsV3bBwCdEV1RkJqTEItQnJYVXJlZzVuc3Y3Mmc;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=282;dataMax=119849$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0;dataMax=98$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=). (for few countries since 1960, for more countries since 1971 or 1981)__ #### Energy Information Administration * **Data:** Total and crude oil production, oil consumption, natural gas production and consumption, coal production and consumption, electricity generation and consumption, primary energy, energy intensity, CO2 emissions and imports and exports for all fuels * **Geographical coverage:** Global - by country * **Time span:** Annual data since 1980 * **Available at:** Online at [ww.eia.gov](http://www.eia.gov) * _ EIA is a US government agency._ #### World Development Indicators - World Bank * **Geographical coverage: **Global - by country and world region * **Time span:** Last decades * **Data: **[Energy use (kt of oil equivalent)](http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.COMM.KT.OE) - [Energy use (kg of oil equivalent _per capita_)](http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE) - [Energy production (kt of oil equivalent)](http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.EGY.PROD.KT.OE)** ** * _Many more related indicators. _ #### Eurostat * **Data:** Production & consumption of energy. * **Geographical coverage:** Europe * **Time span:** * **Data on: **[Energy production and imports](http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports) - [Consumption of energy](http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Consumption_of_energy) - [Electricity production, consumption and markets](http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Electricity_production,_consumption_and_market_overview). ## Explore more of our work on Energy Explore all the metrics – energy production, electricity consumption, and breakdown of fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear energy. Get an overview of energy for any country on a single page. Download our complete dataset of energy metrics on GitHub. It's open-access and free for anyone to use. See how access to electricity and clean cooking fuels vary across the world. Explore long-term changes in energy production and consumption across the world. How much of our energy comes from fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy? See the breakdown of the energy mix. Explore the breakdown of the electricity mix and how this is changing. See the long-term changes in coal, oil and gas production and consumption. How quickly are countries scaling up the production of renewable technologies? Explore the data. Explore the long-term changes in nuclear energy production across the world. Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.

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        "rendered": "\n<!-- formatting-options subnavId:energy subnavCurrentId:fossil-fuels -->\n\n\n\n<p>For most of human history our ancestors relied on very basic forms of energy: human muscle, animal muscle and the burning of biomass such as wood or crops. But the Industrial Revolution unlocked a whole new energy resource: fossil fuels. Fossil energy has been a fundamental driver of the technological, social, economic and development progress which has followed.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) have, and continue to, play a dominant role in global energy systems.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>But they also come with several negative impacts. When burned they produce <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions\">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) and are the largest driver of global climate change. They are also a major contributor to local <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution\">air pollution</a>, which is estimated to linked to millions of premature deaths each year.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>As low-carbon sources of energy \u2013 nuclear and renewables \u2013 become readily available, the world needs to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article presents the long-run and recent perspectives on coal, oil and gas \u2013 how much countries produce and consume; where our fossil fuel reserves are; and what role the fuels play in our energy and electricity systems.</p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Fossil fuel consumption</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Global fossil fuel consumption</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-fossil-fuel-consumption\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>The burning of fossil fuels for energy began around the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But fossil fuel consumption has changed significantly over the past few centuries \u2013 both in terms of what and how much we burn.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see global fossil fuel consumption broken down by coal, oil and gas since 1800. Earlier data, pre-1965, is sourced from Vaclav Smil&#8217;s work on energy transitions; this has been combined with data published in BP&#8217;s <a href=\"https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html\">Statistical Review of World Energy</a> from 1965 onwards.{ref}Vaclav Smil (2017). <a href=\"http://vaclavsmil.com/2016/12/14/energy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition/\">Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives</a>.{/ref} </p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fossil fuel consumption has increased significantly over the past half-century, around eight-fold since 1950, and roughly doubling since 1980.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the types of fuel we rely on has also shifted, from solely coal towards a combination with oil, and then gas. Today, coal consumption is falling in many parts of the world. But oil and gas are still growing quickly. </p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Fossil fuel consumption</strong>: which countries use the most energy from fossil fuels?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-primary-energy\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-fossil-fuels</link-url>\n        <title>Annual percentage change in fossil fuel consumption</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-fossil-fuels</link-url>\n        <title>Annual change in fossil fuel consumption</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How is fossil fuel consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>We&#8217;ve looked at how much fossil fuel energy is consumed globally. But what about countries? How much fossil energy do they consume?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>The interactive chart here shows the amount of primary energy from fossil fuels that is consumed each year.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the sum of energy from coal, oil and gas. In the sections below we look at each of these sources individually.</p>\n\n\n\t<block type=\"help\">\n\t\t<content>\n\n<h4>Three tips on how to interact with this map</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>By clicking on any country on the map you see the change over time in this country.</li><li>By moving the time slider (below the map) you can see how the global situation has changed over time.</li><li>You can focus on a particular world region using the dropdown menu to the top-right of the map.</li></ul>\n\n</content>\n\t</block></div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Per capita</strong>: where do people consume the most energy from fossil fuels?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-per-capita\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related chart:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-cons-per-capita</link-url>\n        <title>Fossil fuel per capita by type</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How much coal, oil and gas energy is consumed per person?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-fossil-energy-vs-gdp</link-url>\n        <title>Per capita fossil fuel consumption vs. GDP</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Do we consume more or less energy from fossil fuels as we get richer? Explore the data on how fossil fuels relate to income.</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Looking at energy consumption at the country level is often a strong reflection of population size rather than actual fossil fuel consumption per person.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>How do these comparisons look when we adjust for population?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see the amount of energy from fossil fuels consumed per person. This is the sum of primary energy from coal, oil and gas combined.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Across the world we see that the largest consumers use more than ten times the amount of fossil energy than some of the smallest consumers.</p>\n\n\n\t<block type=\"help\">\n\t\t<content>\n\n<h4>Four tips on how you can interact with this chart</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Change the bar chart into a line chart:</strong> by clicking on the timeline at the bottom of the chart you can change the bar chart into a line chart.</li><li><strong>See the change over time:</strong> Using the &#8216;play&#8217; button on the timeline you can see how this metric changes over time.</li><li><strong>Add any other country:</strong> click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.</li><li><strong>See the data on a world map:</strong> click on the &#8216;MAP&#8217; tab to see the global overview across countries.</li></ul>\n\n</content>\n\t</block></div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>Fossil fuel consumption by type</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-side-by-side\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>In the sections above we looked at the consumption of fossil fuels collectively. But it&#8217;s important  to look at the role of coal, oil and gas individually \u2013 their impacts are not equal. Coal, for example, typically produces more CO<sub>2</sub> and local air pollution per unit of energy <em>[see <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy\">our article</a> on the relative safety and impacts of different energy sources]</em>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive charts here we fossil fuel consumption disaggregated by type. This is shown as a stacked area chart \u2013 useful for seeing the relative contribution of each; but also as a line chart which allows us to see how the consumption of each is changing over time.</p>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\t<block type=\"help\">\n\t\t<content>\n\n<h4>How you can interact with the stacked area chart</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>In these charts it is always possible to switch to any other country in the world by choosing <strong>Change Country</strong> in the bottom left corner.</li><li>By unticking the &#8216;Relative&#8217; box, you can switch to see the breakdown of emissions in absolute terms.</li></ul>\n\n</content>\n\t</block></div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-side-by-side\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-fuel-type\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuel-consumption-by-type\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Fossil fuels in the energy and electricity mix</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from fossil fuels?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-share-energy\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related content:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix</link-url>\n        <title>Energy mix</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>What sources does our energy come from? Explore our work on the energy mix across the world.</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/energy-consumption-by-source-and-region-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>How do fossil fuels fit in within the rest of the energy mix? What share of primary energy comes from fossil fuels?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil and gas. Over the coming decades we need to rapidly reduce this share by displacing them with low-carbon energy sources.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see how this share varies across the world.</p>\n\n\n\n<h5>A few points to keep in mind when considering this data:</h5>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>These figures reflect <em>energy</em> consumption \u2013 that is the sum of all energy uses including electricity, transport and heating. Many people assume energy and electricity to mean the same, but electricity is just one component of total energy consumption. We look at electricity consumption later in this profile.</li><li>These figures are based on primary energy consumption \u2013 given by the &#8216;substitution method&#8217;. You can read our explainer on the different metrics used to measure energy <strong><a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix#direct-vs-substituted-primary-energy-what-are-the-multiple-ways-of-energy-accounting\">here</a></strong>.</li></ul>\n\n\n\t<block type=\"help\">\n\t\t<content>\n\n<h4>Two tips on how you can interact with this chart</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>View the data for any country as a line chart:</strong> click on any country to see its change over time, or by using the &#8216;CHART&#8217; tab at the bottom.</li><li><strong>Add any other country to the line chart:</strong> click on the Add country button to compare with any other country.</li></ul>\n\n</content>\n\t</block></div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from fossil fuels?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-fossil-fuels\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related content:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix</link-url>\n        <title>Electricity mix</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>What sources does our electricity come from? Explore our work on the electricity mix across the world.</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Electricity is one component of total energy consumption \u2013 the other two being transport and heating.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Globally, fossil fuels account for a much smaller share of electricity production than the energy system as a whole. In 2019, around 64% of our electricity came from fossil fuels.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas summed together) across the world. Oil accounts for only a small share of electricity production \u2013 most come from coal and gas. The share from coal and gas individually can be found in the sections below.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Coal</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Coal production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-prod-per-capita</link-url>\n        <title>Coal production per capita</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How much coal do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-production-by-region</link-url>\n        <title>Coal production by region</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which regions produce the most coal?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-production-by-region.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Which countries produce the most coal? How has this changed over time?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart here we see coal production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that this measures coal <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from coal in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#coal-reserves\">coal reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures coal production before trade between countries.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Energy from coal</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-per-capita</link-url>\n        <title>Per capita consumption of energy from coal</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which countries consume the most coal <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/per-capita-coal.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-coal</link-url>\n        <title>Annual change in coal energy consumption</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-coal</link-url>\n        <title>Annual percentage change in coal energy consumption</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How is coal energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-consumption-by-region</link-url>\n        <title>Coal consumption by region</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which regions consume the most coal?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-consumption-by-region.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Fossil fuel production is an important metric to follow \u2013 it helps us understand where fossil fuels are being extracted. But we also care about where that energy is being consumed \u2013 that tells us what role fossil fuels are playing in the energy system of each country.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from coal across the world. This represents coal production adjusted for trade (so, coal exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p>\n\n\n\n<p></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from coal?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-energy-share\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Coal has been a critical energy sources, and mainstay in global energy production for centuries.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>But it&#8217;s also the most <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy\">polluting energy source</a>: both in terms of the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> it produces per unit of energy, but also the amount of local air pollution it creates. Moving away from coal energy is important for climate change as well as human health.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from coal across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from coal?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-coal\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Coal is currently the largest source of electricity globally. For many countries remains the dominant source. But, we also see that others have seen a massive shift away from coal in recent years \u2013 the UK is <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/death-uk-coal\">one such example</a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from coal across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>When do countries plan to phase out coal?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-phase-out-timeline?country=FIN~POL~SLE\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Coal is the <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?country=~OWID_WRL\">world&#8217;s oldest</a> industrial source of energy. It is still a dominant source of energy across the world today \u2013 especially within our electricity mix.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>But coal is the <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy\">world&#8217;s dirtiest fuel</a> \u2013 it not only emits the most carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, it has severe impacts on health through <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution\">air pollution</a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many countries are therefore committing to phasing coal power out of their electricity mix. This map shows country pledges to achieve this. Some countries are already coal-free. Some have set to phase it out by 2030; 2040 or later. Some have not yet committed to eliminating it.{ref}This dataset is collated by Our World in Data based on several data sources, including:</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA): https://www.poweringpastcoal.org/<br>Beyond Coal EU: https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-tracker/<br>Bloomberg Global Coal Countdown: https://bloombergcoalcountdown.com/<br>EMBER Climate: https://ember-climate.org/<br>National announcements during the COP26 Climate Summit.{/ref}</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Oil</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Oil production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-prod-per-capita</link-url>\n        <title>Oil production per capita</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How much oil do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-production-by-region</link-url>\n        <title>Oil production by region</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which regions produce the most oil?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/oil-production-by-region.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Which countries produce the most oil? How has this changed over time?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart here we see oil production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that this measures oil <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from oil in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#oil-reserves\">oil reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures oil production before trade between countries.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Energy from oil</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-oil</link-url>\n        <title>Per capita consumption of energy from oil</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which countries consume the most oil <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/per-capita-oil.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-oil</link-url>\n        <title>Annual change in oil energy consumption</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-oil</link-url>\n        <title>Annual percentage change in oil energy consumption</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How is oil energy consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-consumption-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh</link-url>\n        <title>Oil consumption by region</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which regions consume the most oil?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/oil-consumption-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Oil production is an important indicator to follow \u2013 it helps us understand where it&#8217;s being extracted, who the main oil producers are, and how this related to oil reserves. But we also care about where that oil is being consumed \u2013 that tells us what role it&#8217;s playing in the energy system of each country.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from oil across the world. This represents oil production adjusted for trade (so, oil exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from oil?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/oil-share-energy\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Oil is the world&#8217;s largest energy source today. It is the dominant source of energy for the transport sector in particular.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from oil across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Gas</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Gas production</strong>: how much do countries produce?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-production-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-prod-per-capita</link-url>\n        <title>Gas production per capita</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How much gas do countries produce <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh</link-url>\n        <title>Gas production by region</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which regions produce the most natural gas?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/natural-gas-production-by-region-terawatt-hours-twh.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Which countries produce the most gas? How has this changed over time?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart here we see gas production by country. This has been converted into primary energy equivalents (i.e. terawatt-hours of energy) for comparability across our other data on energy.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that this measures gas <em>production</em>, not consumption. Many countries consume energy from gas in their energy supply. But not all countries have <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#gas-reserves\">gas reserves</a> to produce this themselves. This therefore measures gas production before trade between countries.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3><strong>Energy from gas</strong>: how much do countries consume?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-consumption-by-country\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related charts:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-gas</link-url>\n        <title>Per capita consumption of energy from gas</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which countries consume the most gas <em>per person</em>?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-gas</link-url>\n        <title>Annual change in gas energy consumption</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>absolute</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-percentage-change-gas</link-url>\n        <title>Annual percentage change in gas energy consumption</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How is gas consumption changing from year-to-year in <em>percentage</em> terms?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure></figure>\n    </block>\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-consumption-by-region</link-url>\n        <title>Gas consumption by region</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Which regions consume the most natural gas?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/natural-gas-consumption-by-region.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>In the section above we looked at where in the world gas is <em>produced</em>. But, after trade, where in the world is gas consumed?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive chart shows primary energy consumption from gas across the world. This represents gas production adjusted for trade (so, gas exports are subtracted and imports are added).</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>primary energy</strong> comes from gas?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gas-share-energy\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Natural gas has, for decades, lagged behind coal and oil as an energy source. But today its consumption is growing rapidly \u2013 often as a replacement for coal in the energy mix. Gas is a major provider of <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix\">electricity production</a>, and a key source of heat.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of primary energy that comes from gas across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>What share of <strong>electricity</strong> comes from gas?</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-gas\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. </p>\n\n\n\n<p>Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor\">emits less CO<sub>2</sub></a> per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gas is now the second largest source of electricity production globally. </p>\n\n\n\n<p>Its contribution is growing quickly in many countries as they substitute it for coal in the electricity mix. From a climate perspective, this transition is positive since gas typically <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-dioxide-emissions-factor\">emits less CO<sub>2</sub></a> per unit of energy. But, we still ultimately want to shift away from gas towards low-carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>This interactive map shows the share of electricity that comes from gas across the world.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Fossil fuel reserves</h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Coal reserves</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-proved-reserves\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n\n\n\n<h5>Related chart:</h5>\n\n\n    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coal-reserves-by-type</link-url>\n        <title>Coal reserves by quality/type</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>Coal sources are not homogeneous \u2013 they vary significantly in chemical composition and quality. How do coal reserves break down by quality?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/coal-reserves-by-type.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>In previous sections we looked at how much fossil fuels different countries produced or consumed. But where in the world does our existing reserves of fossil fuels remain?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which countries have the potential to extract and sell them?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see proved coal reserves across the world.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s important to distinguish <em>reserves</em> versus <em>resources</em> here. &#8220;Proved reserves&#8221; represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it&#8217;s there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. </p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Reserves</em> represent only some fraction of <em>resources</em>, however; we continue to discover new quantities of coal, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of <em>reserves</em> changes all the time \u2013 not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are &#8216;unlocked&#8217;.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>We look at the difference between <em>reserves</em> and <em>resources</em> in more detail <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve\"><strong>here</strong></a>.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h3>Gas reserves</h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/natural-gas-proved-reserves\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\"></iframe>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Where in the world do we have gas reserves? Which countries have the ability to extract, consume and trade?</p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the interactive chart we see proved gas reserves across the world.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s important to distinguish <em>reserves</em> versus <em>resources</em> here. &#8220;Proved reserves&#8221; represents coal that we know with reasonable certainty could be recovered in the future under existing economic and technological operating conditions. In other words, we know it&#8217;s there and it would be technologically and economically feasibly to extract it. </p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Reserves</em> represent only some fraction of <em>resources</em>, however; we continue to discover new quantities of gas, and with time more becomes technologically feasible to extract. This means our quantity of <em>reserves</em> changes all the time \u2013 not only based on how much we consume, but by how much new resources are &#8216;unlocked&#8217;.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>We look at the difference between <em>reserves</em> and <em>resources</em> in more detail <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels#reserves-vs-resources-when-does-a-resource-become-a-reserve\"><strong>here</strong></a>.</p>\n\n\n\n<p></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels</h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">    <block type=\"prominent-link\" style=\"is-style-thin\">\n        <link-url>http://ourworldindata.org/co2-by-fuel</link-url>\n        <title>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel</title>\n        <content>\n\n<p>How have fossil fuels contributed to global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change? Has coal, oil or gas made the largest contribution to emissions across the world?</p>\n\n</content>\n        <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"1\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2020/07/annual-co-emissions-by-region-1.svg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"600\" width=\"850\" /></figure>\n    </block></div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<p>Three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions come from energy production. To stand a chance of meeting our climate change targets, we must rapidly reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from fossil fuels.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Explore our related work on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions \u2013 where they come from and how they are changing over time.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Definitions &amp; Measurement</h2>\n\n\n\n<h4>Reserves vs. Resources: When does a resource become a reserve?</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The terms &#8216;reserves&#8217; and &#8216;resources&#8217; are often used interchangeably. However, there is an important distinction between the two. The chart explains this distinction visually.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is true that every reserve is a resource, but not every resource is a reserve. There are two requirements which determine whether a mineral resource becomes a reserve. The first is the degree of certainty that it exists: the planet likely has many mineral resources which we have not yet discovered. So to be defined as a reserve, we must have either a proved, probable or possible understanding of its existence. The second criteria relates to the economic feasibility of being able to access and extract the mineral resource. To be defined as a reserve, it must be economically and technologically viable to recover. If the economics are subeconomic (i.e. would result in a net loss) or marginal, a mineral resource is not defined as a reserve.</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whilst the original source of this concept &#8211; the American geologist Vincent McKelvey &#8211; visualised it as a static box, this transition between resources and reserve classifications is dynamic. As we discover previously unknown resources, and develop improved extraction technologies for economic recovery, this reserves box can grow with time (or shrink as we consume them).</p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"750\" height=\"538\" src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-750x538.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15047\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-750x538.png 750w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-150x108.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-400x287.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2017/11/Reserves-vs.-Resources-01-768x551.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" /></a></figure></div>\n\n\n\n<h4>Units of energy</h4>\n\n\n\n<p>To maintain consistency between metrics and sources, we have attempted to normalise all energy data to units of watt-hours (Wh), or one of its SI prefixes. The table shows the conversion of watt-hours to the range of SI prefixes used.</p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>SI Unit</strong></td><td><strong>Watt-hour (Wh) equivalent</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Watt-hour (Wh)</td><td>&#8211;</td></tr><tr><td>Kilowatt-hour (kWh)</td><td>One thousand watt-hours (10<sup>3</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Megawatt-hour (MWh)</td><td>One million watt-hours (10<sup>6</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Gigawatt-hour (GWh)</td><td>One billion watt-hours (10<sup>9</sup> Wh)</td></tr><tr><td>Terawatt-hour (TWh)</td><td>One trillion watt-hours (10<sup>12</sup> Wh)</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>\n\n\n\n<h2>Data Sources</h2>\n\n\n\n<h4>BP Statistical Review of World Energy</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> BP publishes data on Oil, Gas Coal, Nuclear Energy, Hydroelectricity, Renewables, Primary Energy Consumption, Electricity Generation, Carbon Doixide Emissions</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global &#8211; by country and region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Annual data since 1951</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at <a href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20140605044810/http://www.bp.com:80/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013.html\">www.BP.com</a></li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>The Shift Project (TSP)</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Historical Energy Consumption Statistics and Historical Energy Production Statistics</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global &#8211; by country and world region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Since 1900</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Both datasets are online at <a href=\"http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/all-datasets\">www.tsp-data-portal.org</a>.</li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>IEA &#8211; International Energy Agency</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Data on electricity, oil, gas, coal and renewables. Data on CO2 emissions (also projections)</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global &#8211; by country</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Last decades</li><li><strong>Available at: </strong>Online at <a href=\"http://data.iea.org/\">www.iea.org</a><strong><br></strong></li><li><em>The IEA is publishing the <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Energy Outlook</a>.</em></li><li><em><em> You have to pay to access the IEA databases. But some data is available through Gapminder, for example <a href=\"http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=8.91419354838709;ti=2010$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=0ArfEDsV3bBwCdEV1RkJqTEItQnJYVXJlZzVuc3Y3Mmc;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=282;dataMax=119849$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0;dataMax=98$map_s;sma=49;smi=2.65$cd;bd=0$inds=\">Residential Energy Use (%)</a>. (for few countries since 1960, for more countries since 1971 or 1981)</em></em></li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Energy Information Administration</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Total and crude oil production, oil consumption, natural gas production and consumption, coal production and consumption, electricity generation and consumption, primary energy, energy intensity, CO2 emissions and imports and exports for all fuels</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Global &#8211; by country</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Annual data since 1980</li><li><strong>Available at:</strong> Online at <a href=\"http://www.eia.gov\">ww.eia.gov</a></li><li class=\"no-bullet\"><em> EIA is a US government agency.</em></li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>World Development Indicators &#8211; World Bank</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Geographical coverage: </strong>Global &#8211; by country and world region</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong> Last decades</li><li><strong>Data: </strong><a href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.COMM.KT.OE\">Energy use (kt of oil equivalent)</a> &#8211; <a href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE\">Energy use (kg of oil equivalent <em>per capita</em>)</a> &#8211; <a href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.EGY.PROD.KT.OE\">Energy production (kt of oil equivalent)</a><strong><br></strong></li><li class=\"no-bullet\"><em>Many more related indicators.<br></em></li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h4>Eurostat</h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Data:</strong> Production &amp; consumption of energy.</li><li><strong>Geographical coverage:</strong> Europe</li><li><strong>Time span:</strong></li><li><strong>Data on: </strong><a href=\"http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports\">Energy production and imports</a> &#8211; <a href=\"http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Consumption_of_energy\">Consumption of energy</a> &#8211; <a href=\"http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Electricity_production,_consumption_and_market_overview\">Electricity production, consumption and markets</a>.</li></ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Explore more of our work on Energy</h2>\n\n\n\t<div class=\"wp-block-owid-grid \">\n\t\t\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"COVID-19 data explorer\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/data_explorer-featured.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>Explore all the metrics \u2013 energy production, electricity consumption, and breakdown of fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear energy.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy#country-profiles\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"COVID-19 country profiles\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/country_profiles-featured.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>Get an overview of energy for any country on a single page.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://github.com/owid/energy-data\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"download complete COVID-19 dataset\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/01/download_dataset-featured.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>Download our complete dataset of energy metrics on GitHub.  It&#8217;s open-access and free for anyone to use.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-access\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-access.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>See how access to electricity and clean cooking fuels vary across the world.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-production.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>Explore long-term changes in energy production and consumption across the world.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/energy-mix\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Energy-mix.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>How much of our energy comes from fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy? See the breakdown of the energy mix.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/electricity-mix\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Electricity-Mix.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>Explore the breakdown of the electricity mix and how this is changing.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/fossil-fuels\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>See the long-term changes in coal, oil and gas production and consumption.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/renewable-energy\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Renewable-Energy.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>How quickly are countries scaling up the production of renewable technologies? Explore the data.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"https://owid.cloud/nuclear-energy\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/02/Nuclear-Energy.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>Explore the long-term changes in nuclear energy production across the world.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-block-owid-card  with-image\" data-no-lightbox>\n        <a href=\"http://ourworldindata.org/transport\">\n            <figure><img width=\"768\" height=\"404\" src=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-768x404.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-768x404.png 768w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-400x210.png 400w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-800x421.png 800w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail-150x79.png 150w, https://owid.cloud/app/uploads/2021/09/transport-thumbnail.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" /></figure>\n            <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n              \n              <div class=\"description\">\n                \n\n<p>Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.</p>\n\n\n              </div>\n            </div>\n        </a>\n      </div>\n\n\t</div>",
        "protected": false
    },
    "excerpt": {
        "rendered": "Coal, gas and oil were key to industrialization and rising prosperity, but their large impact on health and the climate mean that we should transition away from these sources of energy.",
        "protected": false
    },
    "date_gmt": "2017-10-02T05:40:15",
    "modified": "2023-08-21T11:50:46",
    "template": "",
    "categories": [
        49,
        48
    ],
    "menu_order": 223,
    "ping_status": "closed",
    "authors_name": [
        "Hannah Ritchie",
        "Pablo Rosado"
    ],
    "modified_gmt": "2023-08-21T10:50:46",
    "comment_status": "closed",
    "featured_media": 41037,
    "featured_media_paths": {
        "thumbnail": "/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-150x79.png",
        "medium_large": "/app/uploads/2021/02/Fossil-Fuels-768x404.png"
    }
}

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