owid

{
    "link": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/",
    "retrievedDate": "15-November-19",
    "additionalInfo": " \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\nGoal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster \ninnovation \nTarget 9.5: Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all \ncountries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially \nincreasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private \nresearch and development spending \nIndicator 9.5.2: Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants \n \nInstitutional information \n\n \nOrganization(s): \n \nUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) \n\n \nConcepts and definitions \n\n \nDefinition: \n \nThe researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of \nresearch and development workers per 1 million people. \n \nRationale: \n \nThe indicator is a direct measure of the number of research and development workers per 1 million \npeople referred to in the target. \n \nConcepts: \n \nThe OECD Frascati Manual (OECD, 2015) provides the relevant definitions for research and experimental \ndevelopment, gross domestic expenditure on R&D and researchers. Although an OECD manual, the \napplication is global. During the 6th revision of the Frascati Manual, developing country issues were \nmainstreamed in the core of the Manual. The 7th edition was released in October 2015. \n \nThe following definitions, taken from the 2015 edition of the Frascati Manual are relevant for computing \nthe indicator.  \n \nResearch and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in \norder to increase the stock of knowledge \u2013 including knowledge of humankind, culture and society \u2013 and \nto devise new applications of available knowledge. \n \nResearchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct \nresearch and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or \noperational methods. \n \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\nThe Full-time equivalent (FTE) of R&D personnel is defined as the ratio of working hours actually spent on \nR&D during a specific reference period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total number of hours \nconventionally worked in the same period by an individual or by a group. \n \nComments and limitations: \n \nR&D data need to be collected through surveys, which are expensive, and are not done on a regular basis \nin many developing countries. Furthermore, (developing) countries do not always cover all sectors of \nperformance. In particular the business sector is not always covered. \n \nMethodology \n\n \nComputation Method: \n \nComputation of the indicator Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants uses  available \npopulation data as denominator. \n \nDisaggregation: \n \nResearchers can be broken down by sector of employment, field of science, sex and age. \n \nTreatment of missing values: \n \n\n\u2022  At country level \n\n \nMissing data are not estimated by the UIS. \n \n\n\u2022  At regional and global levels \n\n \nImputations are based on interpolations or extrapolations of data for other reference years. Second \noption is to make an estimate for FTE based on available headcount data. In case no data are \navailable at all, the unweighted regional average is used as an estimate. \n\n \nRegional aggregates: \n \nMissing data are imputed using the methodology described above. The data for researchers in FTE are \nthen added up by region and divided by the population data for that region. Similar for the global total. \n \nSources of discrepancies: \n \nThere are no differences in the underlying data. Difference may occur due to the use of difference data \nfor the denominator used to calculate indicators. \n \nMethods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level: \n \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\nCountries are responsible themselves for the collection of R&D data at the national level, compile \nnational totals and submit them to international organisations. All countries follow the guidelines of the \nFrascati Manual: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-\n2015_9789264239012-en. \n \nAll countries follow the international guidelines of the OECD Frascati Manual: http://www.oecd-\nilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en. Countries starting to \nmeasure R&D can use UIS Technical Paper 11 for assistance, which can be downloaded here: \nuis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-\nmeasure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf. \n \nQuality assurance: \n \nThe UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) sends out a questionnaire every year to collect R&D data from all \ncountries (around 125 countries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner \norganizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat \n(Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators \u2013 Ibero-\nAmerican and Inter-American (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which \nwere collected from their member states/associated member states \u2013 around 65 countries-) are directly \nobtained from the respective databases (in the case of the OECD and Eurostat) or received from the \npartner (in the case of RICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African STI Indicators Initiative \n(ASTII) of AU/NEPAD.   For the data UIS sends a questionnaire to, the quality assurance process is the \nfollowing:   \n\n(i) \n\n(ii) \n\n(iii) \n\nA questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science \nand Technology or the national statistical office.   \nUIS processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, \ncalculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website.   \nCountries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international \nclassifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed.  The other agencies have \nsimilar procedures. \n\n \nAfter processing the data, but before submitting the data for inclusion in the SDG database, UIS sends the \ncalculated indicators for target 9.5 to all countries that do not submit their data to Eurostat or the OECD. \nThis provides the countries with the opportunity to review the data and provide any modifications or \nadditions before UIS submits the data to UNSD. \n \nData Sources \n\n \nDescription: \n \nData are collected through national R&D surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry \n(such as the Ministry for Science and Technology). \n \nCollection process: \n \nThe UIS sends out a questionnaire every year to collect R&D data from all countries (around 125 \ncountries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner organizations such as the \nOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the \nEuropean Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators \u2013 Ibero-American and Inter-\nAmerican (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which were collected from \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\ntheir member states/associated member states \u2013 around 65 countries-) are directly obtained from the \nrespective databases (in the case of the OECD and Eurostat) or received from the partner (in the case of \nRICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African STI Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of AU/NEPAD, \nwhich may lead to a joint data collection in the future.  \n \nFor the data UIS sends a questionnaire to, the process is the following: \n \n\n(i)  A questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science and \n\nTechnology or the national statistical office. \n\n(ii)  UIS processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, \n\ncalculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website.  \n\n(iii)  Countries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international \n\nclassifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed. \n\n \nData Availability \n\n \nDescription: \n \nData available for over 120 countries for Researchers (in FTE) per million inhabitants \n \nTime series: \n \nData available in the UIS database since reference year 1996, but historical data available back to 1981  \n \nCalendar \n\n \nData collection: \n \nUIS sends out the questionnaire in September every year. The OECD and Eurostat collect data twice per \nyear. \n \nData release: \n \nJuly every year \n \nData providers \n\n \nName: \n \nnational R&D surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for \nScience and Technology). \n \nDescription: \n \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\nData are collected through national R&D surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry \n(such as the Ministry for Science and Technology). \n \nData compilers \n\n \nThe UIS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of \nthe European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators \u2013 Ibero-American and Inter-\nAmerican (RICYT), African STI Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of AU/NEPAD \n \nReferences \n\n \nURL: \n \nwww.uis.unesco.org \n \nReferences: \n \nOECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and \nExperimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, \nOECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: \nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en.  \n \nUIS Data centre:  \nhttp://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en. \n \nRelated indicators \n\n \n9.b, 12.a, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8 \n \n\n\f",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations Statistics Division",
    "dataPublisherSource": null
}