variables: 419284

This table contains all the variables of all the datasets we have at Our World In Data. Note that this includes only the information about the variables like name and default display settings, not the data itself.

Data license: CC-BY

This data as json

id name unit description createdAt updatedAt code coverage timespan datasetId sourceId shortUnit display columnOrder originalMetadata grapherConfigAdmin shortName catalogPath dimensions schemaVersion processingLevel processingLog titlePublic titleVariant attributionShort attribution descriptionShort descriptionFromProducer descriptionKey descriptionProcessing licenses license grapherConfigETL type sort dataChecksum metadataChecksum
419284 Political regime   The variable identifies the political regime of a country using the Regimes of the World classification by political scientists Anna Lührmann, Marcus Tannenberg and Staffan Lindberg. It distinguishes between closed autocracies (score 0), electoral autocracies (score 1), electoral democracies (score 2), and liberal democracies (score 3). In closed autocracies, citizens do not have the right to either choose the chief executive of the government or the legislature through multi-party elections. In electoral autocracies, citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature through multi-party elections; but they lack some freedoms, such as the freedoms of association or expression, that make the elections meaningful, free, and fair. In electoral democracies, citizens have the right to participate in meaningful, free and fair, and multi-party elections. In liberal democracies, citizens have further individual and minority rights, are equal before the law, and the actions of the executive are constrained by the legislative and the courts. 2022-05-02 15:44:09 2024-07-08 16:08:13     1789-2022 5600     
{
    "name": "Political regime",
    "numDecimalPlaces": 0
}
 0     regime_row_owid grapher/democracy/2023-03-02/vdem/vdem#regime_row_owid   2 major   Political regime   Regimes of the World   Identifies the political regime of a country by distinguishing between closed autocracies, electoral autocracies, electoral democracies, and liberal democracies. How can the political regime overall be classified considering the competitiveness of access to power (polyarchy) as well as liberal principles? 0: Closed autocracy: No multiparty elections for the chief executive or the legislature. 1: Electoral autocracy: De-jure multiparty elections for the chief executive and the legislature, but failing to achieve that elections are free and fair, or de-facto multiparty, or a minimum level of Dahl’s institutional prerequisites of polyarchy as measured by V-Dem’s Electoral Democracy Index (`v2x_polyarchy`). 2: Electoral democracy: De-facto free and fair multiparty elections and a minimum level of Dahl’s institutional prerequisites for polyarchy as measured by V- Dem’s Electoral Democracy Index (`v2x_polyarchy`), but either access to justice, or transparent law enforcement, or liberal principles of respect for personal liberties, rule of law, and judicial as well as legislative constraints on the executive not satisfied as measured by V-Dem’s Liberal Component Index (`v2x_liberal`). 3: Liberal democracy: De-facto free and fair multiparty elections and a minimum level of Dahl’s institutional prerequisites for polyarchy as measured by V- Dem’s Electoral Democracy Index (`v2x_polyarchy`) are guaranteed as well as access to justice, transparent law enforcement and the liberal principles of respect for personal liberties, rule of law, and judicial as well as legislative constraints on the executive satisfied as measured by V-Dem’s Liberal Component Index (`v2x_liberal`). Electoral democracies score above 2 on the indicators for multi–party (`v2elmulpar_osp`) and free and fair elections (`v2elfrfair_osp`), as well as above 0.5 on the Electoral Democracy Index (`v2x_polyarchy`). Liberal democracy meets the criteria for Electoral democracy but also satisfy the liberal dimensions by a score above 0.8 on the V–Dem Liberal Component index (`v2x_liberal`), as well as a score above 3 on transparent law enforcement (`v2cltrnslw_osp`), access to justice for men (`v2clacjstm_osp`) and women (`v2clacjstw_osp`). Electoral autocracies fail to meet one or more of the above–mentioned criteria of electoral democracies, but subject the chief executive and the legislature to de–jure multiparty elections as indicated by a score above 1 on the V–Dem multiparty elections indicator (`v2elmulpar_osp`). Closed autocracy if either no multiparty elections for the legislature take place (`v2xlg_elecreg == 0`) or the chief executive is not elected in direct or indirect multiparty elections. To identify whether this is the case, we take into account if there is no basic multiparty competition in elections (v2elmulpar_osp < 1) and the relative power of the Head of State (HoS) and the Head of Government (HoG) as well as the appointment procedures. The V–Dem variable `v2ex_hosw` identifies if the HoS (`v2ex_hosw` > 0.5) or HoG (`v2ex_hosw` < or equal to 0.5) is the chief executive. If the HoG is the chief executive, the variable `v2expathhg` indicates whether the HoG is directly (8) or indirectly (7) elected or appointed by the HoS (6). In the first case, we consider whether executive elections (`v2xex_elecreg == 0`) take place, in the second case whether legislative elections take place (`v2xlg_elecreg == 0`) and in the third case how HoS is selected as follows. The variable `v2expathhs` indicates whether the HoS is directly (7) or indirectly (6) elected. Thus, in the first case, we consider whether executive elections (`v2xex_elecreg`) take place, in the second case whether legislative elections take place and the legislature approves on HoG (`v2xlg_elecreg == 0` and `v2exaphog == 0`). This also applies for the cases if the HoS is the chief executive. [Text from [V-Dem Codebook v13](https://www.v-dem.net/documents/24/codebook_v13.pdf)] 
[
    "The indicator uses the Regimes of the World classification by political scientists Anna L\u00fchrmann, Marcus Tannenberg and Staffan Lindberg.",
    "The classification distinguishes between closed autocracies (score 0), electoral autocracies (score 1), electoral democracies (score 2), and liberal democracies (score 3).",
    "In _closed autocracies_, citizens do not have the right to either choose the chief executive of the government or the legislature through multi-party elections.",
    "In _electoral autocracies_, citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature through multi-party elections; but they lack some freedoms, such as the freedoms of association or expression, that make the elections meaningful, free, and fair.",
    "In _electoral democracies_, citizens have the right to participate in meaningful, free and fair, and multi-party elections.",
    "In _liberal demoracies_, citizens have further individual and minority rights, are equal before the law, and the actions of the executive are constrained by the legislative and the courts."
]
 We ingested the original data from the [V-Dem project website](https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/) and processed it with Stata. We expanded the years and countries covered by V-Dem. To include more of the period when current countries were still non-sovereign territories, we identified the historical entity they were a part of and used that regime’s data whenever available. For example, V-Dem only provides regime data since Bangladesh’s independence in 1971. There is, however, regime data for Pakistan and the colony of India, both of which the current territory of Bangladesh was a part. We, therefore, use the regime data of Pakistan for Bangladesh from 1947 to 1970, and the regime data of India from 1789 to 1946. We did so for all countries with a past or current population of more than one million. Finally, we make some additional minor changes to the coding rules. The two most consequential changes we make relate to RoW’s identification of whether a country’s chief executive is elected. One way RoW considers a chief executive to have been elected — even if they are not directly elected or appointed by the legislature — is if they are the head of state, they depend on the approval of the legislature, and there were multi-party elections for the executive. This last part is likely a coding error because to be consistent with RoW's other definitions, this should depend on multi-party legislative, not executive, elections. Only if the legislature has been chosen in multi-party elections does it make an otherwise unelected chief executive—who must be approved by that legislature—dependent on multi-party elections. We correct this error. Furthermore, RoW considers a chief executive to have been elected if the country had chosen both its legislature and executive in multi-party elections. But this considers some chief executives as elected even if they came to power through force after elections were previously held. Examples include the coup d’états led by Fulgencio Batista in Cuba in 1952 and by Muhammadu Buhari in Nigeria in 1983. We instead consider such chief executives as unelected. All code and data is available [on GitHub](https://github.com/owid/notebooks/tree/main/BastianHerre/democracy).     
{
    "map": {
        "time": "latest",
        "colorScale": {
            "baseColorScheme": "RdYlBu",
            "binningStrategy": "manual",
            "customNumericColors": [
                "#ff0000",
                "#ffc0c0",
                "#80ff80",
                "#008000"
            ],
            "customNumericLabels": [
                "Closed autocracy",
                "Electoral autocracy",
                "Electoral democracy",
                "Liberal democracy"
            ],
            "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3
            ]
        },
        "tooltipUseCustomLabels": true
    },
    "tab": "map",
    "note": "The Chart tab uses numeric values, ranging from 0 for closed autocracies to 3 for liberal democracies.",
    "title": "Political regime",
    "yAxis": {
        "min": 0,
        "facetDomain": "shared"
    },
    "$schema": "https://files.ourworldindata.org/schemas/grapher-schema.003.json",
    "subtitle": "Based on the criteria of the classification by L\u00fchrmann et al. (2018) and the assessment by [V-Dem](#dod:v-dem)\u2019s experts.",
    "hasMapTab": true,
    "originUrl": "ourworldindata.org/democracy",
    "variantName": "Regimes of the World",
    "relatedQuestions": [
        {
            "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/political-regime#faqs",
            "text": "FAQs on this data"
        }
    ],
    "selectedEntityNames": [
        "Argentina",
        "Australia",
        "Botswana",
        "China"
    ],
    "selectedFacetStrategy": "entity",
    "hideAnnotationFieldsInTitle": {
        "time": true,
        "entity": true,
        "changeInPrefix": true
    }
}
 int 
[]
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