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98678,Reasoned justification,,"When important policy changes are being considered, i.e. before a decision has been made, to what extent do political elites give public and reasoned justifications for their positions?",2018-10-03 13:26:02,2023-06-15 05:05:42,v2dlreason,,,3073,16174,,{},447,"{""responses"": ""0:  No justification. Elites almost always only dictate that something should or should not be done, but no reasoning about justification is given. For example, \""We must cut spending.\"" <br>1:  Inferior justification. Elites tend to give reasons why someone should or should not be for doing or not doing something, but the reasons tend to be illogical or false, although they may appeal to many voters. For example, \""We must cut spending. The state is inefficient.\"" [The inference is incomplete because addressing inefficiencies would not necessarily reduce spending and it might undermine essential services.]<br>2:  Qualified justification. Elites tend to offer a single simple reason justifying why the proposed policies contribute to or detract from an outcome. For example, \""We must cut spending because taxpayers cannot afford to pay for current programs.\""<br>3:  Sophisticated justification. Elites tend to offer more than one or more complex, nuanced and complete justification. For example, \""We must cut spending because taxpayers cannot afford to pay for current government programs. Raising taxes would hurt economic growth, and deficit spending would lead to inflation.\"""", ""dataRelease"": ""1-8."", ""indicatorCode"": ""v2dlreason"", ""indicatorName"": ""Reasoned justification"", ""longDefinition"": ""Because discourse varies greatly from person to person, base your answer on the style that is most typical of prominent national political leaders."", ""variableSource"": ""Pemstein, Dan, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-Ting Wang, Joshua Krusell, and Farhad Miri (2018). \""The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data\"", V-Dem Working Paper Series (21); Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Moa Olin, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt (2018). \""V-Dem Codebook v8\"" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project; Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Agnes Cornell, Sirianne Dahlum, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Moa Olin, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2018. \""V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v8\"". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy18"", ""shortDefinition"": ""When important policy changes are being considered, i.e. before a decision has been made, to what extent do political elites give public and reasoned justifications for their positions?"", ""aggregationMethod"": """"}",,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,