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98629,Election other voting irregularities,,"In this national election, was there evidence of other intentional irregularities by incumbent and/or opposition parties, and/or vote fraud?",2018-10-03 13:26:02,2023-06-15 05:05:42,v2elirreg,,,3073,16125,,{},398,"{""responses"": ""0:  Yes. There were systematic and almost nationwide other irregularities.<br>1:  Yes, some. There were non-systematic, but rather common other irregularities, even if only in some parts of the country.<br>2:  Sporadic. There were a limited number of sporadic other irregularities, and it is not clear whether they were intentional or disfavored particular groups.<br>3:  Almost none. There were only a limited number of irregularities, and many were probably unintentional or did not disfavor particular groups' access to participation. <br>4:  None. There was no evidence of intentional other irregularities. Unintentional irregularities resulting from human error and/or natural conditions may still have occurred."", ""dataRelease"": ""1-8."", ""indicatorCode"": ""v2elirreg"", ""indicatorName"": ""Election other voting irregularities"", ""longDefinition"": ""Examples include use of double IDs, intentional lack of voting materials, ballot-stuffing, misreporting of votes, and false collation of votes. This question does not refer to lack of access to registration, harassment of opposition parties, manipulations of the voter registry or vote-buying (dealt with in previous questions).<br>Examples include use of double IDs, intentional lack of voting materials, ballot-stuffing, misreporting of votes, and false collation of votes. <br>This question does not refer to lack of access to registration, harassment of opposition parties, manipulations of the voter registry or vote-buying (dealt with in previous questions)"", ""variableSource"": ""Pemstein, Dan, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-Ting Wang, Joshua Krusell, and Farhad Miri (2018). \""The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data\"", V-Dem Working Paper Series (21); Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Moa Olin, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt (2018). \""V-Dem Codebook v8\"" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project; Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Agnes Cornell, Sirianne Dahlum, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Moa Olin, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2018. \""V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v8\"". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy18"", ""shortDefinition"": ""In this national election, was there evidence of other intentional irregularities by incumbent and/or opposition parties, and/or vote fraud?"", ""aggregationMethod"": """"}",,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,