sources

{
    "link": "Paxton et al (2006): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/24340?sortBy=&searchSource=revise&q=paxton+pamela \nWomen in National Parliaments (IPU): http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif-arc.htm \nWDI, World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.GEN.PARL.ZS",
    "retrievedDate": "14/09/2017",
    "additionalInfo": "Data description:\nPaxton\u2019s data is downloaded from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). It provides country-level data on the start and end year of sovereignty; year in which universal suffrage was granted to all women; the year the first woman was elected to parliament; and percentage share of women in parliament for the years 1893-2003. OWID updates their data through to 2017 using Inter-parliamentary union (IPU) statistical archives and the World Bank\u2019s World Development Indicator (WDI) variable on women\u2019s share in parliament (main sources). \nData from 2003 onwards was derived from various other sources. IPU\u2019s statistical archives were used to derive figures on the share of women in parliament (from 2004-2017); the CIA World Factbook provided data on the year of sovereignty and universal suffrage, alongside various additional sources which are listed below. Moreover, data extension to 2017 means that our dataset consists of five additional countries: Libya, Montenegro, Serbia, South Sudan and Timor, which gained independence after 2003.\n\nData construction:\nPaxton et al (2006) describes women\u2019s political representation as the share of sovereign countries which satisfied the five representation milestones in any given year. Therefore, we have constructed this dataset which indicates the status of sovereign countries using the values \"Yes\" and \"No\". More specifically, if the year of universal suffrage is less than 1990 for the United States, we coded \u2018Universal suffrage to women\u2019 in the United States in 1990 as Yes. Note that the United States had gained sovereignty by then. \nIn addition, our dataset doesn\u2019t consider these milestones as ordered achievements in women\u2019s political representation. Paxton et al (2006) assumed that a country can only elect a woman MP once the universal suffrage has been granted. However, there are countries whereby a female MP was elected prior to gaining universal suffrage. Therefore, we calculate values for each milestone independently and map countries as per the original source definition of sovereign.\n\nAdditional data sources: \nThis section provides detailed information on the sources used by variables and countries.\n\nYear of sovereignty \nCIA\u2019s World Factbook Independence field is used to determine the year of sovereignty for Libya, Montenegro, Serbia, South Sudan, Timor, American Samoa, Hungary and Iran. Likewise, we determine end of sovereignty for Libya and Serbia and Montenegro using the same source. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2088.html [accessed 16th August 2017].\nYear of universal suffrage\nKuwait, Oman and Qatar: UNICEF Gender Equality Profiles. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/gender/gender_62215.html [accessed 16th August 2017].\nLibya, Serbia (mentioned as Serbia and Montenegro), Montenegro (mentioned as Serbia and Montenegro), South Sudan (mentioned as Sudan), Timor and American Samoa. IPU\u2019s Women in Politics. Available at: http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/wmn45-05_en.pdf [accessed 16th August 2017].\nSaudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. CIA\u2019s World Factbook Suffrage field. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html [accessed 16th August 2017].\nBrunei: Wikipedia.\nYear of first woman elected to parliament\nTimor, Latvia and American Samoa: IPU\u2019s Women in Politics. Available at: http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/wmn45-05_en.pdf [accessed 16th August 2017].\nOman, Palau, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE and Tanzania: IPU\u2019s Women in Parliament Annual Reviews.\nSerbia, Montenegro, Nigeria and South Sudan: IPU\u2019s Parline. Available at: http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp [accessed 16th August 2017].\nKuwait: The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/17/kuwait-women-elected-parliament [accessed 16th August 2017].\nLibya: Libyan House of Representatives. Available at: https://www.temehu.com/house-of-representatives.htm [accessed 16th August 2017].\nSierra Leone: Pathways of Women\u2019s Empowerment, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08ac5ed915d3cfd00092c/CS_Women_and_Politics_SL.pdf [accessed 16th August 2017].\nShare of women in parliament \nIPU\u2019s Statistical Archive (http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif-arc.htm) for all countries from 2004 to 2017. For each year, we take the share of women in lower house of the parliament. This definition matches both with WDI and IPU\u2019s Women in Parliament 1945-1995. They use the share of women in single house for unicameral parliaments and lower house for bicameral parliaments. Moreover, for consistency, data is taken from December every year. If December data is missing, we take the next latest month of the corresponding year.\nHandling data issues: \nFor years 1997 - 2003, there is an overlap between Paxton\u2019s dataset and WDI data measuring the share of women in parliament. For most countries, the values match exactly. However, there are 20-40 countries each year where the Paxton and WDI values do not match. As the more complete and comprehensive dataset, we have taken Paxton\u2019s dataset as our primary source in such cases for the period 1997-2003. Nonetheless, we use WDI to fill the remaining gaps. For the same reasoning, we choose manually collected data from IPU\u2019s statistical archive over WDI for the years 2004-2016.",
    "dataPublishedBy": "Our World In Data (dataset constructed by Ruby Mittal)",
    "dataPublisherSource": "Data from 1893-2003 corresponds to Paxton et al (2006), The International Women's Movement and Women's Political Representation, 1893-2003 \nData from 2004-2017 corresponds to the Statistical Archives, Women in National Parliaments, Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) \nData gaps from 1997-2016 correspond to Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%), World Development Indicators (WDI), World Bank"
}