sources

{
    "link": "Paxton et al (2006): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/24340?sortBy=&searchSource=revise&q=paxton+pamela. Women in National Parliaments (IPU): http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif-arc.htm. WDI, World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.GEN.PARL.ZS",
    "retrievedDate": "16/08/2017",
    "additionalInfo": "Data construction:\nPaxton et al (2006) provides data on five milestones of women\u2019s political representation from 1893 to 2003. Our dataset updates their data through to 2017 using Inter-parliamentary union (IPU) statistical archives and the World Bank\u2019s World Development Indicator (WDI) variable on women\u2019s share in parliament (main sources).\n\nPaxton\u2019s data is downloaded from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). It provides country-level data on the start and end year of sovereignty; year in which universal suffrage was granted to all women; the year the first woman was elected to parliament; and percentage share of women in parliament for the years 1945-2003. Data from 2003 onwards was derived from various sources. IPU\u2019s statistical archives were used to derive figures on the share of women in parliament (from 2004-2017); the CIA World Factbook provided data on the year of sovereignty and universal suffrage, alongside various additional sources which are listed below. Moreover, this data extension to 2017 means our dataset consists of five additional countries: Libya, Montenegro, Serbia, South Sudan and Timor, which gained independence after 2003. Paxton et al (2006) describes women\u2019s political representation as the share of sovereign countries which satisfied the five representation milestones in any given year. We have therefore derived the number of sovereign countries generated in any given year, as well as the number which have attained each of the five milestones.\n\nTo overcome methodological differences, the attainment of milestones was assessed in two ways. Firstly, the number and share of sovereign countries were assessed relative to \u2018ordered\u2019 milestones. This results from Paxton et al\u2019s (2006) assumption that a country only has an elected woman MP after universal suffrage is granted. However, there were 17 countries - Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, South Africa, USSR, United Kingdom, and the United States \u2013 whereby a female MP was elected prior to gaining universal suffrage. Secondly, we assessed the number and share of sovereign countries which independently satisfied five milestones.\n\nAdditional information on data sources: \nThis section provides detailed information on the sources used by variables and countries.\n\nSovereignty \nCIA\u2019s World Factbook Independence field is used to determine the year of sovereignty for Libya, Montenegro, Serbia, South Sudan, Timor, American Samoa, Hungary and Iran. Likewise, we determine end of sovereignty for Libya and Serbia and Montenegro using the same source. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2088.html [accessed 16th August 2017].\nUniversal Suffrage\nKuwait, Oman and Qatar: UNICEF Gender Equality Profiles. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/gender/gender_62215.html [accessed 16th August 2017].\nLibya, Serbia (mentioned as Serbia and Montenegro), Montenegro (mentioned as Serbia and Montenegro), South Sudan (mentioned as Sudan), Timor and American Samoa. IPU\u2019s Women in Politics. Available at: http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/wmn45-05_en.pdf [accessed 16th August 2017].\nSaudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. CIA\u2019s World Factbook Suffrage field. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html [accessed 16th August 2017].\nBrunei: Wikipedia.\nFirst woman elected to parliament\nTimor, Latvia and American Samoa: IPU\u2019s Women in Politics. Available at: http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/wmn45-05_en.pdf [accessed 16th August 2017].\nOman, Palau, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE and Tanzania: IPU\u2019s Women in Parliament Annual Reviews.\nSerbia, Montenegro, Nigeria and South Sudan: IPU\u2019s Parline. Available at: http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp [accessed 16th August 2017].\nKuwait: The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/17/kuwait-women-elected-parliament [accessed 16th August 2017].\nLibya: Libyan House of Representatives. Available at: https://www.temehu.com/house-of-representatives.htm [accessed 16th August 2017].\nSierra Leone: Pathways of Women\u2019s Empowerment, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08ac5ed915d3cfd00092c/CS_Women_and_Politics_SL.pdf [accessed 16th August 2017].\nShare of women in parliament \nIPU\u2019s Statistical Archive (http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif-arc.htm) for all countries from 2004 to 2017. For each year, we take the share of women in lower house of the parliament. This definition matches both with WDI and IPU\u2019s Women in Parliament 1945-1995. They use the share of women in single house for unicameral parliaments and lower house for bicameral parliaments. Moreover, for consistency, data is taken from December every year. If December data is missing, we take the next latest month of the corresponding year.\nHandling data issues: \nFor years 1997 - 2003, there is an overlap between Paxton\u2019s dataset and WDI data measuring the share of women in parliament. For most countries, the values match exactly. However, there are 20-40 countries each year where the Paxton and WDI values do not match. As the more complete and comprehensive dataset, we have taken Paxton\u2019s dataset as our primary source in such cases for the period 1997-2003. Nonetheless, we use WDI to fill the remaining gaps. For the same reasoning, we choose manually collected data from IPU\u2019s statistical archive over WDI for the years 2004-2016.",
    "dataPublishedBy": "Our World In Data (dataset constructed by Ruby Mittal)",
    "dataPublisherSource": "Data from 1893-2003 corresponds to Paxton et al (2006), The International Women's Movement and Women's Political Representation, 1893-2003. Data from 2004-2017 corresponds to the Statistical Archives, Women in National Parliaments, Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). Data gaps from 1997-2016 correspond to Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%), World Development Indicators (WDI), World Bank"
}