sources

{
    "link": "https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/ ; https://www.mortality.org/Data/ZippedDataFiles ; https://clio-infra.eu/Indicators/LifeExpectancyatBirthTotal.html ; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00083.x",
    "retrievedDate": "2022-09-09",
    "additionalInfo": "This dataset has been created using multiple sources. We use UN WPP for data since 1950 (estimates and medium variant) and a combination of other sources before this year.\n\nFor continents, we use UN's definitions for values after 1950 and Riley (2005) definitions for values prior to 1950. Note that Riley reports \"Americas\", while the UN reports \"Northern America\" and \"Latin America and the Caribbean\" separately.\n\n**SOURCES**\n\n**World Population Prospects - UN (2022)**\nWorld Population Prospects 2022 is the 27th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population that have been published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality and international migration for 237 countries or areas. More details at https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/.\n\n**Life Tables - Human Mortality Database (2022-11-04)**\nTo facilitate rapid downloads, the database has been organized into zipped data files. Two series of files are intended for different purposes and for different users. For users who want to obtain all available data for an individual country or for all countries, the zipped data files labeled \"By country\" are recommended. The file organization follows internal practices and is not particularly user-friendly, but all publicly-available HMD data are included in this set.For users who only want information of a given kind for all countries, the files \"By statistic\" are recommended. In this case the file organization is simpler, but only certain parts of the database (i.e., items labeled \"Complete Data Series\" on country pages) are available in this format.\n\nMore details can be found at https://www.mortality.org/Data/ExplanatoryNotes.\n\n**Life Expectancy at Birth (Total) - Zijdeman et al. (2015)**\nThis dataset provides Period Life Expectancy at birth per country and year. The overall aim of the dataset is to cover the entire world for the period 1500-2000.\nThe current version (version 2) was build as part of the OECD \"How was life\" project. The dataset has nearly global coverage for the post 1950 period, while pre\n1950 the coverage decreases the more historic the time period. Depending on sources, the data are annual estimates, 5 yearly or decadel estimates\n\nThe sources used are:\n\n- [UN World Population Project](http://esa.un.org/wpp/).\n- [Human Mortality Database](http://www.mortality.org).\n- [Gapminder](http://www.gapminder.org).\n- [OECD](http://stats.oecd.org).\n- [Montevideo-Oxford Latin America Economic History Database](http://www.lac.ox.ac.uk/moxlad-database).\n- [ONS](http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/index.html).\n- [Australian Bureau of Statistics](http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/web+pages/statistics?opendocument#from-banner=LN).\n- Kannisto, V., Nieminen, M. & Turpeinen, O. (1999). Finnish Life Tables since 1751, Demographic Research, 1(1), DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.1999.1.1\n\nLink to paper can be found at https://clio-infra.eu/docs/Total_life_expectancy.docx.\n\n**Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800-2001 - Riley (2005)**\nHistorians and demographers have gone to considerable trouble to reconstruct life expectancy in the past in individual countries. This overview collects information from a large body of that work and links estimates for historical populations to those provided by the United Nations, the World Bank, and other sources for 1950-2001. The result is a picture of regional and global life expectancy at birth for selected years from 1800 to 2001. The bibliography of more than 700 sources is published separately on the web.\n<b>DATA ANOMALIES</b>\nFind below a list of events by country and year that likely affected the life expectancy, and thus created data anomalies.\n\n<b>Afghanistan</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War'>Soviet-Afghan War (1979 - 1989)</a>\n\n<b>American Samoa</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami'>Samoa earthquake and tsunami (2009)</a>\n\n<b>Armenia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War'>First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988 - 1994)</a>\n\n<b>Bangladesh</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone'>Bhola cyclone (1970)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War'>Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)</a>\n\n<b>Belize</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hattie'>Hurricane Hattie (1961)</a>\n\n<b>Bosnia and Herzegovina</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War'>Bosnian War (1992 - 1995)</a>\n\n<b>Burundi</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikiza'>Ikiza (1972)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Burundi'>Hutu Massacres of 1988</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi'>1993 ethnic violence in Burundi</a>\n\n<b>Cambodia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War'>Cambodian Civil War (1967 - 1975)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_genocide'>Cambodian genocide (1975 - 1979)</a>\n\n<b>China</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine'>Great Chinese Famine (1959 \u2013 1961)</a>\n\n<b>Congo</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)'>Second Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997 - 1999)</a>\n\n<b>Cyprus</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963%E2%80%931964'>Crisis of 1963 - 1964</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus'>Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1974)</a>\n\n<b>Equatorial Guinea</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea#Independence_under_Mac%C3%ADas_(1968%E2%80%931979)'>Independence under Mac\u00edas (1968 - 1979)</a>\n\n<b>Eritrea</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War'>Eritrean\u2013Ethiopian War (1999)</a>\n\n<b>Ethiopia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia'>1983 \u2013 1985 famine in Ethiopia</a>\n\n<b>Finland</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War'>Finnish Civil War (1918)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War'>Winter War (1939 - 1940)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War'>Continuation War (1941 - 1944)</a>\n\n<b>France</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War'>Franco-Prussian War (1870 - 1871)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I'>World War I (1914 - 1918)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Franceg'>Liberation of France (1944 - 1945)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune'>Paris Commune (1971)</a>\n\n<b>Georgia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War'>Georgian Civil War (1991 - 1993)</a>\n\n<b>Grenada</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada'>United States invasion of Grenada (1983)</a>\n\n<b>Guatemala</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Guatemala_earthquake'>1976 Guatemala earthquake</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide'>Guatemalan genocide (1981 - 1983)</a>\n\n<b>Guinea-Bissau</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence'>Guinea-Bissau War of Independence (1974)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War'>Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998 - 1999)</a>\n\n<b>Haiti</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake'>2010 Haiti earthquake</a>\n\n<b>Honduras</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fifi%E2%80%93Orlene'>Hurricane Fifi\u2013Orlene (1974)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch'>Hurricane Mitch (1998)</a>\n\n<b>India</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965'>Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a>\n\n<b>Indonesia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies'>Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies (1942 - 1945)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution'>Indonesian National Revolution (1945 - 1949)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366'>Indonesian mass killings of 1965 - 1966</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami'>2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a>\n\n<b>Iran</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Buin_Zahra_earthquake'>Buin Zahra earthquake (1962)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Manjil%E2%80%93Rudbar_earthquake'>Manjil\u2013Rudbar earthquake (1990)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iranian_Revolution'>Iranian Revolution (1978 - 1979)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Bam_earthquake'>Bam earthquake (2003)</a>\n\n<b>Iraq</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War'>Iran\u2013Iraq War (1980 - 1988)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War'>Iraq War (2003 - 2011)</a>\n\n<b>Italy</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)'>Italian campaign (World War II) (1943 - 1945)</a>\n\n<b>Japan</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki'>Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)</a>\n\n<b>Kosovo</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War'>Kosovo War (1998 - 1999)</a>\n\n<b>Lebanon</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War'>Lebanese Civil War (1975 - 1990)</a>\n\n<b>Liberia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War#ECOWAS_intervention_force_(August_1990)'>First Liberian Civil War (1989 - 1997)</a>\n\n<b>Luxembourg</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I'>German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I (1918)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II'>German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II (1940 - 1944)</a>\n\n<b>Montserrat</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo#Montserrat'>Hurricane Hugo (1989)</a>\n- <a href='https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/16081/eruption-of-soufriere-hills-volcano#:~:text=Located%20on%20the%20Caribbean%20Island,was%20destroyed%20in%20the%20eruption.'>Eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano (1995)</a>\n\n<b>Mozambique</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War'>Mozambican Civil War (1977 - 1992)</a>\n\n<b>Myanmar</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Nargis'>Cyclone Nargis (2008)</a>\n\n<b>Namibia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Border_War'>South African Border War (1966 - 1990)</a>\n\n<b>Netherlands</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II'>World War II (1939 - 1945)</a>\n\n<b>Nicaragua</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Nicaragua_earthquake'>1972 Nicaragua earthquake</a>\n\n<b>Nigeria</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War'>Nigerian Civil War (1967 - 1970)</a>\n\n<b>North Korea</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War'>Korean War (1950 - 1953 de facto)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_famine'>North Korean famine (1994 - 2002)</a>\n\n<b>Norway</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n\n<b>Pakistan</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971'>Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>\n\n<b>Palestine</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War'>Yom Kippur War (1973)</a>\n\n<b>Panama</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama'>United States invasion of Panama (1989)</a>\n\n<b>Peru</b>\n- <a href='https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoto_de_%C3%81ncash_de_1970'>Terremoto de \u00c1ncash (1970)</a>\n\n<b>Russia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933'>Soviet famine (1930 \u2013 1933)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%931947'>Soviet famine (1946 \u2013 1947)</a>\n\n<b>Rwanda</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide'>Rwandan genocide (1994)</a>\n\n<b>Samoa</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami'>Samoa earthquake and tsunami (2009)</a>\n\n<b>Sierra Leone</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War'>Sierra Leone Civil War (1991 - 2002)</a>\n\n<b>Somalia</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_genocide'>Isaaq genocide (1087 - 1989)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War'>Somali Civil War (1991 - present)</a>\n\n<b>South Korea</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War'>Korean War (1950 - 1953 de facto)</a>\n\n<b>South Sudan</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War'>Second Sudanese Civil War (1983 - 2005)</a>\n\n<b>Spain</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War'>Spanish Civil War (1936 - 1939)</a>\n\n<b>Sri Lanka</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami'>2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a>\n\n<b>Sudan</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War'>Second Sudanese Civil War (1983 - 2005)</a>\n\n<b>Sweden</b>\n- <a href='https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/5987932/8032075.pdf'>Famine caused by bad harvests in the previous years (1773)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_1809'>Coup of 1809</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n\n<b>Switzerland</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n\n<b>Syria</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War'>Yom Kippur War (1973)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre'>Hama massacre (1982)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war'>Syrian civil war (2011 - present)</a>\n\n<b>Tajikistan</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War'>Tajikistani Civil War (1992 - 1997)</a>\n\n<b>East Timor</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor'>Indonesian occupation of East Timor (1975 - 1999)</a>\n\n<b>Ukraine</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine'>Holocaust in Ukraine (1941 - 1944)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)'>Battle of Kiev (1943)</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper'>Battle of the Dnieper (1943)</a>\n\n<b>United Kingdom</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic'>1557 influenza pandemic</a>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n\n<b>United States</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu'>Spanish Flu (1918 - 1920)</a>\n\n<b>Vietnam</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War'>Vietnam War (1955 - 1975)</a>\n\n<b>Western Sahara</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_War'>Western Sahara War (1075 - 1991)</a>\n\n<b>Yemen</b>\n- <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_Civil_War'>South Yemen Civil War (1986)</a>\n",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition; Human Mortality Database; Zijdeman et al. (2015) (via clio-infra.eu); Riley, J. C. (2005). Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800-2001. Population and Development Review, 31(3), 537\u2013543. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3401478"
}

{
    "link": "https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/",
    "retrievedDate": "2022-09-09",
    "additionalInfo": "",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition"
}

{
    "link": "https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/ ; https://www.mortality.org/Data/ZippedDataFiles",
    "retrievedDate": "2022-09-09",
    "additionalInfo": "",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition; Human Mortality Database"
}

{
    "link": "https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/ ; https://clio-infra.eu/Indicators/LifeExpectancyatBirthTotal.html ; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00083.x",
    "retrievedDate": "2022-09-09",
    "additionalInfo": "",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition; Zijdeman et al. (2015) (via clio-infra.eu); Riley, J. C. (2005). Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800-2001. Population and Development Review, 31(3), 537\u2013543. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3401478"
}