sources

{
    "link": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673617332932",
    "retrievedDate": "22/09/2022",
    "additionalInfo": "This study estimated the annual number and rate of respiratory-associated deaths from influenza between 1999 and 2015. To estimate influenza mortality, the authors used Serfling models to estimate excess deaths during influenza seasons, for 33 countries with influenza virus surveillance data and vital death records. Estimates were then extrapolated to remaining countries, after using WHO Global Health Estimate (GHE) respiratory infection mortality rates to divide them into three analytic divisions, for three age groups (<65, 65\u201375, 75+).\n\nThese estimates focus on respiratory-associated influenza mortality. This means they aim to include respiratory deaths where other complications may have been listed as the primary cause of death, but those deaths were actually caused by influenza. However, it would exclude deaths where patients did not have respiratory disease, even if their deaths were caused by influenza (such as through only cardiovascular complications).\n\nThe global number of people who die from other complications of the flu is unclear. Paget et al. (the authors of the GLaMOR project) state in their paper that their estimate \u201cdoes not cover cardiovascular deaths, something that could at least double the estimate of influenza-associated deaths.\u201d In recent meta-analyses, Behrouzi et al. found that influenza vaccination reduces the chances of major cardiovascular events (such as heart attacks and strokes) by around 34%, in clinical trials of the elderly. This suggests the death toll from other complications could be large. However, global estimates have not been made of these types of deaths from flu.\n\nSee: Paget, J., Danielle Iuliano, A., Taylor, R. J., Simonsen, L., Viboud, C., & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2022). Estimates of mortality associated with seasonal influenza for the European Union from the GLaMOR project. Vaccine, 40(9), 1361\u20131369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.080\nBehrouzi, B., Bhatt, D. L., Cannon, C. P., Vardeny, O., Lee, D. S., Solomon, S. D., & Udell, J. A. (2022). Association of Influenza Vaccination With Cardiovascular Risk: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 5(4), e228873. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8873",
    "dataPublishedBy": "Iuliano, A. D., Roguski, K. M., Chang, H. H., Muscatello, D. J., Palekar, R., Tempia, S., Cohen, C., Gran, J. M., Schanzer, D., Cowling, B. J., Wu, P., Kyncl, J., Ang, L. W., Park, M., Redlberger-Fritz, M., Yu, H., Espenhain, L., Krishnan, A., Emukule, G., \u2026 Mustaquim, D. (2018). Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: A modelling study. The Lancet, 391(10127), 1285\u20131300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33293-2",
    "dataPublisherSource": "Mortality records, influenza surveillance data & WHO GHE respiratory mortality estimates"
}