sources

{
    "link": "https://www.start.umd.edu/research-projects/global-terrorism-database-gtd",
    "retrievedDate": "2022-10-21",
    "additionalInfo": "The Global Terrorism Database definitions can be found at (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/downloads/Codebook.pdf) and are as follows:\n\nA terrorist incident is included in GTD if it is the following:\n- The incident must be intentional \u2013 the result of a conscious calculation by a perpetrator.\n- The incident must entail some level of violence or immediate threat of violence -including property violence and violence against people.\n- The perpetrators of the incidents must be sub-national actors. The database does not include acts of state terrorism.\n\nIn addition, at least two of the following three criteria must be present for an incident to be included in the GTD:\n- Criterion 1: The act must be aimed at attaining a political, economic, religious, or social goal. Regarding economic goals, the exclusive pursuit of profit does not satisfy this criterion. It must involve the pursuit of more profound, systemic economic change.\n- Criterion 2: There must be evidence of an intention to coerce, intimidate, or convey some other message to a larger audience (or audiences) than the immediate victims. It is the act taken as a totality that is considered, irrespective of whether every individual involved in carrying out the act was aware of this intention. As long as any of the planners or decision-makers behind the attack intended to coerce, intimidate or publicize, the intentionality criterion is met.\n- Criterion 3: The action must be outside the context of legitimate warfare activities. That is, the act must be outside the parameters permitted by international humanitarian law (particularly the prohibition against deliberately targeting civilians or non-combatants).\n\nIs it defined as a suicide attack?\nThis variable is coded \u201cYes\u201d in those cases where there is evidence that the perpetrator did not intend to escape the attack alive. \n\nSuccessful vs. unsuccessful attacks:\n\"The GTD does include attacks that were attempted but ultimately unsuccessful. The circumstances vary depending on tactics (for details see the success variable, below). However, in general, if a bomb is planted but fails to detonate; if an arsonist is intercepted by authorities before igniting a fire; or, if an assassin attempts and fails to kill his or her intended target, the attack is considered for inclusion in the GTD, but denoted as unsuccessful.\n\nThe success of a terrorist strike is defined according to the tangible effects of the attack. Success is not judged in terms of the larger goals of the perpetrators. For example, a bomb that exploded in a building would be counted as a success even if it did not succeed in bringing the building down or inducing government repression. The definition of a successful attack depends on the type of attack. Essentially, the key question is whether the attack type occurred. If a case has multiple attack types, it is successful if any of the attack types are successful, except for assassinations, which are only successful if the intended target is killed.\"\n\nFatalities are defined as:\n\"The total number of confirmed fatalities for the incident. The number includes all victims and attackers who died as a direct result of the incident. Where there is evidence of fatalities, but a figure is not reported or it is too vague to be of use, this field remains blank. If information is missing regarding the number of victims killed in an attack, but perpetrator fatalities are known, this value will reflect only the number of perpetrators who died as a result of the incident. Likewise, if the information on the number of perpetrators killed in an attack is missing, but victim fatalities are known, this field will only report the number of victims killed in the incident.\"\n\nInjuries are:\n\"The number of confirmed non-fatal injuries to both perpetrators and victims.\"\n\nThe Global Terrorism Database is the most comprehensive dataset on terrorist attacks available and recent data is complete. However, we expect, based on our analysis, that longer-term data is incomplete (with the exception of the US and Europe). We, therefore, do not recommend this dataset for the inference of long-term trends in the prevalence of terrorism globally.",
    "dataPublishedBy": "National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), 2022, Global Terrorism Database"
}