sources

{
    "link": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/",
    "retrievedDate": "15-November-19",
    "additionalInfo": " \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\nGoal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster \ninnovation \nTarget 9.5: Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all \ncountries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially \nincreasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private \nresearch and development spending \nIndicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP \n \nInstitutional information \n\n \nOrganization(s): \n \nUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) \n \nConcepts and definitions \n\n \nDefinition: \n \nResearch and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the \namount of R&D expenditure divided by the total output of the economy. \n \nRationale: \n \nThe indicator is a direct measure of Research and development (R&D) spending referred to in the target. \n \nConcepts: \n \nThe OECD Frascati Manual (OECD, 2015) provides the relevant definitions for research and experimental \ndevelopment, gross domestic expenditure on R&D and researchers. Although an OECD manual, the \napplication is global. During the 6th revision of the Frascati Manual, developing country issues were \nmainstreamed in the core of the Manual. The 7th edition was released in October 2015. \n \nThe following definitions, taken from the 2015 edition of the Frascati Manual are relevant for computing \nthe indicator.  \n \nResearch and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in \norder to increase the stock of knowledge \u2013 including knowledge of humankind, culture and society \u2013 and \nto devise new applications of available knowledge. \n \nExpenditures on intramural R&D represent the amount of money spent on R&D that is performed within \na reporting unit. \n \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\nComments and limitations: \n \nResearch and development (R&D) data need to be collected through surveys, which are expensive, and \nare not done on a regular basis in many developing countries. Furthermore, (developing) countries do not \nalways cover all sectors of performance. In particular the business sector is not always covered. \n \nMethodology \n\n \nComputation Method: \n \nComputation of the indicator Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross \nDomestic Product (GDP) is self-explanatory, using readily available GDP data as denominator. \n \nDisaggregation: \n \nR&D expenditure can be broken down by sector of performance, source of funds, field of science, type of \nresearch and type of cost. \n \nTreatment of missing values: \n \n\n\u2022  At country level \n\n \nMissing data are not estimated by the UIS. \n \n\n\u2022  At regional and global levels \n\n \nImputations are based on interpolations or extrapolations of data for other reference years. In case \nno data are available at all, the unweighted regional average is used as an estimate. \n \n\nRegional aggregates: \n \nData are converted using purchasing power parities. Missing data are imputed using the methodology \ndescribed above. R&D expenditure data are then added up by region and divided by GDP in PPP for that \nregion. Similar for the global total. \n \nSources of discrepancies: \n \nThere are no differences in the underlying data. Difference may occur due to the use of difference data \nfor the denominator used to calculate indicators. \n \nMethods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level: \n \nCountries are responsible themselves for the collection of R&D data at the national level, compile \nnational totals and submit them to international organisations. All countries follow the guidelines of the \nFrascati Manual: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-\n2015_9789264239012-en. \n \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\nAll countries follow the international guidelines of the OECD Frascati Manual: http://www.oecd-\nilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en. Countries starting to \nmeasure R&D can use UIS Technical Paper 11 for assistance, which can be downloaded here: \nuis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-\nmeasure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf. \n \nQuality assurance: \n \nThe UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) sends out a questionnaire every year to collect R&D data from all \ncountries (around 125 countries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner \norganizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat \n(Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators \u2013 Ibero-\nAmerican and Inter-American (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which \nwere collected from their member states/associated member states \u2013 around 65 countries-) are directly \nobtained from the respective databases (in the case of the OECD and Eurostat) or received from the \npartner (in the case of RICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African STI Indicators Initiative \n(ASTII) of AU/NEPAD.   For the data UIS sends a questionnaire to, the quality assurance process is the \nfollowing:   \n\ni. \n\nii. \n\niii. \n\nA questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science \nand Technology or the national statistical office.   \nUIS processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, \ncalculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website.   \nCountries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international \nclassifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed.  The other agencies have \nsimilar procedures. \n\n \nAfter processing the data, but before submitting the data for inclusion in the SDG database, UIS sends the \ncalculated indicators for target 9.5 to all countries that do not submit their data to Eurostat or the OECD. \nThis provides the countries with the opportunity to review the data and provide any modifications or \nadditions before UIS submits the data to UNSD. \n \n \nData Sources \n\n \nDescription: \n \nData are collected through national Research and development (R&D) surveys, either by the national \nstatistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology). \n \nCollection process: \n \nThe UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) sends out a questionnaire every year to collect R&D data from all \ncountries (around 125 countries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner \norganizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat \n(Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators \u2013 Ibero-\nAmerican and Inter-American (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which \nwere collected from their member states/associated member states \u2013 around 65 countries-) are directly \nobtained from the respective databases (in the case of the OECD and Eurostat) or received from the \npartner (in the case of RICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African STI Indicators Initiative \n(ASTII) of AU/NEPAD, which may lead to a joint data collection in the future.  \n\n\fLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\n \n\n \nFor the data UIS sends a questionnaire to, the process is the following: \n \n\ni. \n\nii. \n\niii. \n\nA questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science and \nTechnology or the national statistical office. \nUIS processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, \ncalculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website.  \nCountries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international \nclassifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed. \n\n \nData Availability \n\n \nDescription: \n \nData available for over 130 countries for R&D expenditure as % of GDP \n \nTime series: \n \nData available in the UIS database since reference year 1996, but historical data available back to 1981  \n \nCalendar \n\n \nData collection: \n \nUIS sends out the questionnaire in September every year. The OECD and Eurostat collect data twice per \nyear. \n \nData release: \n \nJuly every year \n \nData providers \n\n \nData are collected through national R&D surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry \n(such as the Ministry for Science and Technology). \n \nData compilers \n\n \nName: \n \nThe UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development \n(OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 11 July 2017 \n\nIndicators \u2013 Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT), African STI Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of \nAU/NEPAD \n \nReferences \n\n \nURL: \n \nwww.uis.unesco.org \n \nReferences: \n \nOECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and \nExperimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, \nOECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: \nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en \n \nUIS Data centre: \nhttp://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en \n \nRelated indicators \n\n \n2a, 3b, 12a, 14a, 17.6, 17.7 \n \n\n\f",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations Statistics Division",
    "dataPublisherSource": null
}