sources

{
    "link": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/",
    "retrievedDate": "15-November-19",
    "additionalInfo": "Last updated: March 2019 \n\nGoal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster \ninnovation \nTarget 9.4: By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with \nincreased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies \nand industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities \nIndicator 9.4.1: CO2 emission per unit of value added \n \nInstitutional information \n\n \nOrganization(s): \nInternational Energy Agency (IEA) \nUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) \n \nConcepts and definitions \n\n \nDefinition: \nCarbon  dioxide  (here  after,  CO2)  emissions  per  unit  value  added  is  an  indicator  computed  as  ratio \nbetween CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and the value added of associated economic activities. The \nindicator  can  be  computed  for  the  whole  economy  (total  CO2  emissions/GDP)  or  for  specific  sectors, \nnotably the manufacturing sector (CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries per manufacturing value \nadded (MVA).  \n \nCO2 emissions per unit of GDP are expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per USD constant 2010 PPP GDP. CO2 \nemissions from manufacturing industries per unit of MVA are measured in kilogrammes of CO2 equivalent \nper unit of MVA in constant 2010 USD. \n \nRationale: \nThe  indicator  CO2  emissions  per  unit  of  value  added  represents  the  amount  of  emissions  from  fuel \ncombustion  produced  by  an  economic  activity,  per  unit  of  economic  output.  When  computed  for  the \nwhole  economy,  it  combines  effects  of  the  average  carbon  intensity  of  the  energy  mix  (linked  to  the \nshares  of  the  various  fossil  fuels  in  the  total);  of  the  structure  of  an  economy  (linked  to  the  relative \nweight  of  more  or  less  energy-intensive  sectors);  of  the  average  efficiency  in  the  use  of  energy.  When \ncomputed for the manufacturing sector (CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per unit of manufacturing \nvalue  added),  it  measures  the  carbon  intensity  of  the  manufacturing  economic  output,  and  its  trends \nresult  from  changes  in  the  average  carbon  intensity  of  the  energy  mix  used,  in  the  structure  of  the \nmanufacturing sector, in the energy efficiency of production technologies in each sub-sector, and in the \neconomic  value  of  the  various  output.  Manufacturing  industries  are  generally  improving  their emission \nintensity  as  countries  move  to  higher  levels  of  industrialization,  but  it  should  be  noted  that  emission \nintensities can also be reduced through structural changes and product diversification in manufacturing.  \n \nCO2 emission accounts for around 80% of all GHG emission from the manufacturing processes.   \n \nConcepts: \nTotal CO2 emissions for an economy are estimated based on energy consumption data for all sectors. \n\n \n\n\fLast updated: March 2019 \n\nCO2 emissions from manufacturing are based on energy data collected across the following subsectors \n(energy used for transport by industry is not included here but reported under transport): \n\nIron and steel industry [ISIC Group 241 and Class 2431]; \n\n\u2022 \n\u2022  Chemical and petrochemical industry [ISIC Divisions 20 and 21] excluding petrochemical \n\nfeedstocks; \n\n\u2022  Non-ferrous metals basic industries [ISIC Group 242 and Class 2432]; \n\u2022  Non-metallic minerals such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc. [ISIC Division 23]; \n\u2022  Transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 29 and 30]; \n\u2022  Machinery comprises fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment other than transport \n\nequipment [ISIC Divisions 25 to 28]; \nFood and tobacco [ISIC Divisions 10 to 12]; \n\n\u2022 \n\u2022  Paper, pulp and printing [ISIC Divisions 17 and 18]; \n\u2022  Wood and wood products (other than pulp and paper)  [ISIC Division 16]; \n\u2022  Textile and leather [ISIC Divisions 13 to 15]; \n\u2022  Non-specified (any manufacturing industry not included above) [ISIC Divisions 22, 31 and 32]. \n\n \nEnergy data are collected at a country level, based on internationally agreed standards (UN International \nRecommendations on Energy Statistics). CO2 emissions need to be estimated based on energy data and \non internationally agreed methodologies (IPCC Guidelines for GHG inventories).  \n\nThe IEA collects national energy data, according to internationally agreed energy statistics definitions and \nestimates  CO2  emissions  based  on  the  IPCC  Guidelines  for  GHG  inventories  Tier  1  methodology, \nproducing internationally comparable CO2 emissions data for over 150 countries and regions. \n\nThe gross value added measures the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or \nsector in a country. The gross value added generated by any unit engaged in production activity can be \ncalculated  as  the  residual  of  the  units\u2019  total  output  less  intermediate  consumption,  goods  and  services \nused up in the process of producing the output, or as the sum of the factor incomes  generated by the \nproduction process (System of National Accounts 2008). Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to \nthe  sector  C  defined  by  International  Standard  Industrial  Classification  of  All  Economic  Activities  (ISIC) \nRevision 4, or D defined by ISIC Revision 3. \n \nGDP represents the sum of gross value added from all institutional units resident in the economy. For the \npurpose on comparability over time and across countries, GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP) is \nused to calculate the total CO2 emissions intensity of the economy. MVA is estimated in terms of constant \nprices in USD. The current series are given at constant prices of 2010. \n \nComments and limitations: \nEstimation  of  CO2  emission  data  is  not  systematized  in  many  countries,  although  is  performed \ninternationally  based  on  harmonised  energy  data  collected  at  national  level.  Energy  data  collection  is \ngenerally  well  established,  although \nin  some  cases  national  methodologies  may  differ  from \ninternationally agreed methodologies. National data sources include statistical offices, Energy Ministries, \nEnvironment agencies, among others. Energy consumption data and value added data are coming from \ndifferent data sources which may raise some consistency issues. \n \n\n \n\n\fLast updated: March 2019 \n\nMethodology \n\n \nComputation Method: \nCO2 emissions from fuel combustion are estimated based on energy consumption and on the IPCC \nGuidelines. \n \nThe total intensity of the economy is defined as the ratio of total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and \nGDP. \n \nThe sectoral intensity is defined as CO2 emission from manufacturing (in physical measurement unit such \nas tonnes) divided by manufacturing value added (MVA) in constant 2010 USD. \n \n\n\ud835\udc36\ud835\udc422 \ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5b \ud835\udc5d\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5f \ud835\udc62\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc61 \ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc53 \ud835\udc63\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc59\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc51\ud835\udc51\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc51 =\n\n\ud835\udc36\ud835\udc422 \ud835\udc52\ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5b \ud835\udc53\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5a \ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc53\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc50\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc5f\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc54 (\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5b \ud835\udc58\ud835\udc54)\n \n\n\ud835\udc40\ud835\udc49\ud835\udc34 (\ud835\udc50\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc60\ud835\udc61\ud835\udc4e\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc61 \ud835\udc48\ud835\udc46\ud835\udc37)\n\n \nDisaggregation: \nData can be presented for national totals, for the manufacturing sector, and by industrial subsector. \n \nTreatment of missing values: \n\n\u2022  At country level \n\nBoudt,  Todorov,  Upadhyaya  (2009):  Nowcasting  manufacturing  value  added  for  cross-country \ncomparison; Statistical Journal of IAOS \n \n\n\u2022  At regional and global levels \n\nNo imputation is provided if values are missing for the entire country or the region. It can only be \nprojected from the data reported for previous years. \n\n \nRegional aggregates: \nRegional aggregates are derived from the total number of available countries in a country group. \n \nSources of discrepancies: \nDifference  may  arise  1)  if  the  country  has  not  submitted  energy  consumption  data  adequately  dis-\naggregated by sector or by energy sources 2) due to conversion of value data into USD. \n \nMethods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level: \nIt is important that energy data collection and emissions calculations are consistent with international \nstandards.  CO2 emissions need to be estimated based on energy data and on internationally agreed \nmethodologies. Energy data are collected at a country level, based on internationally agreed standards \n(UN International Recommendations on Energy Statistics).  The IEA collects from countries energy data, \naccording to internationally agreed energy statistics definitions. Then, the IEA estimates CO2 emissions \nbased on country data and on the IPCC Guidelines for GHG inventories, producing internationally \ncomparable CO2 emissions data for over 150 countries and regions.  For energy data: the IEA sends \nstandardised energy questionnaires (by fuel) to its Members and more globally to countries willing to \nprovide data (e.g. all EU - jointly with Eurostat- most UNECE countries, and a few others submit these \nquestionnaires). Questionnaires are available at: \nhttp://www.iea.org/statistics/resources/questionnaires/annual/. For other countries, national data are \nprocessed to a consistent format.   Therefore, the IEA is able to provide key energy statistics.  More detail \non methods and sources is available at: http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/WORLDBAL_Documentation.pdf. \n\n \n\n\fLast updated: March 2019 \n\n \nTo estimate CO2 emissions, the internationally agreed reference is the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on GHG \nInventories. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/. For the underlying energy data, the \nreference is the UN International Recommendations on Energy Statistics: \nhttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/. More information on methodologies from the IEA is available \nat: http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/Worldco2_Documentation.pdf.  \n \nQuality assurance \nThe IEA has extensive data quality checks on the energy data submissions (around 30 statisticians \nworking on it), and iterates with countries on data issues and how to address them. \nhttp://www.iea.org/statistics/resources/questionnaires/annual/. The IEA also works in cooperation with \nthe IPCC and the UNFCCC to ensure the highest consistency between international methodologies and \nmethodologies adopted at the IEA; the IEA validates energy data submitted to the UNFCCC by countries \nwithin their inventories.  The IEA convenes international workshops among partner Agencies working on \nenergy data to ensure consistency between energy data at global level is enhanced continuously, and \nmethodologies are harmonised. \n \nThe IEA has an extensive data quality assurance and validation process through exchange with national \ndata providers worldwide. It also convenes its Energy Statistics Development Group meeting to discuss \nenergy statistics developments with its Members, and cooperates with partners worldwide to ensure \ncoherence of data and methods. \n \nData Sources \n\n \nDescription: \nData  on  total  CO2  emissions  from  fuel  combustion,  also  disaggregated  by  sector,  are  taken  from  the \nInternational  Energy  Agency  (IEA)  database  (IEA  CO2  Emissions  from  Fuel  Combustion,  2018  Statistics: \nhttps://www.iea.org/statistics/co2emissions/).  \n \nThe IEA produces the indicator on total CO2 emissions/GDP, based on secondary sources for GDP (OECD \nNational Accounts and World Bank Development indicators). \n \nUNIDO  maintains  MVA  database.  Figures  for  updates  are  obtained  from  national  account  estimates \nproduced by UN Statistics Division (UNSD). \n \nCollection process: \nEnergy data are collected at the national level according to harmonised international definitions and \nquestionnaires, as described in the UN International Recommendations for Energy Statistics \n(https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/). \n\nThe estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion are calculated by the IEA based on the IEA energy \ndata  and  the  default  methods  and  emission  factors  from  the  2006  IPCC  Guidelines  for  National \nGreenhouse  Gas  Inventories  (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/).  More  information  on \nmethodologies from the IEA is available at: http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/Worldco2_Documentation.pdf \n\nThe MVA and GDP country data are collected through a national accounts questionnaire (NAQ) sent by \nUNSD. More information on the methodology is available on \nhttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/methodology.pdf. \n \n\n \n\n\fLast updated: March 2019 \n\nData Availability \n\n \nDescription: \nData are available for more than 130 countries. \n \nTime series: \nData for this indicator are available as of 2000 in the UN Global SDG Database, but longer time series are \navailable in the IEA database (IEA CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion) and the UNIDO MVA database. \n \nCalendar \n\n \nData collection: \nData collection is carried out by receiving data electronically throughout the year. \n \nData release: \nThe IEA releases its World CO2 emissions from fuel combustion statistics in Fall each year. \nUNIDO MVA database is updated between March and April every year. \n \nData providers \n\n \nName: \nUNSD, IEA \n \nDescription: \nNSOs and national energy data collecting agencies provide the data to UNSD and IEA. \n \nData compilers \n\n \nName: \nUNIDO, IEA \n \nDescription: \nIEA provides data on total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions/GDP, manufacturing CO2 emissions. \nUNIDO compiles the data using its source for MVA data and IEA for data on CO2 emissions. \n \nReferences \n\n \nURL: \nhttps://www.iea.org/statistics  \n\nhttp://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/Worldco2_Documentation.pdf \n\n \n\n\fLast updated: March 2019 \n\n \nwww.unido.org/statistics \nhttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/methodology.pdf \n \nReferences: \nInternational Yearbook of Industrial Statistics; UNIDO \nIEA (2018), CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion \nSystem of National Accounts, 2008 \nIEA, Key world energy statistics \nInternational Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities 2008 \n \n\n \n\n\f",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations Statistics Division",
    "dataPublisherSource": null
}