sources

{
    "link": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/",
    "retrievedDate": "15-November-19",
    "additionalInfo": " \n\nLast updated: 13 February 2019 \n\nGoal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster \ninnovation \nTarget 9.1: Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-\nborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on \naffordable and equitable access for all \nIndicator 9.1.2: Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport \n \nInstitutional information \n\n \nOrganization(s): \n \nInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); International Transport Forum (ITF); United Nations \nEconomic Commission for Europe (UNECE); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development \n(UNCTAD). \n \nConcepts and definitions \n\n \nDefinition: \n \nPassenger and freight volumes are respectively measured in passenger-km and tonne-km, and broken \ndown by mode of transport. For the purposes of monitoring this indicator, passenger-km data are split \nbetween aviation, road (broken down between passenger cars, buses and motorcycles) and rail, and \ntonne-km are split between aviation, road, rail and inland waterways.  \nAs maritime data are not widely available, only tonnes (rather than tonne-km) data at the regional level \nhave been shared. \n \n \nRationale: \n \nDevelop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border \ninfrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and \nequitable access for all. Trans-border infrastructure development is best captured by passenger and \nfreight volumes moved by Member States and Regions. A growth in passenger and freight volumes shows \na robust infrastructure development happening in States and Regions along with the resultant socio-\neconomic benefit. Air Transport is particularly important not only for the economic and job benefits but \nalso because it is one of the only mode of transport that can be relied on during emergencies and disease \noutbreaks to reach food, medicines, medical personnel, vaccines and other supplies speedily to the \naffected persons in the affected areas. In addition, tracking how the non-road share of freight volumes, \nand the public transport share of passenger volumes, changes over time allows insights into the overall \nsustainability of the global transport system. \n \nConcepts: \n \nAviation: \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 13 February 2019 \n\nThe International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) through its Statistics Division have established \nstandard methodologies and definitions to collect and report traffic (passenger and freight volume) data \nrelated to air transport. These standards and methodologies have been adopted by the 191 Member \nStates of ICAO and also by the Industry stakeholders i.e. air carriers and airports. The data of ICAO is used \nby States and also the World Bank for its development indicators. ICAO uses Air Transport Reporting \nForms A, AS, B and C to arrive at the passenger and freight volumes for air transport. \n \nPrecise definition of all different concepts and metadata related to Air Transport Reporting Forms A, AS, \nB and C to arrive at the passenger and freight volumes for air transport. approved by the ICAO Statistics \nDivision and Member States can be found at the ICAO website given below - \nhttp://www.icao.int/sustainability/pages/eap-sta-excel.aspx/. \n \nRoad, Rail, Inland waterways, Pipelines \n \nThe ITF and UNECE, in collaboration with Eurostat, collect data on rail and road, inland waterway and \npipeline statistics on an annual basis from all their collective Member countries.  Data are collected from \nTransport Ministries, statistical offices and other institution designated as official data source. Although \nthere are clear definitions for all the terms used in this survey, countries might have different \nmethodologies to calculate tonne-kilometres and passenger-kilometres. Methods could be based on \ntraffic or mobility surveys, use very different sampling methods and estimating techniques which could \naffect the comparability of their statistics.  \n \nOfficial statistics for road, rail, inland waterways and pipeline transport are only available for UNECE or \nITF member States. Data for these modes for other countries come from the ITF\u2019s global transport model. \nFor definitions of all relevant terms, the UNECE/ITF/Eurostat Glossary for Transport Statistics can be \nconsulted. The 5th edition of this publication should be released in 2019. The fourth edition from 2009 is \navailable at https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/glossen4.pdf.  \n \n \nComments and limitations: \n \nCoverage for aviation is for all ICAO 191 Member States. \nCoverage for road, rail, inland waterways and pipelines is for all U.N. member States, but these are \nsourced from official statistics only for UNECE member States and ITF member States (and only when \navailable).  \n \nMethodology \n\n \nComputation Method: \n \nAviation \nThe aviation passenger and freight volumes are reported for the air carriers through ICAO Air Transport \nReporting Forms and grouped by Member States of ICAO. \nRoad/Rail/Inland waterways/Pipelines \nData for each inland mode are reported to UNECE/ITF/Eurostat by member States, through an \nannual data collection using the transport statistics web common questionnaire. \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 13 February 2019 \n\n \nDisaggregation: \n \nAviation \nThe indicator can be dis-aggregated by -Country, Country pair, City Pair, Region, Segment (International \nand domestic) \nRoad/Rail/Inland waterways/Pipelines \nThe indicator can be disaggregated by country and mode of transport. \n \nTreatment of missing values: \n \n\n\u2022  At country level \n\n \nAviation data are broadly complete. \n \nFor inland transport statistics: In case of missing data for a country for which at least one data point is \navailable since 2000, we calculate estimates based on the expected growth rate for the country. The \ngrowth rates are computed from other socio-economic variables, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), \npopulation or urbanization. \n \nFor non-ITF/UNECE countries, data points are estimated using the ITF model, which uses several \ncovariates such as GDP, population, transport network coverage\u2026 A description of the model can be \nfound in the ITF Transport Outlook 2017. \n\n\u2022 \n\nITF (2017) ITF Transport Outlook 2017, OECD Publishing  \n \n\nThis model also uses several other data sources to make the calibration more robust in regions where ITF \ndata does not have a good coverage. \n\n\u2022 \n\nInternational Union of Railways (2015) Railway Statistics \u2013 2015 synopsis, UIC \nInternational Road Federation (2011) ITF World Road Statistics, IRF \n\n\u2022 \n\u2022  De Bod, A., & Havenga, J. (2010). Sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s rail freight transport system: Potential \n\nimpact of densification on cost. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, Vol. 4, pp. \n89-101 \n\n \nMethods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level: \n \nAviation \n \nRoad/Rail/Inland waterways/Pipelines \nMetadata (explanations of coverage, breaks in series etc.) for the ITF and UNECE inland transport data \nare available through their respective online databases. The aforementioned Glossary for Transport \nStatistics provides definitions for passenger-km and tonne-km, but also for related terms such as what \nconstitutes a passenger, the definitions and exclusions within each transport mode etc. \n \n \n \nQuality assurance \n \n\n\fLast updated: 13 February 2019 \n\n \n\n \n\nRoad/Rail/Inland waterways/Pipelines \n \nThe ITF and UNECE conduct annual checks of their jointly collected data, comparing the data for internal \nconsistency, against previous years, and on a per capita basis across countries, to determine if the data \nappear reasonable. Significant correspondence is undertaken with the countries over potential errors, \nand common issues and challenges are discussed at both the ITF annual statistics meeting and the \nUNECE\u2019s annual Working Party on Transport Statistics. \n \nA common problem for many countries is that passenger-km are only collected for public transport. \nGiven that private passenger cars form the majority of passenger trips in most countries, this would \nclearly significantly underestimate road passenger-km, which is why the breakdown where available \nbetween passenger cars, buses and motorcycles is given.  \n \n \nData Sources \n\n \nAviation \nICAO Air Transport Reporting Forms approved by the Statistics Division of ICAO and its Member States \nhas been used to define standards, methodologies and to collect aviation data since the 1950's. ICAO \ndefinitions and metadata is also used by the Aviation Industry as the basis of collecting data and \nconducting analysis. \n \nData Availability \n\n \nDescription: \n \nAviation \nData already provided for all 191 Member States that have air transport activities \n \nRoad/Rail/Inland waterways/Pipelines \nFor UNECE and ITF member States data are typically available, although some data gaps appear for \nsome modes due to intermittent collection. \n \n \nTime series: \nAviation \nFrom 1970's \nRoad/Rail/Inland waterways/Pipelines \nUNECE/ITF member States typically have data available since 1993, or earlier. For non-UNECE/ITF \ncountries,  \n \nCalendar \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: 13 February 2019 \n\nAviation \nEvery year by June 10th data for the previous year is available to ICAO Member States at a country level.  \n \nRoad/Rail/Inland waterways/Pipelines \nData are collected for the reference year starting in September of the following year, and are typically \npublished by the following January. So 2017 data were published in January 2019. \n \nData providers \n\n \nName: \n \nICAO, ITF, UNECE, UNCTAD \n \nDescription: \n \nInternational Civil Aviation organisation (ICAO). Data provided to ICAO by ICAO Member States from its \nMinistry of Transport, Infrastructure or Aviation \n \nData compilers \n\n \n \nInternational Civil Aviation organisation (ICAO) \n \n \nReferences \n\n \nURL: \n \nwww.icao.int \nhttps://data.oecd.org/transport/passenger-transport.htm \nhttps://w3.unece.org/PXWeb/en \nhttps://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/ \n \n \n\n\f",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations Statistics Division",
    "dataPublisherSource": null
}