sources

{
    "link": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/",
    "retrievedDate": "15-November-19",
    "additionalInfo": " \n\nLast updated: March 2019 \n\nGoal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive \nemployment and decent work for all \nTarget 8.5: By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and \nmen, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value \nIndicator 8.5.2: Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities \n \nInstitutional information \n\n \nOrganization(s): \nILO \n \nConcepts and definitions \n\n \nDefinition: \nThe unemployment rate conveys the percentage of persons in the labour force who are unemployed. \n \nRationale: \nThe unemployment rate is a useful measure of the underutilization of the labour supply. It reflects the \ninability of an economy to generate employment for those persons who want to work but are not doing \nso, even though they are available for employment and actively seeking work. It is thus seen as an \nindicator of the efficiency and effectiveness of an economy to absorb its labour force and of the \nperformance of the labour market. Short-term time series of the unemployment rate can be used to \nsignal changes in the business cycle; upward movements in the indicator often coincide with recessionary \nperiods or in some cases with the beginning of an expansionary period as persons previously not in the \nlabour market begin to test conditions through an active job search. \n \nConcepts: \nPersons in unemployment are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) \nwho were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period \nand were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity, where: (a) \u201cnot in \nemployment\u201d is assessed with respect to the short reference period for the measurement of \nemployment; (b) to \u201cseek employment\u201d refers to any activity when carried out, during a specified recent \nperiod comprising the last four weeks or one month, for the purpose of finding a job or setting up a \nbusiness or agricultural  undertaking; (c) the point when the enterprise starts to exist should be used to \ndistinguish between search activities aimed at setting up a business and the work activity itself, as \nevidenced by the enterprise\u2019s registration to operate or by when financial resources become available, \nthe necessary infrastructure or materials are in place or the first client or order is received, depending on \nthe context; (d) \u201ccurrently available\u201d serves as a test of readiness to start a job in the present, assessed \nwith respect to a short reference period comprising that used to measure employment (depending on \nnational circumstances, the reference period may be extended to include a short subsequent period not \nexceeding two weeks in total, so as to ensure adequate coverage of unemployment situations among \ndifferent population groups).  \n \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: March 2019 \n\nPersons in employment are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who, \nduring a short reference period such as one week or one day, performed work for others in exchange for \npay or profit. \n \nThe labour force corresponds to the sum of persons in employment and in unemployment \n \nFor more information on the definitions of employment and unemployment refer to the Resolution \nconcerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization Adopted by the 19th International \nConference of Labour Statisticians. \n \nComments and limitations: \nEven though in most developed countries the unemployment rate continues to prove its usefulness as an \nimportant indicator of labour market performance, and specifically, as a key measure of labour \nunderutilization, in many developing countries, however, the significance and meaning of the \nunemployment rate could be questioned. In the absence of unemployment insurance systems or social \nsafety nets, persons of working age must avoid unemployment, resorting to engaging in some form of \neconomic activity, however insignificant or inadequate. Thus, in this context, other measures should \nsupplement the unemployment rate to comprehensively assess labour underutilization. \n \nMethodology \n\n \nComputation Method: \n\nUnemployment rate =  \n\nTotal unemployment\n\nTotal labour force\n\n  \u00d7 100 \n\n \nDisaggregation: \nThis indicator should, ideally, be disaggregated by sex, age group and disability status. \n \nTreatment of missing values: \n \n\n\u2022  At country level \n\nMultivariate regression techniques are used to impute missing values at the country level. \nHowever, the imputed missing country values are only used to calculate the global and regional \nestimates; they are not used for international reporting on the SDG indicators by the ILO.  \nFor a more detailed methodological description, please refer to Trends Econometric Models: A \nReview of Methodology (ILO, Geneva, 2010), available at \nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_elm/---\ntrends/documents/publication/wcms_120382.pdf . \n \n\n\u2022  At regional and global levels \n\n \n\nRegional aggregates: \nTo address the problem of missing data, the ILO designed several econometric models which are used to \nproduce estimates of labour market indicators in the countries and years for which real data are not \navailable. The unemployment estimates derived from the Trends Econometric Models (TEM) are used to \nproduce global and regional estimates on unemployment rates. These models use multivariate regression \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: March 2019 \n\ntechniques to impute missing values at the country level, which are then aggregated to produce regional \nand global estimates. For further information on the TEM, please refer to the technical background \npapers available at: http://www.ilo.org/empelm/projects/WCMS_114246/lang--en/index.htm. \n \nSources of discrepancies: \n \n \nMethods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level: \nIn order to calculate this indicator (according to the ILO definitions of unemployment and unemployment \nrate), data is needed on both the labour force and the unemployed, by sex and age (and eventually \ndisability status). This data is collected at the national level mainly through labour force surveys (or other \ntypes of household surveys with an employment module). For the methodology of each national \nhousehold survey, one must refer to the most comprehensive survey report or to the methodological \npublications of the national statistical office in question. \n\n-  Decent Work and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Guidebook on SDG Labour Market \n\nIndicators, available at https://www.ilo.org/stat/Publications/WCMS_647109/lang--\nen/index.htm  \nILO Manual \u2013 Decent Work Indicators, Concepts and Definitions \u2013 Chapter 1, Employment \nopportunities http://www.ilo.org/integration/resources/pubs/WCMS_229374/lang--\nen/index.htm (second version, pages 34 and 49) \nResolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization \n\nhttp://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adoptedby-\ninternational-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_230304/lang--en/index.htm  \n\nILOSTAT (www.ilo.org/ilostat) \nILOSTAT Metadata \u2013 Indicator descriptions (http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-\nfiles/Documents/description_UR_EN.pdf) \n\n- \n\n- \n\n- \n- \n\n \nQuality assurance \nData consistency and quality checks regularly conducted for validation of the data before dissemination \nin the ILOSTAT database. \nIn many cases, data reported to the ILO Department of Statistics through its annual questionnaire on \nlabour statistics, by national statistical offices or other relevant national agencies. Data also received in \nother cases through agreements between the ILO Department of Statistics and regional or national \nstatistical agencies, or obtained through ILO processing of microdata sets of national household surveys. \nThe primary source of the data as well as the repository where applicable are indicated in the relevant \nmetadata and/or footnotes in ILOSTAT and in the SDG Indicators Global Database. \n \nData Sources \n\n \nDescription: \nThe preferred official national data source for this indicator is a household-based labour force survey.  \nIn the absence of a labour force survey, a population census and/or other type of household surveys with \nan appropriate employment module may also be used to obtain the required data.  \nIt is important to note that unemployment data derived from employment office records or \nunemployment registers would not refer to unemployment (as defined for the purposes of this indicator, \n\n\f \n\nLast updated: March 2019 \n\nusing the three-criteria of being without a job, seeking employment and available for employment) but to \nregistered unemployment, and thus, it would not be comparable with indicator 8.5.2. \n \nCollection process: \nThe ILO Department of Statistics sends out its annual questionnaire on labour statistics to all relevant \nagencies within each country (national statistical office, labour ministry, etc.) requesting for the latest \nannual data available and any revisions on numerous labour market topics and indicators, including many \nSDG indicators. Indicator 8.5.2 is calculated from statistics submitted to the ILO Department of \nStatistics via this questionnaire as well as through special agreements with regional and national \nstatistical offices or through the processing of microdata sets of national labour force surveys. \n \nData Availability \n\n \nDescription: \nThe indicator is widely available based on real observations provided by countries and derived from \nnational labour force surveys, other types of household surveys or population census. \n \nHowever, the disaggregation by disability is not widely available. It is increasingly reported but coverage \nis still very low. \n \nTime series: \nData for this indicator is available as of 2000 in the SDG Indicators Global Database, but time series going \nback several decades are available in ILOSTAT. \n \n \nCalendar \n\n \nData collection: \nThe ILO Department of Statistics sends out its annual questionnaire on labour statistics, usually in the 2nd \nquarter, with a view to receiving the requested statistics by the 3rd quarter or the end of the year at the \nlatest. Data received in batch from regional and national statistical offices and data obtained through the \nprocessing of microdata sets of national household surveys by the ILO Department of Statistics are \ncontinuously updated in ILOSTAT (as they become available to the ILO Department of Statistics). \n \n \nData release: \nThe ILO Department of Statistics' online database ILOSTAT is continuously updated to reflect statistics \ncompiled and processed every week. In general, statistics for EUROSTAT and OECD countries are available \naround the 2nd or 3rd quarter of the year following the year of reference, whereas they are usually \navailable around the 3rd or 4th quarter of the year following the year of reference for other countries. \n \nData providers \n\nMainly National Statistical Offices, and in some cases Labour Ministries or other related agencies, at the \ncountry-level. In some cases, regional or international statistical offices can also act as data providers. \n\n\fLast updated: March 2019 \n\n \nData compilers \n\nILO \n \nReferences \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n\n-  Decent Work and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Guidebook on SDG Labour Market \n\nIndicators, available at https://www.ilo.org/stat/Publications/WCMS_647109/lang--\nen/index.htm  \nILOSTAT database: www.ilo.org/ilostat \nILOSTAT Metadata \u2013 Indicator Descriptions (http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-\nfiles/Documents/description_UR_EN.pdf) \n\n-  Decent Work Indicators Manual: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- \n\nstat/documents/publication/wcms_223121.pdf  \n\nResolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization, adopted by \nthe 19th ICLS in 2013: http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-\nguidelines/resolutions-adoptedby-international-conferences-of-labour-\nstatisticians/WCMS_230304/lang--en/index.htm  \nTrends Econometric Models: A Review of Methodology: \nhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_elm/---\ntrends/documents/publication/wcms_120382.pdf    \n) \n\n- \n- \n\n- \n\n- \n\n- \n\n \nRelated indicators \n\n\f",
    "dataPublishedBy": "United Nations Statistics Division",
    "dataPublisherSource": null
}