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    "additionalInfo": "Indicator name\nChildren aged <5 years with fever who received treatment with any antimalarial (%)\n\nName abbreviated\nChildren with fever treated with anti-malarial drugs\n\nData Type Representation\nPercent\n\nTopic\nHealth service coverage\n\nISO Health Indicators Framework\n\n    \n\nRationale\nPrompt treatment with effective antimalarial drugs for children with fever in malaria-risk areas is a key intervention to reduce mortality. In addition to being listed as a global Millennium Development Goals Indicator under Goal 6, effective treatment for malaria is also identified by WHO, UNICEF, and the World Bank as one of the main interventions to reduce the burden of malaria in Africa.\n\nIn areas of sub-Saharan Africa with stable levels of malaria transmission, it is essential that prompt access to treatment is ensured to prevent the degeneration of malaria from its onset to a highly lethal complicated picture. This requires drug availability at household or community level and, for complicated cases, availability of transport to the nearest equipped facility.\n\nDefinition\nPercentage of children aged < 5 years with fever in malaria-risk areas being treated with effective antimalarial drugs.\n\nAssociated terms\nMalaria : An infectious disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium and transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. Symptoms of uncomplicated malaria usually appear between 10 and 15 days after the mosquito bite and include fever, chills, headache, muscular aching and vomiting. \n\nMalaria can be treated with artemisinin-based combination and other therapies. Malaria responds well if treated with an effective antimalarial medicine at an early stage. However, if not treated, the falciparum malaria may progress to severe case and death. Less than one person in a thousand may die from the disease. Symptoms of severe disease include: coma (cerebal malaria), metabolic acidosis, severe anemia, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels) and in adults, kidney failure or pulmonary oedmea (a build up of fluid in the lungs).\u00a0 By this stage 15-20% of people receiving treatment will die.\u00a0 If untreated, severe malaria is almost always fatal. \n\nThe symptoms of malaria overlap with other diseases so one can not always be certain that a death is due to malaria particularly as many deaths occur in children who may simultaneously suffer from a range conditions including respiratory infections, diarrhoea, and malnutrition. Effective interventions exist to reduce the incidence of malaria including the use of insecticide treated mosquito nets and indoor residual spraying with insecticide.\n\nAssociated terms\nMalaria-risk areas : Areas of stable malaria transmission (allowing the development of some level of immunity) and areas of unstable malaria transmission (seasonal and less predictable transmission impeding the development of effective immunity)\n\nPreferred data sources\nHousehold surveys\n\nOther possible data sources\n\n    \n\nMethod of measurement\nThe number of children <5 years sleeping with fever who received treatment with any antimalarial = (The number of children aged 0-59 months with fever in the 2 weeks prior to the survey who received any anti-malarial medicine / The total number of children aged 0-59 months reported to have fever in the two weeks prior to the survey) x 100\n\nData are derived from household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS).\n\nMethod of estimation\nData from nationally-representative household surveys, including Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) and Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS), are compiled in the UNICEF global databases.\n\nThe data are reviewed in collaboration with Roll Back Malaria (RBM) partnership, launched in 1998 by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank.\u00a0\n\nPredominant type of statistics: adjusted\n\nM&E Framework\nOutcome\n\nMethod of estimation of global and regional aggregates\nRegional estimates are weighted averages of the country data, using the number of children aged <5 years for the reference year in each country as the weight. No figures are reported if less than 50 per cent of children aged <5 years in the region are covered.\n\nDisaggregation\nAge\n\nDisaggregation\nLocation (urban/rural)\n\nDisaggregation\nEducation level : Maternal education\n\nDisaggregation\nWealth : Wealth quintile\n\nDisaggregation\nBoundaries : Administrative regions\n\nDisaggregation\nBoundaries : Health regions\n\nUnit of Measure\nN/A\n\nUnit Multiplier\n\n    \n\nExpected frequency of data dissemination\nAnnual\n\nExpected frequency of data collection\nEvery 3-5 years\n\nLimitations\nAs malaria burden reduces as a result of control efforts, all fever cases are not necessarily malaria. In addition, many countries are increasing their diagnostic capacity. Therefore, interpretation of the indicator becomes less important to measure access to antimalarial treatment. This indicator is being revised by MERG to allow\u00a0 disaggregated evaluation of access to those who were diagnosed.\n\nThe accuracy of reporting in household surveys may vary.\n\nThe indicator reports on receiving any anti-malarial medicine and includes all anti-malarial medicines, such as chloroquine, that may be less effective due to widespread resistance and treatment failures.\n\nLinks\nWHO/Roll Back Malaria website\n\nLinks\nWorld Malaria Report 2008\n\nLinks\nThe United Nations official site for the MDG indicators\n\nLinks\nAntimalarial Drug Combination Therapy: A Report of WHO Technical Consultation (WHO, 2001)\n\nLinks\nGuidelines for the treatment of malaria, second edition (WHO, 2010)\n\nComments\nWHO recommends\nArtemisinin Combination Therapy for the treatment of P.falciparum malaria in order to overcome resistance to commonly used antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and to prevent or delay the development of further drug resistance.\n\nArtemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs) (WHO, 2001) are considered to be the most effective combinations. ACTs combine an artemisinin compound with a partner antimalarial drug to which there is little or no resistance in the country or situation in which the ACT is to be deployed. The advantages of ACTs relate to the properties of artemisinin compounds, which include rapid reduction of the parasite biomass with fast resolution of clinical symptoms, reduce gametocyte carriage and, thus, the transmissibility of malaria, effectiveness against multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria, and a good safety profile. (WHO, 2010)    \n\n\nContact Person\n\n    \n\n",
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    "additionalInfo": "Indicator name\nChildren aged < 5 years sleeping under insecticide-treated nets (%)\n\nName abbreviated\n\n    \n\nData Type Representation\nPercent\n\nTopic\nHealth Equity Monitor\n\nISO Health Indicators Framework\n\n    \n\nRationale\n\n    \n\nDefinition\n\nPercentage of children under five years of age in malaria endemic areas who slept under an insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) the previous night.\n\u00a0\nNumerator: Number of children under five years of age in malaria endemic areas who slept under an ITN the previous night.\u00a0\n\u00a0\nDenominator: Total number of children under five years of age surveyed  in malaria endemic areas.\n\n\nAssociated terms\n\n    \n\nPreferred data sources\n\n    \n\nOther possible data sources\n\n    \n\nMethod of measurement\n\n    \n\nMethod of estimation\nData are derived from re-analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Reproductive Health Surveys (RHS) micro-data which are publicly available using the standard indicator definitions as published in DHS, MICS or RHS documentation. The analysis was done by the WHO Collaborating Center for Health Equity Monitoring (International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil).\n\nM&E Framework\n\n    \n\nMethod of estimation of global and regional aggregates\n\n    \n\nDisaggregation\nEducation level : Maternal education\n\nDisaggregation\nWealth : Wealth quintile\n\nDisaggregation\nLocation (urban/rural)\n\nDisaggregation\nSex\n\nDisaggregation\nGeographic Location\n\nUnit of Measure\n\n    \n\nUnit Multiplier\n\n    \n\nExpected frequency of data dissemination\n\n    \n\nExpected frequency of data collection\n\n    \n\nLimitations\n\n    \n\nLinks\n\n    \n\nComments\nPlease note that the above definition applies to the Health Equity Monitor topic of the WHO Indicator and Measurement Registry. In some cases, indicators listed in this topic may not be equivalent to similar indicators listed in other topics of the registry, due to small discrepancies in the definition and calculation of numerator and denominator values. Detailed information about the indicator criteria applied in all WHO-defined categories is available in the WHO Indicator and Measurement Registry (www.who.int/gho/indicator_registry/en).\n\nContact Person\n\n      \n\n",
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    "additionalInfo": "Indicator name\nNumber of reported malaria deaths\n\nName abbreviated\n\n    \n\nData Type Representation\nCount\n\nTopic\n\n    \n\nISO Health Indicators Framework\n\n    \n\nRationale\n\n    \n\nDefinition\nThe\u00a0sum deaths from malaria from confirmed and probable cases.\n\nAssociated terms\n\n    \n\nPreferred data sources\n\n    \n\nOther possible data sources\nSurveillance systems\n\nMethod of measurement\n\n    \n\nMethod of estimation\nWHO compiles data on reported deaths from malaria, submitted by the national malaria control programmes (NMCPs).\nPredominant type of statistics: unadjusted\n\nM&E Framework\n\n    \n\nMethod of estimation of global and regional aggregates\n\n    \n\nDisaggregation\n\n    \n\nUnit of Measure\nDeaths\n\nUnit Multiplier\n\n    \n\nExpected frequency of data dissemination\n\n    \n\nExpected frequency of data collection\n\n    \n\nLimitations\n\n    \n\nLinks\nRoll Back Malaria\n\nComments\n\n    \n\nContact Person\n\n    \n\n",
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