sources: 16175

{
    "link": "https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy18",
    "additionalInfo": "This variable was imported into the OWID database from Version 8 of the V-Dem Dataset. Here is the original metadata given by the V-Dem Codebook:\n\nIndicator Name: Elections multiparty\n\nIndicator Code: v2elmulpar\n\nShort definition: Was this national election multiparty?\n\nResponses: 0:  No. No-party or single-party and there is no meaningful competition (includes situations where a few parties are legal but they are all de facto controlled by the dominant party).<br>1:  Not really. No-party or single-party (defined as above) but multiple candidates from the same party and/or independents contest legislative seats or the presidency.<br>2:  Constrained. At least one real opposition party is allowed to contest but competition is highly constrained --- legally or informally.<br>3:  Almost. Elections are multiparty in principle but either one main opposition party is prevented (de jure or de facto) from contesting, or conditions such as civil unrest (excluding natural disasters) prevent competition in a portion of the territory.<br>4:  Yes. Elections are multiparty, even though a few marginal parties may not be permitted to contest (e.g. far-right/left extremist parties, anti-democratic religious or ethnic parties).\n\nData release: 1-8.\n\n",
    "dataPublishedBy": "V-Dem Institute",
    "dataPublisherSource": "Pemstein, Dan, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-Ting Wang, Joshua Krusell, and Farhad Miri (2018). \"The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data\", V-Dem Working Paper Series (21); Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Haakon Gjerl\u00f8w, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Joshua Krusell, Anna L\u00fchrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Moa Olin, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtr\u00f6m, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt (2018). \"V-Dem Codebook v8\" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project; Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, M. Steven Fish, Agnes Cornell, Sirianne Dahlum, Haakon Gjerl\u00f8w, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Joshua Krusell, Anna L\u00fchrmann, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Moa Olin, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von R\u00f6mer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Aksel Sundstr\u00f6m, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2018. \"V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v8\". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy18"
}