explorers: 35

{"blocks": [{"args": ["https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/owid-datasets/master/datasets/Life-cycle%20impacts%20of%20energy%20sources%20(UNECE)/Life-cycle%20impacts%20of%20energy%20sources%20(UNECE).csv", "energy"], "type": "table", "block": null}, {"args": [], "type": "graphers", "block": [{"type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "ghg_emissions", "subtitle": "Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions measure amount of total greenhouse gases emitted over a technology's full supply chain. This includes emissions from the burning of fuels, in addition to those generated through the mining of materials, and production of energy technologies. This is measured per megawatt-hour of electricity.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Greenhouse gas emissions"}, {"note": "This is shown as the average land use of different energy technologies. There can be significant variability depending on location, materials, and infrastructure decisions. See our related article for the full range of land use comparisons.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Land use per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "land_use_energy", "subtitle": "Land use is measured as the total amount of land needed per unit of electricity production. This includes direct land use – the land used by a power plant, or solar farm – plus indirect land use from the mining of fuels and materials. This is measured in per megawatt-hour of electricity production.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "relatedQuestionUrl": "https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-per-energy-source", "relatedQuestionText": "How does the land use of different energy sources compare?", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Land use"}, {"type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Dissipated water use per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "water_use", "subtitle": "Dissipated water is water that is not immediately returned to the local environment. For example, water immediately returned to a river, ocean, or groundwater is not counted, while water used as an ingredient for a chemical product, or evaporated, is. This is measured per megawatt-hour of electricity production.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Water use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Metal and mineral requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "metal_mineral_use", "subtitle": "Energy technologies require a range of mineral and metal inputs. Here they are distilled into a single figure of material requirements, which is measured in grams of Sb-equivalents per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Total material use", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Aluminium requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "aluminium_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Aluminium", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Chromium requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "chromium_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Chromium", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Cobalt requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "cobalt_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Cobalt", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Copper requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "copper_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Copper", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Manganese requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "manganese_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Manganese", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Molybdenum requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "molybdenum_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Molybdenum", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Nickel requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "nickel_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Nickel", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Silicon requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "silicon_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Silicon", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Zinc requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "zinc_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Zinc", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"note": "Requirements are based on the actual amount of material extracted from the ground, which includes all the losses throughout the extraction, refining and fabrication processes. These figures will be towards the high end of estimates which measure based on the final amount of materials required per unit of electricity.", "type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Uranium requirements per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "uranium_use", "subtitle": "Material requirements are measured in grams per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Sub-metric Dropdown": "Uranium", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Metal and mineral use"}, {"type": "DiscreteBar", "title": "Freshwater eutrophication per unit of electricity", "ySlugs": "freshwater_eutrophication", "subtitle": "Freshwater eutrophication is caused by the emissions of phosphorus compounds to freshwater: either rivers or lakes. This is measured in grams of phosphorous emitted per unit of electricity production.", "hasMapTab": "false", "tableSlug": "energy", "yScaleToggle": "false", "baseColorScheme": "owid-distinct", "Impact metric Dropdown": "Freshwater eutrophication"}]}, {"args": ["energy"], "type": "columns", "block": [{"name": "Greenhouse gas emissions", "slug": "ghg_emissions", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "kgCO₂e per MWh", "shortUnit": "kgCO₂", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Freshwater eutrophication", "slug": "freshwater_eutrophication", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "gP per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "Freshwater eutrophication is caused by the emissions of phosphorus compounds to freshwater: either rivers or lakes. This is measured in grams of phosphorous emitted per unit of electricity production.\\nThis dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Ionising radiation", "slug": "ionising_radiation", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "kg U per MWh", "shortUnit": "kg", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Water use", "slug": "water_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "m³ per MWh", "shortUnit": "m³", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "Dissipated water includes all uses that immediately deprive the local environment of using water. This therefore gives some indication of local scarcity of a water resource. For example, water immediately returned to the environment (in river, ocean, or groundwater) is not counted, while water used as an ingredient for a chemical product, or evaporated, is counted.\\nThis dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Metal and mineral requirements", "slug": "metal_mineral_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g Sbeq per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "Energy technologies require a range of mineral and metal inputs. Here they are distilled into a single figure of material requirements, which is measured in grams of Sb-equivalents per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.\\nThis dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Non-carcinogenic toxicity", "slug": "noncarcinogenic_toxicity", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "CTUh per TWh", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Carcinogenic toxicity", "slug": "carcinogenic_toxicity", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "CTUh per TWh", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Agricultural land use", "slug": "agricutural_land_use_energy", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "m² per MWh", "shortUnit": "m²", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Urban land use", "slug": "urban_land_use_energy", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "m² per MWh", "shortUnit": "m²", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Total land use", "slug": "land_use_energy", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "m² per MWh", "shortUnit": "m²", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Aluminium", "slug": "aluminium_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Chromium", "slug": "chromium_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Cobalt", "slug": "cobalt_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Copper", "slug": "copper_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Manganese", "slug": "manganese_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Molybdenum", "slug": "molybdenum_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Nickel", "slug": "nickel_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Silicon", "slug": "silicon_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Zinc", "slug": "zinc_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Uranium", "slug": "uranium_use", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "g per MWh", "shortUnit": "g", "sourceLink": "https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "sourceName": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.", "additionalInfo": "This dataset is based on the large meta-analysis of the impacts of electricity production carried out by the UNECE's Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options assessment. This is based on literature review of life-cycle assessments of electricity sources: these not only include the direct impacts of an electricity source (for example, the land used for individual power plants) but also include any supply chain inputs (for example, land use upstream in supply chains, such as mining for fuel or raw materials.\\nThis meta-analysis included measurements across all regions; here we present the global average across these values.\\nNote that for some impacts – land use, for example – there can be significant differences in the maximum and minimum values for a given source depending on context, such as the climate of a given location; choices around spacing and density of electricity sources etc.\\nReferences: UNECE (2021). Lifecycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Available at: https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options", "dataPublishedBy": "UNECE (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."}, {"name": "Death rates", "slug": "death_per_twh", "type": "Numeric", "unit": "deaths per TWh", "sourceName": "Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); Sovacool et al. (2016)", "additionalInfo": "Death rates from energy production is measured as the number of deaths by energy source per terawatt-hour (TWh) of production.\\nThis data combines two sources: Markandya, A., & Wilkinson, P. (2007) assessed the death rates from accidents and air pollution major energy sources (fossil fuels, nuclear and biomass). Sovacool et al. (2016) assessed death rates from accidents from low-carbon energy sources (nuclear and renewables) based on historical records spanning the period 1990 to 2013.\\nWhen we try to combine the two analyses referenced earlier, one issue we encounter is that neither study includes both of the major nuclear accidents in its death rate figure: Markandya and Wilkinson (2007) was published before the Fukushima disaster in 2011; and Sovacool et al. (2016) only look at death rates since 1990, and therefore do not include the 1986 Chernobyl accident. We have therefore reconstructed the death rate for nuclear to include both of these accidents.\\nFor Chernobyl, there are several death estimates. We rely on the estimate published by the World Health Organization (WHO) – the most-widely cited figure – although this is considered to be too high by several researchers, including a later report by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The WHO estimates that 4000 people have, or will die, from the Chernobyl disaster. This includes the death of 31 people as a direct result of the disaster and those expected to die at a later date from cancers due to radiation exposure.\\nThe disaster in Fukushima killed 574 people. In 2018, the Japanese government reported that one worker has since died from lung cancer as a result of exposure from the event. No one died directly from the Fukushima disaster. Instead, most people died as a result of evacuation procedures. According to Japanese authorities 573 people died due to the impact of the evacuation and stress.\\nTo the death toll of history’s two nuclear disasters we have added the death rate that Markandya and Wilkinson (2007) estimated for occupational deaths, most from milling and mining. Their published rate is 0.022 deaths per TWh.\\nThe sum of these three data points gives us a death rate of 0.07 deaths per TWh.\\nFull references to the underlying studies can be found here:\\nSovacool, B. K., Andersen, R., Sorensen, S., Sorensen, K., Tienda, V., Vainorius, A., ... & Bjørn-Thygesen, F. (2016). Balancing safety with sustainability: assessing the risk of accidents for modern low-carbon energy systems. Journal of cleaner production, 112, 3952-3965.\\nMarkandya, A., & Wilkinson, P. (2007). Electricity generation and health. The Lancet, 370(9591), 979-990. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61253-7", "dataPublishedBy": "Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); Sovacool et al. (2016)"}]}], "_version": 1, "subNavId": null, "hasMapTab": "false", "selection": ["Coal", "Gas", "Nuclear", "Onshore wind", "Offshore wind", "Hydropower", "Solar PV, silicon (on-ground)", "Solar PV, cadmium (on-ground)"], "wpBlockId": "47482", "entityType": "source", "isPublished": "true", "explorerTitle": "Impacts of Energy Production", "hideAlertBanner": "true", "explorerSubtitle": "Explore the environmental and health impacts of electricity sources.", "hideAnnotationFieldsInTitle": ["true"]}