id,titleSnapshot,title,descriptionSnapshot,description,producer,citationFull,attribution,attributionShort,versionProducer,urlMain,urlDownload,dateAccessed,datePublished,license 1,,Maddison Project Database,"The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers that have produced estimates of economic growth for individual countries. Notes: - Tanzania refers only to Mainland Tanzania. - Time series for former countries and territories are calculated forward in time by estimating values based on their last official borders. ",,Bolt and van Zanden,"Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2020), “Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy. A new 2020 update“. The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers that have produced estimates of economic growth for individual countries. The full list of sources for this historical data is given for each country below. Argentina 1800 - 1870 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307 (updated data) 1870 - 1900 Bertola, L and Ocampo, J.A. (2012) The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence. Oxford, Oxford U.P Belgium 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1500- 1846 Buyst, E. (2011), “Towards Estimates of Long Term Growth in the Southern Low Countries, ca.1500-1846”, Results presented at the Conference on Quantifying Long Run Economic Development, Venice, 22-24 March, 2011 Bulgaria 1892-1945 Ivanov, M. (2006). “Bulgarian National Income between 1892 and 1924,” Bulgarian National Discussion Papers DP/54/2006 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1846-1950 Herranz-Loncán, A. and Peres-Cajías (2016). “Bolivian GDP per capita since the mid-nineteenth century” Cliometrica 10: 99-128 Brazil 1800 - 1870 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307 (updated data) 1850–1899 Barro, R.J. and J.F. Ursua, (2008). “Macroeconomic Crises since 1870” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 39(1 (Spring), pages 255-350 Switzerland 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1850-2011 Stohr, Christian (2016), Trading Gains: new estimates of Swiss GDP, 1851-2008. Economic History Working Papers, 245/2016. London School of Economics and Political Science, Economic History Department, London, UK Chile 1810–2004 Díaz, J.B. Lüders, R. and Wagner, G. (2007) Economia Chilena 1810 - 2000, Producto total y sectorial una nueva mirada, Pontificia universidad Catolica de Chile, Insituto de Economia, Documeno de Trabajo no. 315 China 1000-1661 Broadberry, S.N., Guan, Hanhui and David Daokui Li (2018), “China, Europe and the Great Divergence: a Study in Historical National Accounting, 980-1850”, Journal of Economic History, 78, 4, 955-1000 1661–1933 Broadberry, S.N., Guan, Hanhui and David Daokui Li (2018), “China, Europe and the Great Divergence: a Study in Historical National Accounting, 980-1850”, Journal of Economic History, 78, 4, 955-1000 1661–1933 Xu, Y. Z. Shi, B. van Leeuwen, Y Ni, Z Zhang, and Y Ma, (2016) 'Chinese National Income, ca. 1661-1933', Australian Economic History Review 57(3), 368–393 1952–2008 Wu, Harry X. (2014), “China’s growth and productivity performance debate revisited – Accounting for China’s sources of growth with a new data set” The Conference Board Economics Program Working Paper Series EWP#14-01. Colombia 1800 - 1870 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307 (updated data) 1870 - 1923 Bertola, L and Ocampo, J.A. (2012) The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence. Oxford, Oxford U.P. Czechoslovakia 1993 - Based on GDP and population data for their successor states Cuba 1690–1895 Santamaria Garcia, A. (2005). Las Cuentas nacionales de Cuba, 1960 - 2005', mimeo 1902–1958 Ward, M. and Devereux, J. (2012), “The Road Not Taken: Pre-Revolutionary Cuban Living Standards in Comparative Perspective” Journal of Economic History, 72(1): 104–132 Germany 1500-1850 Pfister, U. (2011). “ Economic growth in Germany, 1500–1850”, Paper presented at the Conference on Quantifying Long Run Economic Development, Venice, 22-24 March, 2011 Ecuador 1833-1938 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307. (updated data). We use the growth rate between 1933 and 1938 from Prados de la Escosura (2009) and link that to the 1939 level of Maddison’s original estimates. Egypt 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 700 – 1500 Pamuk, Ş. and M. Shatzmiller (2011). “Real Wages and GDP per capita in the Medieval Islamic Middle East in Comparative Perspective, 700-1500”, paper presented at the 9th Conference of the European Historical Economics Society, Dublin, September 2-3, 2011. 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Spain 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1270-1850 Álvarez-Nogal, C. and L. Prados de la Escosura (2013). ""The Rise and Fall of Spain (1270-1850),"" Economic History Review, 66, 1, 1-37, using their annual benchmarks 1850–2016 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2017), Spanish Economic Growth, 1850-2015 (London: Palgrave Macmillan) Finland 1600–1860 Eloranta, J., Voutilainen, M. and Nummela, I. (2016). “Estimating Finnish Economic Growth Before 1860” mimeo. France 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1250–1800 Ridolfi, L. (2016) “The French economy in the longue durée. A study on real wages, working days and economic performance from Louis IX to the Revolution (1250-1789)” Dissertation IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, available at http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/211/1/Ridolfi_phdthesis.pdf United Kingdom 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1252–1700 (England) Broadberry, S.N., B. Campbell, A. Klein, M. Overton and B. van Leeuwen (2015), British Economic Growth 1270-1870 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1700–1870 Broadberry, S.N., B. Campbell, A. Klein, M. Overton and B. van Leeuwen (2015), British Economic Growth 1270-1870 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Greece 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1833-1913 Kostelenos G., S. Petmezas, D. Vasiliou, E. Kounaris and M. Sfakianakis, (2007), ""Gross Domestic Product 1830-1939"", Sources of Economic History of Modern Greece: Quantitative data and statistical series 1830-1939, Historical Archives of the National Bank of Greece, Athens. Croatia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Indonesia 1815 – 1880 (Java) Van Zanden (2012). “Economic Growth in Java 1815-1939: The Reconstruction of the Historical National Accounts of a Colonial Economy”, Maddison-Project Working Paper WP-3. 1880-2008 Van der Eng, P. (2010). The Sources of Long-Term Economic Growth in Indonesia, 1880-2008”, Explorations in Economic History, 47: 294-309 India 1600–1870 Broadberry, S.N., Custodis, J. and Gupta, B. (2015), “India and the great divergence: an Anglo-Indian comparison of GDP per capita, 1600–1871” Explorations in Economic History, 55: 58-75. Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Iraq 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 700 – 1500 Pamuk, Ş. and M. Shatzmiller (2011). “Real Wages and GDP per capita in the Medieval Islamic Middle East in Comparative Perspective, 700-1500”, paper presented at the 9th Conference of the European Historical Economics Society, Dublin, September 2-3, 2011. 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Israel 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 Italy 1310-1871 (North Italy) Malanima, P. (2010), “The long decline of a leading economy: GDP in central and northern Italy, 1300–1913” European Review of Economic History 15 (2): 169–219. 1871-1990 Baffigi, A. (2011).”Italian National Accounts, 1861-2011”, Banca d’Italia Economic History Working Papers 18. Jamaica 1850 - 1938 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307 (updated data) Jordan 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Japan 724-1874 Bassino, Jean-Pascal & Broadberry, Stephen & Fukao, Kyoji & Gupta, Bishnupriya & Takashima, Masanori, (2018). ""Japan and the Great Divergence, 730-1874,"" CEI Working Paper Series 2018-13, Center for Economic Institutions, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University 1874-1940 Fukao, K., Bassino, J.-P., Makino, T., Paprzycki, R., Settsu, T., Takashima, M., and Tokui, J. (2015) Regional Inequality and Industrial Structure in Japan: 1874-2008, Tokyo: Maruzen Publishing. Republic of Korea 1911-1990 Cha, M.S., Kim, N.N., Park, K.-J., Park, Y. (Eds.) (2020), Historical Statistics of Korea. Studies in Economic History, New York: Springer Publishing Lebanon 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Mexico 1550–1812 Arroyo Abad, L. and J.L. van Zanden (2016), “Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times” Journal of Economic History 76(4): 1182–1215. 1812–1870 Prados de la Escosura, L., (2009), ‘Lost decades? Economic performance in post-independence Latin America’, Journal of Latin America Studies, 41, pp. 279–307. (updated data) 1895–2003 Barro, R.J. and J.F. Ursua, (2008). “Macroeconomic Crises since 1870” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 39(1 (Spring), pages 255-350 TFYR of Macedonia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Montenegro 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Malaysia 1900-1939 Nazrin Shah, S. (2017). Charting the Economy: Early 20th Century Malaya and Contemporary Malaysian Contrasts, Oxford University Press Netherlands 1348–1807 (Holland) Van Zanden, J. L. and van Leeuwen, B. (2012), ‘Persistent but not consistent: the growth of national income in Holland 1347–1807’, Explorations in Economic History, 49 (2012), pp. 119–30. 1807-1913 Smits, J.P., E. Horlings and J.L. van Zanden (2000). The Measurement of Gross National Product and its Components 1800-1913 (Groningen Growth and Development Centre Monograph series no 5). Norway 1820–1930 Grytten, O.H. (2015). Norwegian gross domestic product by industry 1830 - 1930, Norges Bank Working paper 19/2015. Population from Maddison (2006) Panama 1906–1945 De Corso, G. (2013). El crecimiento economico de Venuzuela, Desde la Oligarquia Conservadora Hasta La Revolucion Bolivariana: 1830-2012. Uno Vision cuantitativa *: Venezuelan Economic Growth From The Conservative Oligarchy To The Bolivarian Revolution (1830-2012), Revista De Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 31(3), 321-357. doi:10.1017/S0212610913000190 Peru 1600–1812 Arroyo Abad, L. and J.L. van Zanden (2016), “Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times” Journal of Economic History 76(4): 1182–1215. 1812–1870 Seminario, B. (2015). El Desarrallo de la Economía Peruana en la Era Moderna, Universidad de Pacifico, Lima 1870-1901 Bertola, L and Ocampo, J.A. (2012) The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence. Oxford, Oxford U.P Poland 1409–1913 Malinowski, M. and Van Zanden (2017), “National income and its distribution in preindustrial Poland in a global perspective” Cliometrica, Volume 11, Issue 3, pp 375–40 D.P.R. of Korea 1911-1943 Cha, M.S., Kim, N.N., Park, K.-J., Park, Y. (Eds.) (2020), Historical Statistics of Korea. Studies in Economic History, New York: Springer Publishing. 1990-2015 Cha, M.S., Kim, N.N., Park, K.-J., Park, Y. (Eds.) (2020), Historical Statistics of Korea. Studies in Economic History, New York: Springer Publishing. Portugal 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1530–1850 Palma, N., & Reis, J. (2019). From Convergence to Divergence: Portuguese Economic Growth, 1527–1850. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 477-506. doi:10.1017/S0022050719000056 Romania 1862–1995 Axenciuc, V. (2012). Produsul intern brut al Romaniei, Vol. 1, Institutl de Economie Nationala, Bucarest Saudi Arabia 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Singapore 1900–1959 Sugimoto, I. (2011), Economic growth of Singapore in the twentieth century: historical GDP estimates and empirical investigations, Economic Growth Centre Research Monograph ser., 2, http://www.worldscibooks.com/economics/7858.html (accessed on 30 Jan. 2013). Serbia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Former USSR 1885-1913 Gregory, P. R. (1982). Russian National Income, 1885–1913, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1913-1928 Markevich, A. and M. Harrison (2011). “Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia's National Income, 1913 to 1928”, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 71 (3): 672 – 703, table 6. 1991 - Based on GDP and population data for their successor states Slovenia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Sweden 1300–1560 Krantz, O. (2017) “Swedish GDP 1300-1560 A Tentative Estimate” Lund Papers in Economic History: General Issues; No. 152. 1560–1950 Schön, L., and O. Krantz (2015) “New Swedish Historical National Accounts since the 16th Century in Constant and Current Prices” Lund Papers in Economic History no. 140 Syrian Arab Republic 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Turkey 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 700 - 1820 Pamuk, Ş. and M. Shatzmiller (2011). “Real Wages and GDP per capita in the Medieval Islamic Middle East in Comparative Perspective, 700-1500”, paper presented at the 9th Conference of the European Historical Economics Society, Dublin, September 2-3, 2011; Milanovic, B. (2006), “An estimate of average income and inequality in Byzantium around year 1000,” Review of Income and Wealth 52 (3). 1500-1820 Pamuk, S. (2009). “Estimating GDP per capita for the Ottoman Empire in a European Comparative Framework, 1500-1820”, paper presented at the XVth World Economic History Congress, August 2009, Utrecht Taiwan, Province of China 1820 - 1940 Fukao, K., D. Ma and T. Yuan (2007). Real GDP in Pre-War East Asia: A 1934-36 Benchmark Purchasing Power Parity Comparison with the U.S. Review of Income and Wealth, 53 (3): 503 - 537. Trend from original Maddison estimates applied to benchmark for 1934/36 Uruguay 1800-1870 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307. (updated data) 1870–2014 Bèrtola, L. (2016). El PIB per Capita de Uruguay 1870 - 2016: una reconstruccion. PHES working paper No 48 United States 1650 - 1790 McCusker, John J., ‘Colonial Statistics’, Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Time to the Present, in S. B. Carter, S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haineset al. New York, Cambridge University Press. V-671. 1790 - 1870 Sutch, R. (2006). National Income and Product. Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Time to the Present, in S. B. Carter, S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haineset al. New York, Cambridge University Press III-23-25. 1800-1830 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307. (updated data) Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1830–2012 De Corso, G. (2013). El crecimiento economico de Venuzuela, Desde la Oligarquia Conservadora Hasta La Revolucion Bolivariana: 1830-2012. Uno Vision cuantitativa *: Venezuelan Economic Growth From The Conservative Oligarchy To The Bolivarian Revolution (1830-2012), Revista De Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 31(3), 321-357. doi:10.1017/S0212610913000190 Former Yugoslavia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project 2008 - Based on GDP and population data for their successor states South Africa 1700–1900 (Cape Colony) Fourie, J. and Van Zanden, J.L. (2013). GDP in the Dutch Cape Colony: the Nationals Accounts of a Slave-Based Society, South African Journal of Economics, vol. 81 (4): 467 - 490 ","Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden, 2020)",Maddison Project Database,,https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020,https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/data/mpd2020.xlsx,2022-04-12,2020-10-01, 2,Peak Cherry Tree Blossom at Kyoto City,Historical Series of Phenological data for Cherry Tree Flowering at Kyoto City (and March Mean Temperature Reconstructions),,,Yasuyuki Aono,"- Taguchi,T. (1939) Climatic change in historical time in Japan J. Mar. Meteorol. Soc. 19 217–27 - Sekiguchi,T. (1969) The historical dates of Japanese cherry festival since the 8th century and her climatic changes Tokyo Geog. Pap. 13 175–90 - Aono,Y. and Omoto,Y. (1994) Estimation of temperature at Kyoto since 11th century using flowering data of cherry tree in old documents J. Agric. Meteorol. 49 263–72 - Aono,Y. and Kazui,K. (2008) Phenological data series of cherry tree flowering in Kyoto, Japan, and its application to reconstruction of springtime temperatures since the 9th century Int. J. Climatol. 28 905–14 - Aono,Y. and Saito,S. (2010) Clarifying springtime temperature reconstructions of the medieval period by gap-filling the cherry blossom phenological data series at Kyoto, Japan Int. J. Biometeorol. 54 211–9 Data for 812-2021 is available here - http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/ Date for 2022 peak blossom gathered from the Met Office (2022) - https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2022/kyoto-cherry-blossom-dates-shifted-by-human-influence#:~:text=Last%20year%20was%20the%20earliest,declared%20on%201%20April%202022.",Multiple sources compiled by Aono,Yasuyuki Aono,,http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/,,2023-01-11,2021-03-26,"{""url"": ""http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/"", ""name"": ""Custom license""}" 3,World Development Indicators,,,"The World Development Indicators (WDI) is the primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available, and includes national, regional and global estimates. ",World Bank,,International Telecommunication Union (via World Bank),World Bank,,https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037712/World-Development-Indicators,http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/WDI_csv.zip,2023-05-29,2023-05-11,"{""url"": ""https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets"", ""name"": ""Creative Commons Attribution 4.0""}" 4,Dummy,The best dummy dataset,"This is a description of this dummy dataset as we would word it. It can be a few paragraphs long if need be. Citation information should not go in here. For specific information about indicators, prefer to add indciator level descriptions in meadow or garden. ",This is a description of the best dummy dataset,Max Mustermann,Max Mustermann et al based on John Doe.,ACME project,ACME,1,http://dummy-project.org,http://dummy-project.org/download,2023-06-29,2020-01-01,"{""url"": ""http://dummy-project.org/license"", ""name"": ""CC-BY 4.0""}" 5,National contributions to climate change - Annual emissions,"National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide",,"A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2021. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2022; Friedlingstein et al., 2022). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2022). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",Jones et al.,"Jones, Matthew W., Peters, Glen P., Gasser, Thomas, Andrew, Robbie M., Schwingshackl, Clemens, Gütschow, Johannes, Houghton, Richard A., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Pongratz, Julia, & Le Quéré, Corinne. (2023). National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide [Data set]. In Scientific Data (2023.1). Zenodo.",,,,https://zenodo.org/record/7636699#.ZFCy4exBweZ,https://zenodo.org/record/7636699/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2021.csv,2023-05-02,2023-02-13, 6,Peak Cherry Tree Blossom at Kyoto City,Historical Series of Phenological data for Cherry Tree Flowering at Kyoto City (and March Mean Temperature Reconstructions),,,Yasuyuki Aono,"Yasuyuki Aono compiled this data based on multiple sources: - Taguchi,T. (1939) Climatic change in historical time in Japan J. Mar. Meteorol. Soc. 19 217–27 - Sekiguchi,T. (1969) The historical dates of Japanese cherry festival since the 8th century and her climatic changes Tokyo Geog. Pap. 13 175–90 - Aono,Y. and Omoto,Y. (1994) Estimation of temperature at Kyoto since 11th century using flowering data of cherry tree in old documents J. Agric. Meteorol. 49 263–72 - Aono,Y. and Kazui,K. (2008) Phenological data series of cherry tree flowering in Kyoto, Japan, and its application to reconstruction of springtime temperatures since the 9th century Int. J. Climatol. 28 905–14 - Aono,Y. and Saito,S. (2010) Clarifying springtime temperature reconstructions of the medieval period by gap-filling the cherry blossom phenological data series at Kyoto, Japan Int. J. Biometeorol. 54 211–9 Data for 812-2021 is available here - http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/ Data for 2022 peak blossom is gathered from the Met Office (2022) - https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2022/kyoto-cherry-blossom-dates-shifted-by-human-influence",Multiple sources compiled by Aono,Yasuyuki Aono,,http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/,,2023-01-11,2021-03-26,"{""url"": ""http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/"", ""name"": ""Custom license""}" 7,Maddison Project Database,Maddison Project Database,"The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers that have produced estimates of economic growth for individual countries. Notes: - Tanzania refers only to Mainland Tanzania. - Time series for former countries and territories are calculated forward in time by estimating values based on their last official borders. ",,Bolt and van Zanden,"Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2020), “Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy. A new 2020 update“. The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers that have produced estimates of economic growth for individual countries. The full list of sources for this historical data is given for each country below. Argentina 1800 - 1870 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307 (updated data) 1870 - 1900 Bertola, L and Ocampo, J.A. (2012) The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence. Oxford, Oxford U.P Belgium 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1500- 1846 Buyst, E. (2011), “Towards Estimates of Long Term Growth in the Southern Low Countries, ca.1500-1846”, Results presented at the Conference on Quantifying Long Run Economic Development, Venice, 22-24 March, 2011 Bulgaria 1892-1945 Ivanov, M. (2006). “Bulgarian National Income between 1892 and 1924,” Bulgarian National Discussion Papers DP/54/2006 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1846-1950 Herranz-Loncán, A. and Peres-Cajías (2016). “Bolivian GDP per capita since the mid-nineteenth century” Cliometrica 10: 99-128 Brazil 1800 - 1870 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307 (updated data) 1850–1899 Barro, R.J. and J.F. Ursua, (2008). “Macroeconomic Crises since 1870” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 39(1 (Spring), pages 255-350 Switzerland 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1850-2011 Stohr, Christian (2016), Trading Gains: new estimates of Swiss GDP, 1851-2008. Economic History Working Papers, 245/2016. London School of Economics and Political Science, Economic History Department, London, UK Chile 1810–2004 Díaz, J.B. Lüders, R. and Wagner, G. (2007) Economia Chilena 1810 - 2000, Producto total y sectorial una nueva mirada, Pontificia universidad Catolica de Chile, Insituto de Economia, Documeno de Trabajo no. 315 China 1000-1661 Broadberry, S.N., Guan, Hanhui and David Daokui Li (2018), “China, Europe and the Great Divergence: a Study in Historical National Accounting, 980-1850”, Journal of Economic History, 78, 4, 955-1000 1661–1933 Broadberry, S.N., Guan, Hanhui and David Daokui Li (2018), “China, Europe and the Great Divergence: a Study in Historical National Accounting, 980-1850”, Journal of Economic History, 78, 4, 955-1000 1661–1933 Xu, Y. Z. Shi, B. van Leeuwen, Y Ni, Z Zhang, and Y Ma, (2016) 'Chinese National Income, ca. 1661-1933', Australian Economic History Review 57(3), 368–393 1952–2008 Wu, Harry X. (2014), “China’s growth and productivity performance debate revisited – Accounting for China’s sources of growth with a new data set” The Conference Board Economics Program Working Paper Series EWP#14-01. Colombia 1800 - 1870 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307 (updated data) 1870 - 1923 Bertola, L and Ocampo, J.A. (2012) The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence. Oxford, Oxford U.P. Czechoslovakia 1993 - Based on GDP and population data for their successor states Cuba 1690–1895 Santamaria Garcia, A. (2005). Las Cuentas nacionales de Cuba, 1960 - 2005', mimeo 1902–1958 Ward, M. and Devereux, J. (2012), “The Road Not Taken: Pre-Revolutionary Cuban Living Standards in Comparative Perspective” Journal of Economic History, 72(1): 104–132 Germany 1500-1850 Pfister, U. (2011). “ Economic growth in Germany, 1500–1850”, Paper presented at the Conference on Quantifying Long Run Economic Development, Venice, 22-24 March, 2011 Ecuador 1833-1938 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307. (updated data). We use the growth rate between 1933 and 1938 from Prados de la Escosura (2009) and link that to the 1939 level of Maddison’s original estimates. Egypt 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 700 – 1500 Pamuk, Ş. and M. Shatzmiller (2011). “Real Wages and GDP per capita in the Medieval Islamic Middle East in Comparative Perspective, 700-1500”, paper presented at the 9th Conference of the European Historical Economics Society, Dublin, September 2-3, 2011. 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Spain 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1270-1850 Álvarez-Nogal, C. and L. Prados de la Escosura (2013). ""The Rise and Fall of Spain (1270-1850),"" Economic History Review, 66, 1, 1-37, using their annual benchmarks 1850–2016 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2017), Spanish Economic Growth, 1850-2015 (London: Palgrave Macmillan) Finland 1600–1860 Eloranta, J., Voutilainen, M. and Nummela, I. (2016). “Estimating Finnish Economic Growth Before 1860” mimeo. France 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1250–1800 Ridolfi, L. (2016) “The French economy in the longue durée. A study on real wages, working days and economic performance from Louis IX to the Revolution (1250-1789)” Dissertation IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, available at http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/211/1/Ridolfi_phdthesis.pdf United Kingdom 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1252–1700 (England) Broadberry, S.N., B. Campbell, A. Klein, M. Overton and B. van Leeuwen (2015), British Economic Growth 1270-1870 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1700–1870 Broadberry, S.N., B. Campbell, A. Klein, M. Overton and B. van Leeuwen (2015), British Economic Growth 1270-1870 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Greece 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1833-1913 Kostelenos G., S. Petmezas, D. Vasiliou, E. Kounaris and M. Sfakianakis, (2007), ""Gross Domestic Product 1830-1939"", Sources of Economic History of Modern Greece: Quantitative data and statistical series 1830-1939, Historical Archives of the National Bank of Greece, Athens. Croatia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Indonesia 1815 – 1880 (Java) Van Zanden (2012). “Economic Growth in Java 1815-1939: The Reconstruction of the Historical National Accounts of a Colonial Economy”, Maddison-Project Working Paper WP-3. 1880-2008 Van der Eng, P. (2010). The Sources of Long-Term Economic Growth in Indonesia, 1880-2008”, Explorations in Economic History, 47: 294-309 India 1600–1870 Broadberry, S.N., Custodis, J. and Gupta, B. (2015), “India and the great divergence: an Anglo-Indian comparison of GDP per capita, 1600–1871” Explorations in Economic History, 55: 58-75. Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Iraq 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 700 – 1500 Pamuk, Ş. and M. Shatzmiller (2011). “Real Wages and GDP per capita in the Medieval Islamic Middle East in Comparative Perspective, 700-1500”, paper presented at the 9th Conference of the European Historical Economics Society, Dublin, September 2-3, 2011. 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Israel 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 Italy 1310-1871 (North Italy) Malanima, P. (2010), “The long decline of a leading economy: GDP in central and northern Italy, 1300–1913” European Review of Economic History 15 (2): 169–219. 1871-1990 Baffigi, A. (2011).”Italian National Accounts, 1861-2011”, Banca d’Italia Economic History Working Papers 18. Jamaica 1850 - 1938 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307 (updated data) Jordan 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Japan 724-1874 Bassino, Jean-Pascal & Broadberry, Stephen & Fukao, Kyoji & Gupta, Bishnupriya & Takashima, Masanori, (2018). ""Japan and the Great Divergence, 730-1874,"" CEI Working Paper Series 2018-13, Center for Economic Institutions, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University 1874-1940 Fukao, K., Bassino, J.-P., Makino, T., Paprzycki, R., Settsu, T., Takashima, M., and Tokui, J. (2015) Regional Inequality and Industrial Structure in Japan: 1874-2008, Tokyo: Maruzen Publishing. Republic of Korea 1911-1990 Cha, M.S., Kim, N.N., Park, K.-J., Park, Y. (Eds.) (2020), Historical Statistics of Korea. Studies in Economic History, New York: Springer Publishing Lebanon 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Mexico 1550–1812 Arroyo Abad, L. and J.L. van Zanden (2016), “Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times” Journal of Economic History 76(4): 1182–1215. 1812–1870 Prados de la Escosura, L., (2009), ‘Lost decades? Economic performance in post-independence Latin America’, Journal of Latin America Studies, 41, pp. 279–307. (updated data) 1895–2003 Barro, R.J. and J.F. Ursua, (2008). “Macroeconomic Crises since 1870” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 39(1 (Spring), pages 255-350 TFYR of Macedonia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Montenegro 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Malaysia 1900-1939 Nazrin Shah, S. (2017). Charting the Economy: Early 20th Century Malaya and Contemporary Malaysian Contrasts, Oxford University Press Netherlands 1348–1807 (Holland) Van Zanden, J. L. and van Leeuwen, B. (2012), ‘Persistent but not consistent: the growth of national income in Holland 1347–1807’, Explorations in Economic History, 49 (2012), pp. 119–30. 1807-1913 Smits, J.P., E. Horlings and J.L. van Zanden (2000). The Measurement of Gross National Product and its Components 1800-1913 (Groningen Growth and Development Centre Monograph series no 5). Norway 1820–1930 Grytten, O.H. (2015). Norwegian gross domestic product by industry 1830 - 1930, Norges Bank Working paper 19/2015. Population from Maddison (2006) Panama 1906–1945 De Corso, G. (2013). El crecimiento economico de Venuzuela, Desde la Oligarquia Conservadora Hasta La Revolucion Bolivariana: 1830-2012. Uno Vision cuantitativa *: Venezuelan Economic Growth From The Conservative Oligarchy To The Bolivarian Revolution (1830-2012), Revista De Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 31(3), 321-357. doi:10.1017/S0212610913000190 Peru 1600–1812 Arroyo Abad, L. and J.L. van Zanden (2016), “Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times” Journal of Economic History 76(4): 1182–1215. 1812–1870 Seminario, B. (2015). El Desarrallo de la Economía Peruana en la Era Moderna, Universidad de Pacifico, Lima 1870-1901 Bertola, L and Ocampo, J.A. (2012) The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence. Oxford, Oxford U.P Poland 1409–1913 Malinowski, M. and Van Zanden (2017), “National income and its distribution in preindustrial Poland in a global perspective” Cliometrica, Volume 11, Issue 3, pp 375–40 D.P.R. of Korea 1911-1943 Cha, M.S., Kim, N.N., Park, K.-J., Park, Y. (Eds.) (2020), Historical Statistics of Korea. Studies in Economic History, New York: Springer Publishing. 1990-2015 Cha, M.S., Kim, N.N., Park, K.-J., Park, Y. (Eds.) (2020), Historical Statistics of Korea. Studies in Economic History, New York: Springer Publishing. Portugal 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 1530–1850 Palma, N., & Reis, J. (2019). From Convergence to Divergence: Portuguese Economic Growth, 1527–1850. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 477-506. doi:10.1017/S0022050719000056 Romania 1862–1995 Axenciuc, V. (2012). Produsul intern brut al Romaniei, Vol. 1, Institutl de Economie Nationala, Bucarest Saudi Arabia 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Singapore 1900–1959 Sugimoto, I. (2011), Economic growth of Singapore in the twentieth century: historical GDP estimates and empirical investigations, Economic Growth Centre Research Monograph ser., 2, http://www.worldscibooks.com/economics/7858.html (accessed on 30 Jan. 2013). Serbia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Former USSR 1885-1913 Gregory, P. R. (1982). Russian National Income, 1885–1913, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1913-1928 Markevich, A. and M. Harrison (2011). “Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia's National Income, 1913 to 1928”, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 71 (3): 672 – 703, table 6. 1991 - Based on GDP and population data for their successor states Slovenia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project Sweden 1300–1560 Krantz, O. (2017) “Swedish GDP 1300-1560 A Tentative Estimate” Lund Papers in Economic History: General Issues; No. 152. 1560–1950 Schön, L., and O. Krantz (2015) “New Swedish Historical National Accounts since the 16th Century in Constant and Current Prices” Lund Papers in Economic History no. 140 Syrian Arab Republic 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950 Pamuk, S. (2006), Estimating Economic Growth in the Middle East since 1820, The Journal of Economic History, vol 66, no. 3, pp. 809 - 828 Turkey 1 A.D. Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91 700 - 1820 Pamuk, Ş. and M. Shatzmiller (2011). “Real Wages and GDP per capita in the Medieval Islamic Middle East in Comparative Perspective, 700-1500”, paper presented at the 9th Conference of the European Historical Economics Society, Dublin, September 2-3, 2011; Milanovic, B. (2006), “An estimate of average income and inequality in Byzantium around year 1000,” Review of Income and Wealth 52 (3). 1500-1820 Pamuk, S. (2009). “Estimating GDP per capita for the Ottoman Empire in a European Comparative Framework, 1500-1820”, paper presented at the XVth World Economic History Congress, August 2009, Utrecht Taiwan, Province of China 1820 - 1940 Fukao, K., D. Ma and T. Yuan (2007). Real GDP in Pre-War East Asia: A 1934-36 Benchmark Purchasing Power Parity Comparison with the U.S. Review of Income and Wealth, 53 (3): 503 - 537. Trend from original Maddison estimates applied to benchmark for 1934/36 Uruguay 1800-1870 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307. (updated data) 1870–2014 Bèrtola, L. (2016). El PIB per Capita de Uruguay 1870 - 2016: una reconstruccion. PHES working paper No 48 United States 1650 - 1790 McCusker, John J., ‘Colonial Statistics’, Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Time to the Present, in S. B. Carter, S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haineset al. New York, Cambridge University Press. V-671. 1790 - 1870 Sutch, R. (2006). National Income and Product. Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Time to the Present, in S. B. Carter, S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haineset al. New York, Cambridge University Press III-23-25. 1800-1830 Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307. (updated data) Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1830–2012 De Corso, G. (2013). El crecimiento economico de Venuzuela, Desde la Oligarquia Conservadora Hasta La Revolucion Bolivariana: 1830-2012. Uno Vision cuantitativa *: Venezuelan Economic Growth From The Conservative Oligarchy To The Bolivarian Revolution (1830-2012), Revista De Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 31(3), 321-357. doi:10.1017/S0212610913000190 Former Yugoslavia 1952-2008 Milanovic (2011). Estimates provided to the Maddison-Project 2008 - Based on GDP and population data for their successor states South Africa 1700–1900 (Cape Colony) Fourie, J. and Van Zanden, J.L. (2013). GDP in the Dutch Cape Colony: the Nationals Accounts of a Slave-Based Society, South African Journal of Economics, vol. 81 (4): 467 - 490 ","Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden, 2020)",Maddison Project Database,,https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020,https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/data/mpd2020.xlsx,2022-04-12,2020-10-01, 8,Dummy OWID dataset title,,"This is a dummy dataset",,Dummy producer,Dummy producer citation,,,,https://www.url-dummy.com/,https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/etl/master/walkthrough/dummy_data.csv,2023-08-07,2020-01-01, 9,UK egg statistics,UK egg statistics,,"The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom (Defra) runs a quarterly survey of registered UK egg packing stations. It is a voluntary sample survey of 27 respondents that collects information on throughput by production type and prices of graded eggs and sales of ungraded eggs. The response rate is typically 100 per cent and the survey accounts for 75 per cent of eggs packed in the UK. The survey figures are raised up to give UK estimates using information on the number of commercial laying hens, average egg yields, average mortality rates, the proportion of UK eggs that go through packing stations. Throughput by egg type for packing stations not surveyed is calculated using data provided by packing stations responding to the survey. ","Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom","Quarterly UK statistics on Egg Packing Station Throughput and Prices, by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom. ","Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom",Defra,,https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/egg-statistics,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1173898/egg-packers-27july23.ods,2023-08-01,2023-07-27, 10,"US egg production, cage-free percentages",US Egg Production Data Set,,This project synthesizes data on the supply of cage-free eggs relative to all food eggs in the United States using United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data from December 2007 to present. The associated report supplements the data with definitions and a taxonomy of egg products drawn from USDA and industry publications.,The Humane League,The Humane League based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).,The Humane League based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),The Humane League,,https://thehumaneleague.org/article/E008R01-us-egg-production-data,https://osf.io/download/56xjc/,2023-08-03,2023-04-09, 11,Farmed finfishes used for food,Estimating global numbers of farmed fishes killed for food annually from 1990 to 2019,,"Global farmed finfish production increased from 9 to 56 million tonnes between 1990 and 2019. Although finfishes are now widely recognised as sentient beings, production is still being quantified as biomass rather than number of individuals (in contrast to farmed mammals and birds). Here, we estimate the global number of farmed finfishes slaughtered using FAO aquaculture production tonnages (1990–2019 data) and estimates of individual weight at killing (determined from internet searches at species and country level where possible). We relate these numbers to knowledge on humane slaughter, animal welfare law, and certification schemes. Since 1990, farmed finfish numbers killed annually for food have increased nine-fold, to 124 billion (1.24 × 1011, range 78–171 billion) in 2019. This figure does not represent the total number farmed (due to mortalities during rearing and non-food production) and is expected to increase as aquaculture expands. Our estimates indicate that farmed finfishes now outnumber the 80 billion farmed birds and mammals killed globally each year for food. The majority are produced in Asia. Inhumane slaughter practices cause suffering for most farmed finfishes. Most, 70–72%, have no legal welfare protection, and less than 1% have any fish-specific legal protection, at slaughter. The main global certification schemes in 2013–2015 accounted for 2% of slaughtered farmed finfishes. Fishes for which species-specific parameters for automated humane stunning are published comprise 20–24%. As the dominant taxa of farmed vertebrates, finfishes would benefit from better welfare if species-specific humane slaughter was defined and incorporated into laws and certification schemes.",Mood et al.,"Mood, A., Lara, E., Boyland, N., & Brooke, P. (2023). Estimating global numbers of farmed fishes killed for food annually from 1990 to 2019. Animal Welfare, 32, E12. doi:10.1017/awf.2023.4",,,,https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-welfare/article/estimating-global-numbers-of-farmed-fishes-killed-for-food-annually-from-1990-to-2019/765A7CCA23ADA0249EF37CFC5014D351,https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:article:S0962728623000040/resource/name/S0962728623000040sup001.zip,2023-08-08,2023-02-06, 12,Number of farmed fish in 2015,Estimated numbers of individuals in annual global aquaculture production (FAO) of fish species (2015).,Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production in 2015.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2015/Farmed-fishes-2015.xlsx,2023-08-14,1970-01-01, 13,Number of farmed fish in 2016,Estimated numbers of individuals in global aquaculture production (FAO) of fish species (2016).,Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production in 2016.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-fishes-2016-v2.xlsx,2023-08-14,1970-01-01, 14,Number of farmed fish in 2017,Estimated numbers of individuals in global aquaculture production (FAO) of fish species (2017),Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-fishes-2017-v2.xlsx,2023-08-14,1970-01-01, 15,Number of farmed decapod crustaceans in 2015,Estimated numbers of individuals in annual global aquaculture production (FAO) of decapod species (2015),Estimated number of individual decapod crustaceans in annual aquaculture production in 2015.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2015/Farmed-decapods-2015.xlsx,2023-08-15,1970-01-01, 16,Number of farmed decapod crustaceans in 2016,Estimated numbers of individuals in global aquaculture production (FAO) of decapod species (2016),Estimated number of individual decapod crustaceans in annual aquaculture production in 2016.,,Fishcount,"A Mood and P Brooke. Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ",,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-decapods-2016.xlsx,2023-08-15,2019-09-01, 17,Number of farmed decapod crustaceans in 2017,"Estimated numbers of individuals in global aquaculture production (FAO) of decapod species (2017) ",Estimated number of individual decapod crustaceans in annual aquaculture production.,,Fishcount,"A Mood and P Brooke. Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ",,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-decapods-2017.xlsx,2023-08-15,2023-09-01, 18,Number of individual wild fish killed for food,Estimated numbers of individuals in annual global recorded capture (FAO) of fish species,Estimated numbers of individual fish killed annually in wild fish capture.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens/2016/fishcount_estimated_wild_fish_2007-2016.xlsx,2023-08-16,2019-01-21, 19,Dummy OWID dataset title,,"This is a dummy dataset",,Dummy producer,Dummy producer citation,,,,https://www.url-dummy.com/,https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/etl/master/walkthrough/dummy_data.csv,2023-08-21,2020-01-01, 20,[origin.dataset-title-owid],[origin.dataset-title-producer],[origin.dataset-description-owid],[origin.dataset-description-producer],[origin.producer],[origin.citation-producer],[origin.attribution > origin.producer (year)],[origin.attribution-short],[origin.version],[origin.dataset-url-main],https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/etl/master/walkthrough/dummy_data.csv,2020-01-01,2000-01-01, 21,Dummy OWID dataset title,,"This is a dummy dataset",,Dummy producer,Dummy producer citation,,,,https://www.url-dummy.com/,https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/etl/master/walkthrough/dummy_data.csv,2023-08-22,2020-01-01, 22,"Reported Smallpox Cases (WHO, 2023)",,"Because smallpox was eradicated in 1977, there were no new cases since 2010 so we extended the time series. More details by the WHO: https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab=tab_1.",,WHO,World Health Organisation,,,Google Sheet,http://www.earth-policy.org/data_highlights/2011/highlights19,https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vTdzSim9woEMb9zZNDCihyD5nr6YWpfDxLftbn-qS1SEoJjRNwv8vyJ5EaSnwJEiD5KAfFro3c79Dp-/pub?output=csv,2023-08-23,1970-01-01, 23,[origin.dataset-title-owid],[origin.dataset-title-producer],[origin.dataset-description-owid],[origin.dataset-description-producer],[origin.producer],[origin.citation-producer],[origin.attribution > origin.producer (year)],[origin.attribution-short],,[origin.dataset-url-main],https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/etl/master/walkthrough/dummy_data.csv,2020-01-01,2000-01-01, 24,Chick culling laws,,"Male baby chicks are commonly killed in laying hens hatcheries all around the world, as they provide no value for the egg production industry. Only a minority of country has laws to ban this practice. This dataset is a compilation of evidence (from official institutions and in some cases from the news) of chick culling taking place in a country, and, in some cases, of existing laws banning it.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning chick culling, and evidence of chick culling being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. Some of those sources were extracted from [a report by the European Institute for Animal Law & Policy](https://animallaweurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Animal-Law-Europe-%E2%80%93-Chick-Killing-Report-2023.pdf): ""Chick and Duckling Killing: Achieving an EU-Wide Prohibition"" (White paper, January 2023) by Alice Di Concetto, Olivier Morice, Matthias Corion, Simão Santos. - Austria: Banned. Source: [Section 6(2), Animal Welfare Act.](https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20003541) Date effective: 2022-07-18. The prohibition was adopted in July 2022 through a law amending the Animal Welfare Act. Scope excludes male chicks used as feed in zoos or for birds of prey. Destruction of non-hatched is allowed up until 14 day of incubation. - France: Banned. Source: [R 214-17 of the Rural Code.](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000028969470) Date effective: 2022-12-31. The prohibition was adopted on January 2022 through a regulation. In ovo sexing technologies benefit from a five-year nonobsolescence clause. Male chicks for animal food production benefit from an exemption. Destruction of non-hatched is allowed up until 15 day of incubation. - Germany: Banned. Source: [Section 3 (4c), Animal Welfare Act.](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tierschg/BJNR012770972.html) Date effective: 2022-01-01. The prohibition was adopted on January 2022, through a regulation which prohibits the culling of one-day old chicks by 2022, and the culling of fertilized eggs passed the 6th day of incubation. Note: No derogation. - Italy: Banned but not yet effective. Source: [Article 18, European Delegation Law (22G00136).](https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2022-08-04;127) Date effective: 2026-12-31. The law prohibits the selective killing of male chicks by December 31st, 2026 and provides exemptions for animal protection purposes only. A decree will later specify the ways in which the law should be implemented. The law does not provide a rule regarding the destruction of non-hatched eggs nor exemptions, other than exemptions for animal health and protection purposes. A decree will likely specify these two aspects. - Luxembourg: Banned. Source: [Date effective: 2018-06-18. Animal protection law on 6 June 2018, The Luxembourg Government.](https://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2018/tierschutz.html) - Switzerland: Partially banned. Source: [Swissinfo (2019-09-20).](https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/animal-protection_-switzerland-bans-shredding-of-male-chicks-/45240798) Grinding chicks was banned in 2019, but gassing is still legal. - Australia: No laws. Source: [Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Australia (2021-09-22).](https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/what-happens-with-male-chicks-in-the-egg-industry/) - Canada: No laws. Source: [Canadian Poultry Magazine (2016-12-19).](https://www.canadianpoultrymag.com/hypereye-a-game-changer-30033/) - New Zealand: No laws. Source: [Save Animals From Exploitation (SAFE) New Zealand (2023).](https://safe.org.nz/our-work/animals-in-aotearoa/male-chicks/) - United Kingdom: No laws. Source: [The Humane League (2021-07-29).](https://thehumaneleague.org.uk/article/what-happens-to-male-chicks-in-the-egg-industry) - United States: No laws. Source: [Vox (2021-04-12).](https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22374193/eggs-chickens-animal-welfare-culling) - Belgium: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Bulgaria: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Croatia: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Cyprus: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Czechia: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Denmark: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Estonia: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Finland: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Greece: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Hungary: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Ireland: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Latvia: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Lithuania: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Malta: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Netherlands: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Poland: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Portugal: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Romania: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Slovakia: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Slovenia: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Spain: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Sweden: No laws. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf)",,,,https://animallaweurope.com/news/,,2023-09-01,2023-01-01, 25,Chick culling laws,,"Male baby chicks are commonly killed in laying hens hatcheries all around the world, as they provide no value for the egg production industry. Only a minority of country has laws to ban this practice. This dataset is a compilation of evidence (from official institutions and in some cases from the news) of chick culling taking place in a country, and, in some cases, of existing laws banning it.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning chick culling, and evidence of chick culling being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. Some of those sources were extracted from [a report by the European Institute for Animal Law & Policy](https://animallaweurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Animal-Law-Europe-%E2%80%93-Chick-Killing-Report-2023.pdf): ""Chick and Duckling Killing: Achieving an EU-Wide Prohibition"" (White paper, January 2023) by Alice Di Concetto, Olivier Morice, Matthias Corion, Simão Santos. - Austria: Banned. Source: [Section 6(2), Animal Welfare Act.](https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20003541) Date effective: 2022-07-18. The prohibition was adopted in July 2022 through a law amending the Animal Welfare Act. Scope excludes male chicks used as feed in zoos or for birds of prey. Destruction of non-hatched is allowed up until 14 day of incubation. - France: Banned. Source: [R 214-17 of the Rural Code.](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000028969470) Date effective: 2022-12-31. The prohibition was adopted on January 2022 through a regulation. In ovo sexing technologies benefit from a five-year nonobsolescence clause. Male chicks for animal food production benefit from an exemption. Destruction of non-hatched is allowed up until 15 day of incubation. - Germany: Banned. Source: [Section 3 (4c), Animal Welfare Act.](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tierschg/BJNR012770972.html) Date effective: 2022-01-01. The prohibition was adopted on January 2022, through a regulation which prohibits the culling of one-day old chicks by 2022, and the culling of fertilized eggs passed the 6th day of incubation. Note: No derogation. - Italy: Banned but not yet effective. Source: [Article 18, European Delegation Law (22G00136).](https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2022-08-04;127) Date effective: 2026-12-31. The law prohibits the selective killing of male chicks by December 31st, 2026 and provides exemptions for animal protection purposes only. A decree will later specify the ways in which the law should be implemented. The law does not provide a rule regarding the destruction of non-hatched eggs nor exemptions, other than exemptions for animal health and protection purposes. A decree will likely specify these two aspects. - Luxembourg: Banned. Source: [Date effective: 2018-06-18. Animal protection law on 6 June 2018, The Luxembourg Government.](https://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2018/tierschutz.html) - Switzerland: Partially banned. Source: [Swissinfo (2019-09-20).](https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/animal-protection_-switzerland-bans-shredding-of-male-chicks-/45240798) Grinding chicks was banned in 2019, but gassing is still legal. - Australia: Not banned. Source: [Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Australia (2021-09-22).](https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/what-happens-with-male-chicks-in-the-egg-industry/) - Canada: Not banned. Source: [Canadian Poultry Magazine (2016-12-19).](https://www.canadianpoultrymag.com/hypereye-a-game-changer-30033/) - New Zealand: Not banned. Source: [Save Animals From Exploitation (SAFE) New Zealand (2023).](https://safe.org.nz/our-work/animals-in-aotearoa/male-chicks/) - United Kingdom: Not banned. Source: [The Humane League (2021-07-29).](https://thehumaneleague.org.uk/article/what-happens-to-male-chicks-in-the-egg-industry) - United States: Not banned. Source: [Vox (2021-04-12).](https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22374193/eggs-chickens-animal-welfare-culling) - Belgium: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Bulgaria: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Croatia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Cyprus: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Czechia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Denmark: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Estonia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Finland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Greece: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Hungary: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Ireland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Latvia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Lithuania: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Malta: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Netherlands: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Poland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Romania: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Slovakia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Slovenia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Spain: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Sweden: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf)",,,,https://animallaweurope.com/news/,,2023-09-01,2023-09-01, 26,Bullfighting laws,,"This dataset lists countries where bullfighting is banned and countries where it is still legal. Note that in some countries bullfighting is legal at a national level, although it may be banned in certain regions.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning bullfighting, and evidence of bullfighting being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. - Argentina: Banned. Source: [Law 2786 - Buenos Aires, July 25th, 1891.](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-2786-283995/texto) Last bullfight took place [in 1899](https://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883). - Bolivia: Banned. Source: [Law for the defense of animals against acts of cruelty and mistreatment, Law 700, June 1st, 2015.](https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bol146525.pdf) - Brazil: Banned. Source: [Decree 24645, July 10th, 1934.](https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1930-1939/decreto-24645-10-julho-1934-516837-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html) - Canada: Partially banned. Source: [National Post (2015-01-25).](https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/there-will-be-no-blood-in-ontario-bullfighting-ring-where-matadors-fight-with-velcro-tipped-blades) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Chile: Banned. Source: [Law bulletin 1 number 18, heading 140 (page 183), September 15th, 1823.](https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1092548) - China: Not banned. Source: [Sixth Tone (2020-11-06).](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006372) Chinese bullfighting practices involve bulls fighting against each other or against humans. - Colombia: Not banned. Source: [Animal Legal and Historical Center (2023).](http://web.archive.org/web/20230906141841/http://196.40.56.11/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) - Costa Rica: Partially banned. Source: [Bullfighting Activities Regulations 19183-G-S, July 7th, 1989.](http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be killed during the event. Traditional bullfighting practices do not involve stabbing the bull. - Cuba: Banned. Source: [Cubanet (2022-02-10).](https://www.cubanet.org/opiniones/corridas-de-toros-en-cuba-la-historia-no-contada/) - Dominican Republic: Partially banned. Source: [Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be harmed during the event. Bullfighting is practiced only in El Seibo province, where it is considered Cultural Heritage.](https://memoriahistorica.senadord.gob.do/handle/123456789/23159) - Ecuador: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Guatemala: Not banned. Source: [Portal taurino (2020-03-26).](http://www.portaltaurino.net/enciclopedia/doku.php/guatemala) - Honduras: Partially banned. Source: [Animal Protection and Welfare Law, Decree 115-2015, April 5th, 2016.](https://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20de%20Proteccion%20y%20Bienestar%20Animal.pdf) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - France: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2022-11-24).](https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20221124-french-bid-to-ban-bullfighting-dropped-amid-obstruction-in-parliament) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting is only practiced in certain regions in the south of France. - India: Not banned. Source: [The Times of India (2023-05-19).](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-tamil-nadu-law-passed-to-overturn-courts-jallikattu-ban/articleshow/100339245.cms?from=mdr) Indian bullfighting involves bulls wrestling against humans. - Italy: Banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2023).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) - Mexico: Not banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2022-01-31).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/sinaloa-becomes-fifth-state-in-mexico-to-ban-bullfighting/) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting has been banned in various states, and [indefinitely suspended in Plaza Mexico](https://www.dw.com/es/juez-suspende-corridas-de-toros-en-la-mayor-plaza-de-m%C3%A9xico/a-62097769), in Mexico City, which is the biggest bullfighting ring in the world. - Nicaragua: Partially banned. Source: [Law 747, Law for the protection and welfare of domestic animals and domesticated wild animals, May 11th, 2011.](http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/cf820e2a63b1b690062578b00074ec1b) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - Panama: Banned. Source: [Law 308, Animal Protection Law, March 15th, 2012.](https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/APPS/SEG_LEGIS/PDF_SEG/PDF_SEG_2010/PDF_SEG_2011/PROYECTO/2011_P_308.pdf) - Paraguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4840, Animal Protection and Welfare Law, June 3rd, 2013.](https://www.bacn.gov.py/leyes-paraguayas/954/de-proteccion-y-bienestar-animal) - Peru: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Society of Dog and Animal Welfare (2022-12).](https://www.esdaw.eu/bullfighting---portugal.html) Although killing the bull is not allowed during the event, the bull is still severely injured (by stabbing different weapons in the bull's back) and is in most occasions killed after the event. - Spain: Not banned. Source: [ABC Cultura (2021-08-24).](https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-situacion-tauromaquia-espana-donde-prohibidas-corridas-toros-nsv-202108241122_noticia.html) Although not banned nationally, it is banned in the autonomous community of Canary Islands, and have stopped taking place in Catalonia, as well as many Spanish municipalities. However, bullfighting is considered cultural heritage in other autonomous communities of Spain. - United Kingdom: Banned. Source: [5 & 6 William 4 c.59: Cruelty to Animals Act, 1835.](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) Although bullfighting has not been practiced, other similar events like bull-baiting used to take place prior to the enactment of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. - United States: Partially banned. Source: [CBS (2021-10-11).](https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/bloodless-bullfighting-a-portuguese-tradition-kept-alive-in-central-valley/) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Uruguay: Banned. Source: [Animal health legislation, Law 4.277, October 30th, 1912.](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/legislacion-sanitaria-animal/introduccion/c-organismo-responsable) - Venezuela: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2023-04-05).](https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230405-look-brave-children-taught-bullfighting-at-venezuelan-torero-school) Although not banned nationally, various municipalities are officially declared anti-bullfighting, including the capital, Caracas.",,,,https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/,,2023-09-05,2023-09-05, 27,Bullfighting laws,,"This dataset lists countries where bullfighting is banned and countries where it is still legal. Note that in some countries bullfighting is legal at a national level, although it may be banned in certain regions.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning bullfighting, and evidence of bullfighting being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. - Argentina: Banned. Source: [Law 2786 - Buenos Aires, July 25th, 1891.](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-2786-283995/texto) Last bullfight took place [in 1899](https://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883). - Bolivia: Banned. Source: [Law for the defense of animals against acts of cruelty and mistreatment, Law 700, June 1st, 2015.](https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bol146525.pdf) - Brazil: Banned. Source: [Decree 24645, July 10th, 1934.](https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1930-1939/decreto-24645-10-julho-1934-516837-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html) - Canada: Partially banned. Source: [National Post (2015-01-25).](https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/there-will-be-no-blood-in-ontario-bullfighting-ring-where-matadors-fight-with-velcro-tipped-blades) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Chile: Banned. Source: [Law bulletin 1 number 18, heading 140 (page 183), September 15th, 1823.](https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1092548) - China: Not banned. Source: [Sixth Tone (2020-11-06).](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006372) Chinese bullfighting practices involve bulls fighting against each other or against humans. - Colombia: Not banned. Source: [Animal Legal and Historical Center (2023).](http://web.archive.org/web/20230906141841/http://196.40.56.11/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) - Costa Rica: Partially banned. Source: [Bullfighting Activities Regulations 19183-G-S, July 7th, 1989.](http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be killed during the event. Traditional bullfighting practices do not involve stabbing the bull. - Cuba: Banned. Source: [Cubanet (2022-02-10).](https://www.cubanet.org/opiniones/corridas-de-toros-en-cuba-la-historia-no-contada/) - Dominican Republic: Partially banned. Source: [Law 1311, Declaring Bullfighting Cultural Heritage, approval published on April 15th, 2022.](https://memoriahistorica.senadord.gob.do/handle/123456789/23159) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be harmed during the event. Bullfighting is practiced only in El Seibo province, where it is considered Cultural Heritage. - Ecuador: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Guatemala: Not banned. Source: [Portal taurino (2020-03-26).](http://www.portaltaurino.net/enciclopedia/doku.php/guatemala) - Honduras: Partially banned. Source: [Animal Protection and Welfare Law, Decree 115-2015, April 5th, 2016.](https://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20de%20Proteccion%20y%20Bienestar%20Animal.pdf) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - France: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2022-11-24).](https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20221124-french-bid-to-ban-bullfighting-dropped-amid-obstruction-in-parliament) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting is only practiced in certain regions in the south of France. - India: Not banned. Source: [The Times of India (2023-05-19).](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-tamil-nadu-law-passed-to-overturn-courts-jallikattu-ban/articleshow/100339245.cms?from=mdr) Indian bullfighting involves bulls wrestling against humans. - Italy: Banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2023).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) - Mexico: Not banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2022-01-31).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/sinaloa-becomes-fifth-state-in-mexico-to-ban-bullfighting/) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting has been banned in various states, and [indefinitely suspended in Plaza Mexico](https://www.dw.com/es/juez-suspende-corridas-de-toros-en-la-mayor-plaza-de-m%C3%A9xico/a-62097769), in Mexico City, which is the biggest bullfighting ring in the world. - Nicaragua: Partially banned. Source: [Law 747, Law for the protection and welfare of domestic animals and domesticated wild animals, May 11th, 2011.](http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/cf820e2a63b1b690062578b00074ec1b) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - Panama: Banned. Source: [Law 308, Animal Protection Law, March 15th, 2012.](https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/APPS/SEG_LEGIS/PDF_SEG/PDF_SEG_2010/PDF_SEG_2011/PROYECTO/2011_P_308.pdf) - Paraguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4840, Animal Protection and Welfare Law, June 3rd, 2013.](https://www.bacn.gov.py/leyes-paraguayas/954/de-proteccion-y-bienestar-animal) - Peru: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Society of Dog and Animal Welfare (2022-12).](https://www.esdaw.eu/bullfighting---portugal.html) Although killing the bull is not allowed during the event, the bull is still severely injured (by stabbing different weapons in the bull's back) and is in most occasions killed after the event. - Spain: Not banned. Source: [ABC Cultura (2021-08-24).](https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-situacion-tauromaquia-espana-donde-prohibidas-corridas-toros-nsv-202108241122_noticia.html) Although not banned nationally, it is banned in the autonomous community of Canary Islands, and have stopped taking place in Catalonia, as well as many Spanish municipalities. However, bullfighting is considered cultural heritage in other autonomous communities of Spain. - United Kingdom: Banned. Source: [5 & 6 William 4 c.59: Cruelty to Animals Act, 1835.](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) Although bullfighting has not been practiced, other similar events like bull-baiting used to take place prior to the enactment of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. - United States: Partially banned. Source: [CBS (2021-10-11).](https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/bloodless-bullfighting-a-portuguese-tradition-kept-alive-in-central-valley/) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Uruguay: Banned. Source: [Animal health legislation, Law 4.277, October 30th, 1912.](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/legislacion-sanitaria-animal/introduccion/c-organismo-responsable) - Venezuela: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2023-04-05).](https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230405-look-brave-children-taught-bullfighting-at-venezuelan-torero-school) Although not banned nationally, various municipalities are officially declared anti-bullfighting, including the capital, Caracas.",,,,https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/,,2023-09-05,2023-09-05, 28,Bullfighting laws,,"This dataset lists countries where bullfighting is banned and countries where it is still legal. Note that in some countries bullfighting is legal at a national level, although it may be banned in certain regions.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning bullfighting, and evidence of bullfighting being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. - Argentina: Banned. Source: [Law 2786 - Buenos Aires, July 25th, 1891.](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-2786-283995/texto) Last bullfight took place [in 1899](https://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883). - Bolivia: Banned. Source: [Law for the defense of animals against acts of cruelty and mistreatment, Law 700, June 1st, 2015.](https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bol146525.pdf) - Brazil: Banned. Source: [Decree 24645, July 10th, 1934.](https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1930-1939/decreto-24645-10-julho-1934-516837-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html) - Canada: Partially banned. Source: [National Post (2015-01-25).](https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/there-will-be-no-blood-in-ontario-bullfighting-ring-where-matadors-fight-with-velcro-tipped-blades) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Chile: Banned. Source: [Law bulletin 1 number 18, heading 140 (page 183), September 15th, 1823.](https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1092548) - China: Not banned. Source: [Sixth Tone (2020-11-06).](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006372) Chinese bullfighting practices involve bulls fighting against each other or against humans. - Colombia: Not banned. Source: [Animal Legal and Historical Center (2023).](http://web.archive.org/web/20230906141841/http://196.40.56.11/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) - Costa Rica: Partially banned. Source: [Bullfighting Activities Regulations 19183-G-S, July 7th, 1989.](http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be killed during the event. Traditional bullfighting practices do not involve stabbing the bull. - Cuba: Banned. Source: [Cubanet (2022-02-10).](https://www.cubanet.org/opiniones/corridas-de-toros-en-cuba-la-historia-no-contada/) - Dominican Republic: Partially banned. Source: [Law 1311, Declaring Bullfighting Cultural Heritage, approval published on April 15th, 2022.](https://memoriahistorica.senadord.gob.do/handle/123456789/23159) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be harmed during the event. Bullfighting is practiced only in El Seibo province, where it is considered Cultural Heritage. - Ecuador: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Guatemala: Not banned. Source: [Portal taurino (2020-03-26).](http://www.portaltaurino.net/enciclopedia/doku.php/guatemala) - Honduras: Partially banned. Source: [Animal Protection and Welfare Law, Decree 115-2015, April 5th, 2016.](https://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20de%20Proteccion%20y%20Bienestar%20Animal.pdf) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - France: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2022-11-24).](https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20221124-french-bid-to-ban-bullfighting-dropped-amid-obstruction-in-parliament) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting is only practiced in certain regions in the south of France. - India: Not banned. Source: [The Times of India (2023-05-19).](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-tamil-nadu-law-passed-to-overturn-courts-jallikattu-ban/articleshow/100339245.cms?from=mdr) Indian bullfighting involves bulls wrestling against humans. - Italy: Banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2023).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) - Mexico: Not banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2022-01-31).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/sinaloa-becomes-fifth-state-in-mexico-to-ban-bullfighting/) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting has been banned in various states, and [indefinitely suspended in Plaza Mexico](https://www.dw.com/es/juez-suspende-corridas-de-toros-en-la-mayor-plaza-de-m%C3%A9xico/a-62097769), in Mexico City, which is the biggest bullfighting ring in the world. - Nicaragua: Partially banned. Source: [Law 747, Law for the protection and welfare of domestic animals and domesticated wild animals, May 11th, 2011.](http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/cf820e2a63b1b690062578b00074ec1b) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - Panama: Banned. Source: [Law 308, Animal Protection Law, March 15th, 2012.](https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/APPS/SEG_LEGIS/PDF_SEG/PDF_SEG_2010/PDF_SEG_2011/PROYECTO/2011_P_308.pdf) - Paraguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4840, Animal Protection and Welfare Law, June 3rd, 2013.](https://www.bacn.gov.py/leyes-paraguayas/954/de-proteccion-y-bienestar-animal) - Peru: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Society of Dog and Animal Welfare (2022-12).](https://www.esdaw.eu/bullfighting---portugal.html) Although killing the bull is not allowed during the event, the bull is still severely injured (by stabbing different weapons in the bull's back) and is in most occasions killed after the event. - Spain: Not banned. Source: [ABC Cultura (2021-08-24).](https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-situacion-tauromaquia-espana-donde-prohibidas-corridas-toros-nsv-202108241122_noticia.html) Although not banned nationally, it is banned in the autonomous community of Canary Islands, and have stopped taking place in Catalonia, as well as many Spanish municipalities. However, bullfighting is considered cultural heritage in other autonomous communities of Spain. - United Kingdom: Banned. Source: [5 & 6 William 4 c.59: Cruelty to Animals Act, 1835.](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) Although bullfighting has not been practiced, other similar events like bull-baiting used to take place prior to the enactment of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. - United States: Partially banned. Source: [CBS (2021-10-11).](https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/bloodless-bullfighting-a-portuguese-tradition-kept-alive-in-central-valley/) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Uruguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4.277, Animal Health Legislation, October 30th, 1912.](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/legislacion-sanitaria-animal/introduccion/c-organismo-responsable) - Venezuela: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2023-04-05).](https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230405-look-brave-children-taught-bullfighting-at-venezuelan-torero-school) Although not banned nationally, various municipalities are officially declared anti-bullfighting, including the capital, Caracas.",,,,https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/,,2023-09-05,2023-09-05, 29,Bullfighting laws,,"This dataset lists countries where bullfighting is banned and countries where it is still legal. Note that in some countries bullfighting is legal at a national level, although it may be banned in certain regions.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning bullfighting, and evidence of bullfighting being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. - Argentina: Banned. Source: [Law 2786 - Buenos Aires, July 25th, 1891.](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-2786-283995/texto) Last bullfight took place [in 1899](https://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883). - Bolivia: Banned. Source: [Law for the defense of animals against acts of cruelty and mistreatment, Law 700, June 1st, 2015.](https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bol146525.pdf) - Brazil: Banned. Source: [Decree 24645, July 10th, 1934.](https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1930-1939/decreto-24645-10-julho-1934-516837-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html) - Canada: Partially banned. Source: [National Post (2015-01-25).](https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/there-will-be-no-blood-in-ontario-bullfighting-ring-where-matadors-fight-with-velcro-tipped-blades) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Chile: Banned. Source: [Law bulletin 1 number 18, heading 140 (page 183), September 15th, 1823.](https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1092548) - China: Not banned. Source: [Sixth Tone (2020-11-06).](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006372) Chinese bullfighting practices involve bulls fighting against each other or against humans. - Colombia: Not banned. Source: [Animal Legal and Historical Center (2023).](http://web.archive.org/web/20230906141841/http://196.40.56.11/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) - Costa Rica: Partially banned. Source: [Bullfighting Activities Regulations 19183-G-S, July 7th, 1989.](http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be killed during the event. Traditional bullfighting practices do not involve stabbing the bull. - Cuba: Banned. Source: [Cubanet (2022-02-10).](https://www.cubanet.org/opiniones/corridas-de-toros-en-cuba-la-historia-no-contada/) - Dominican Republic: Partially banned. Source: [Law 1311, Declaring Bullfighting Cultural Heritage, approval published on April 15th, 2022.](https://memoriahistorica.senadord.gob.do/handle/123456789/23159) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be harmed during the event. Bullfighting is practiced only in El Seibo province, where it is considered Cultural Heritage. - Ecuador: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Guatemala: Not banned. Source: [Portal taurino (2020-03-26).](http://www.portaltaurino.net/enciclopedia/doku.php/guatemala) - Honduras: Partially banned. Source: [Animal Protection and Welfare Law, Decree 115-2015, April 5th, 2016.](https://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20de%20Proteccion%20y%20Bienestar%20Animal.pdf) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - France: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2022-11-24).](https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20221124-french-bid-to-ban-bullfighting-dropped-amid-obstruction-in-parliament) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting is only practiced in certain regions in the south of France. - India: Not banned. Source: [The Times of India (2023-05-19).](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-tamil-nadu-law-passed-to-overturn-courts-jallikattu-ban/articleshow/100339245.cms?from=mdr) Indian bullfighting involves bulls wrestling against humans. - Italy: Banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2023).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) - Mexico: Not banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2022-01-31).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/sinaloa-becomes-fifth-state-in-mexico-to-ban-bullfighting/) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting has been banned in various states, and [indefinitely suspended in Plaza Mexico](https://www.dw.com/es/juez-suspende-corridas-de-toros-en-la-mayor-plaza-de-m%C3%A9xico/a-62097769), in Mexico City, which is the biggest bullfighting ring in the world. - Nicaragua: Partially banned. Source: [Law 747, Law for the protection and welfare of domestic animals and domesticated wild animals, May 11th, 2011.](http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/cf820e2a63b1b690062578b00074ec1b) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - Panama: Banned. Source: [Law 308, Animal Protection Law, March 15th, 2012.](https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/APPS/SEG_LEGIS/PDF_SEG/PDF_SEG_2010/PDF_SEG_2011/PROYECTO/2011_P_308.pdf) - Paraguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4840, Animal Protection and Welfare Law, June 3rd, 2013.](https://www.bacn.gov.py/leyes-paraguayas/954/de-proteccion-y-bienestar-animal) - Peru: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Society of Dog and Animal Welfare (2022-12).](https://www.esdaw.eu/bullfighting---portugal.html) Although killing the bull is not allowed during the event, the bull is still severely injured (by stabbing different weapons in the bull's back) and is in most occasions killed after the event. - Spain: Not banned. Source: [ABC Cultura (2021-08-24).](https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-situacion-tauromaquia-espana-donde-prohibidas-corridas-toros-nsv-202108241122_noticia.html) Although not banned nationally, it is banned in the autonomous community of Canary Islands, and have stopped taking place in Catalonia, as well as many Spanish municipalities. However, bullfighting is considered cultural heritage in other autonomous communities of Spain. - United Kingdom: Banned. Source: [5 & 6 William 4 c.59: Cruelty to Animals Act, 1835.](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) Although bullfighting has not been practiced, other similar events like bull-baiting used to take place prior to the enactment of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. - United States: Partially banned. Source: [CBS (2021-10-11).](https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/bloodless-bullfighting-a-portuguese-tradition-kept-alive-in-central-valley/) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Uruguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4277, Animal Health Legislation, October 30th, 1912.](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/legislacion-sanitaria-animal/introduccion/c-organismo-responsable) - Venezuela: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2023-04-05).](https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230405-look-brave-children-taught-bullfighting-at-venezuelan-torero-school) Although not banned nationally, various municipalities are officially declared anti-bullfighting, including the capital, Caracas.",,,,https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/,,2023-09-05,2023-09-05, 30,Bullfighting laws,,"This dataset lists countries where bullfighting is banned and countries where it is still legal. Note that in some countries bullfighting is legal at a national level, although it may be banned in certain regions.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning bullfighting, and evidence of bullfighting being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. - Argentina: Banned. Source: [Law 2786 - Buenos Aires, July 25th, 1891.](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-2786-283995/texto) Last bullfight took place [in 1899](https://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883). - Bolivia: Banned. Source: [Law 700, Law for the defense of animals against acts of cruelty and mistreatment, June 1st, 2015.](https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bol146525.pdf) - Brazil: Banned. Source: [Decree 24645, July 10th, 1934.](https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1930-1939/decreto-24645-10-julho-1934-516837-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html) - Canada: Partially banned. Source: [National Post (2015-01-25).](https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/there-will-be-no-blood-in-ontario-bullfighting-ring-where-matadors-fight-with-velcro-tipped-blades) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Chile: Banned. Source: [Law bulletin 1 number 18, heading 140 (page 183), September 15th, 1823.](https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1092548) - China: Not banned. Source: [Sixth Tone (2020-11-06).](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006372) Chinese bullfighting practices involve bulls fighting against each other or against humans. - Colombia: Not banned. Source: [Animal Legal and Historical Center (2023).](http://web.archive.org/web/20230906141841/http://196.40.56.11/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) - Costa Rica: Partially banned. Source: [Bullfighting Activities Regulations 19183-G-S, July 7th, 1989.](http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be killed during the event. Traditional bullfighting practices do not involve stabbing the bull. - Cuba: Banned. Source: [Cubanet (2022-02-10).](https://www.cubanet.org/opiniones/corridas-de-toros-en-cuba-la-historia-no-contada/) - Dominican Republic: Partially banned. Source: [Law 1311, Declaring Bullfighting Cultural Heritage, approval published on April 15th, 2022.](https://memoriahistorica.senadord.gob.do/handle/123456789/23159) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be harmed during the event. Bullfighting is practiced only in El Seibo province, where it is considered Cultural Heritage. - Ecuador: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Guatemala: Not banned. Source: [Portal taurino (2020-03-26).](http://www.portaltaurino.net/enciclopedia/doku.php/guatemala) - Honduras: Partially banned. Source: [Decree 115-2015, Animal Protection and Welfare Law, April 5th, 2016.](https://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20de%20Proteccion%20y%20Bienestar%20Animal.pdf) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - France: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2022-11-24).](https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20221124-french-bid-to-ban-bullfighting-dropped-amid-obstruction-in-parliament) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting is only practiced in certain regions in the south of France. - India: Not banned. Source: [The Times of India (2023-05-19).](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-tamil-nadu-law-passed-to-overturn-courts-jallikattu-ban/articleshow/100339245.cms?from=mdr) Indian bullfighting involves bulls wrestling against humans. - Italy: Banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2023).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) - Mexico: Not banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2022-01-31).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/sinaloa-becomes-fifth-state-in-mexico-to-ban-bullfighting/) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting has been banned in various states, and [indefinitely suspended in Plaza Mexico](https://www.dw.com/es/juez-suspende-corridas-de-toros-en-la-mayor-plaza-de-m%C3%A9xico/a-62097769), in Mexico City, which is the biggest bullfighting ring in the world. - Nicaragua: Partially banned. Source: [Law 747, Law for the protection and welfare of domestic animals and domesticated wild animals, May 11th, 2011.](http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/cf820e2a63b1b690062578b00074ec1b) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - Panama: Banned. Source: [Law 308, Animal Protection Law, March 15th, 2012.](https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/APPS/SEG_LEGIS/PDF_SEG/PDF_SEG_2010/PDF_SEG_2011/PROYECTO/2011_P_308.pdf) - Paraguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4840, Animal Protection and Welfare Law, June 3rd, 2013.](https://www.bacn.gov.py/leyes-paraguayas/954/de-proteccion-y-bienestar-animal) - Peru: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Society of Dog and Animal Welfare (2022-12).](https://www.esdaw.eu/bullfighting---portugal.html) Although killing the bull is not allowed during the event, the bull is still severely injured (by stabbing different weapons in the bull's back) and is in most occasions killed after the event. - Spain: Not banned. Source: [ABC Cultura (2021-08-24).](https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-situacion-tauromaquia-espana-donde-prohibidas-corridas-toros-nsv-202108241122_noticia.html) Although not banned nationally, it is banned in the autonomous community of Canary Islands, and have stopped taking place in Catalonia, as well as many Spanish municipalities. However, bullfighting is considered cultural heritage in other autonomous communities of Spain. - United Kingdom: Banned. Source: [5 & 6 William 4 c.59: Cruelty to Animals Act, 1835.](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) Although bullfighting has not been practiced, other similar events like bull-baiting used to take place prior to the enactment of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. - United States: Partially banned. Source: [CBS (2021-10-11).](https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/bloodless-bullfighting-a-portuguese-tradition-kept-alive-in-central-valley/) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Uruguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4277, Animal Health Legislation, October 30th, 1912.](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/legislacion-sanitaria-animal/introduccion/c-organismo-responsable) - Venezuela: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2023-04-05).](https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230405-look-brave-children-taught-bullfighting-at-venezuelan-torero-school) Although not banned nationally, various municipalities are officially declared anti-bullfighting, including the capital, Caracas.",,,,https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/,,2023-09-05,2023-09-05, 31,Fur banning,,,,Fur Free Alliance,"Overview national fur legislation, Fur Free Alliance (2023).",,,,https://www.furfreealliance.com/fur-bans/,https://www.furfreealliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Overview-national-fur-legislation-General-Provisions.pdf,2023-09-08,2023-04-01,"{""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 32,UK egg statistics,UK egg statistics,,"The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom (Defra) runs a quarterly survey of registered UK egg packing stations. It is a voluntary sample survey of 27 respondents that collects information on throughput by production type and prices of graded eggs and sales of ungraded eggs. The response rate is typically 100 per cent and the survey accounts for 75 per cent of eggs packed in the UK. The survey figures are raised up to give UK estimates using information on the number of commercial laying hens, average egg yields, average mortality rates, the proportion of UK eggs that go through packing stations. Throughput by egg type for packing stations not surveyed is calculated using data provided by packing stations responding to the survey. ","Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom","Quarterly UK statistics on Egg Packing Station Throughput and Prices, by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom. ",,UK Defra,,https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/egg-statistics,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1173898/egg-packers-27july23.ods,2023-08-01,2023-07-27, 33,Global hen inventory,Global hen inventory,,,Welfare Footprint Project,"Welfare Footprint Project based on various sources. - Algeria: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Argentina: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Armenia: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Australia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Austria: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Azerbaijan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Bangladesh: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Belarus: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Belgium: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture).](https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Brazil: [IBGE: Produção de Ovos de Galinha - POG (2019). Proportions in 'Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture). '.](https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/agricultura-e-pecuaria/9216-pesquisa-trimestral-da-producao-de-ovos-de-galinha.html?edicao=26352&t=downloads; https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Brunei: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Bulgaria: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Canada: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Chile: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report; Proportion by system: Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias (https://www.odepa.gob.cl/rubros/huevos).](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - China: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Colombia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Croatia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Cuba: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Cyprus: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Czechia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Denmark: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Ecuador: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Egypt: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Estonia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Finland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - France: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Georgia: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Germany: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture). IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf; https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Ghana: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Hungary: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - India: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Indonesia: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Iran: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Ireland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Italy: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Japan: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Kazakhstan: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Kyrgyzstan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Latvia: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture).](https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Libya: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Lithuania: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Luxembourg: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Malaysia: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Malta: [Compendio de Indicadores Economicos del Sector Agricola (UNA).](nan) - Mexico: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Morocco: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Netherlands: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - New Zealand: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Nigeria: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Norway: [Animalia. KJØTTETS TILSTAND 2020. Status i norsk kjøtt- og eggproduksjon.](https://www.animalia.no/contentassets/6c1457fa25574ec7b254f18f560d3984/kt20-komplett-origi-web.pdf) - Pakistan: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Papua New Guinea: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Peru: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Philippines: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Poland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Portugal: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - South Korea: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Romania: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Russia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Saudi Arabia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Singapore: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Slovakia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Slovenia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - South Africa: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Spain: [Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación; IEC Annual Review 2019.](https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/produccion-y-mercados-ganaderos/dashboardhuevosabril2020_tcm30-537501.pdf) - Sweden: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Switzerland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Tajikistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Taiwan: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Thailand: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Turkey: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Turkmenistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Ukraine: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - United Arab Emirates: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - United Kingdom: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - United States: [USDA. Chicken and Eggs. National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). United Egg Producers.](https://unitedegg.com/facts-stats/) - Uruguay: [Encuesta Postura Comercial, 2016. Estadísticas Agropecuarias (DIEA).](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/datos-y-estadisticas/estadisticas/encuesta-postura-comercial-2016) - Uzbekistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Venezuela: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Vietnam: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D)",,,,https://welfarefootprint.org/research-projects/laying-hens/,,2023-08-01,2022-12-06, 34,"US egg production, cage-free percentages",US Egg Production Data Set,,This project synthesizes data on the supply of cage-free eggs relative to all food eggs in the United States using United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data from December 2007 to present. The associated report supplements the data with definitions and a taxonomy of egg products drawn from USDA and industry publications.,The Humane League,The Humane League based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).,The Humane League based on the United States Department of Agriculture (2023),The Humane League,,https://thehumaneleague.org/article/E008R01-us-egg-production-data,https://osf.io/download/56xjc/,2023-08-03,2023-04-09, 35,,"Reported Smallpox Cases (WHO, 2023)",,"Because smallpox was eradicated in 1977, there were no new cases since 2010 so we extended the time series. More details by the WHO: https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab=tab_1.",WHO,World Health Organisation,,,Google Sheet,http://www.earth-policy.org/data_highlights/2011/highlights19,https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vTdzSim9woEMb9zZNDCihyD5nr6YWpfDxLftbn-qS1SEoJjRNwv8vyJ5EaSnwJEiD5KAfFro3c79Dp-/pub?output=csv,2023-09-13,1970-01-01, 36,,Bullfighting laws,,"This dataset lists countries where bullfighting is banned and countries where it is still legal. Note that in some countries bullfighting is legal at a national level, although it may be banned in certain regions.",Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning bullfighting, and evidence of bullfighting being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. - Argentina: Banned. Source: [Law 2786 - Buenos Aires, July 25th, 1891.](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-2786-283995/texto) Last bullfight took place [in 1899](https://www.animanaturalis.org/p/883). - Bolivia: Banned. Source: [Law 700, Law for the defense of animals against acts of cruelty and mistreatment, June 1st, 2015.](https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bol146525.pdf) - Brazil: Banned. Source: [Decree 24645, July 10th, 1934.](https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1930-1939/decreto-24645-10-julho-1934-516837-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html) - Canada: Partially banned. Source: [National Post (2015-01-25).](https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/there-will-be-no-blood-in-ontario-bullfighting-ring-where-matadors-fight-with-velcro-tipped-blades) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Chile: Banned. Source: [Law bulletin 1 number 18, heading 140 (page 183), September 15th, 1823.](https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1092548) - China: Not banned. Source: [Sixth Tone (2020-11-06).](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006372) Chinese bullfighting practices involve bulls fighting against each other or against humans. - Colombia: Not banned. Source: [Animal Legal and Historical Center (2023).](http://web.archive.org/web/20230906141841/http://196.40.56.11/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) - Costa Rica: Partially banned. Source: [Bullfighting Activities Regulations 19183-G-S, July 7th, 1989.](http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=11967) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be killed during the event. Traditional bullfighting practices do not involve stabbing the bull. - Cuba: Banned. Source: [Cubanet (2022-02-10).](https://www.cubanet.org/opiniones/corridas-de-toros-en-cuba-la-historia-no-contada/) - Dominican Republic: Partially banned. Source: [Law 1311, Declaring Bullfighting Cultural Heritage, approval published on April 15th, 2022.](https://memoriahistorica.senadord.gob.do/handle/123456789/23159) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be harmed during the event. Bullfighting is practiced only in El Seibo province, where it is considered Cultural Heritage. - Ecuador: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Guatemala: Not banned. Source: [Portal taurino (2020-03-26).](http://www.portaltaurino.net/enciclopedia/doku.php/guatemala) - Honduras: Partially banned. Source: [Decree 115-2015, Animal Protection and Welfare Law, April 5th, 2016.](https://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20de%20Proteccion%20y%20Bienestar%20Animal.pdf) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - France: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2022-11-24).](https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20221124-french-bid-to-ban-bullfighting-dropped-amid-obstruction-in-parliament) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting is only practiced in certain regions in the south of France. - India: Not banned. Source: [The Times of India (2023-05-19).](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-tamil-nadu-law-passed-to-overturn-courts-jallikattu-ban/articleshow/100339245.cms?from=mdr) Indian bullfighting involves bulls wrestling against humans. - Italy: Banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2023).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) - Mexico: Not banned. Source: [Humane Society International (2022-01-31).](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/sinaloa-becomes-fifth-state-in-mexico-to-ban-bullfighting/) Although not banned nationally, bullfighting has been banned in various states, and [indefinitely suspended in Plaza Mexico](https://www.dw.com/es/juez-suspende-corridas-de-toros-en-la-mayor-plaza-de-m%C3%A9xico/a-62097769), in Mexico City, which is the biggest bullfighting ring in the world. - Nicaragua: Partially banned. Source: [Law 747, Law for the protection and welfare of domestic animals and domesticated wild animals, May 11th, 2011.](http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/cf820e2a63b1b690062578b00074ec1b) Although bullfighting is not banned, the use of spears, swords, fires or other objects that may kill or cause pain to the animal is prohibited. - Panama: Banned. Source: [Law 308, Animal Protection Law, March 15th, 2012.](https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/APPS/SEG_LEGIS/PDF_SEG/PDF_SEG_2010/PDF_SEG_2011/PROYECTO/2011_P_308.pdf) - Paraguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4840, Animal Protection and Welfare Law, June 3rd, 2013.](https://www.bacn.gov.py/leyes-paraguayas/954/de-proteccion-y-bienestar-animal) - Peru: Not banned. Source: [People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Latino.](https://www.petalatino.com/blog/las-corridas-de-toros-siguen-siendo-legales-en-estos-paises/) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Society of Dog and Animal Welfare (2022-12).](https://www.esdaw.eu/bullfighting---portugal.html) Although killing the bull is not allowed during the event, the bull is still severely injured (by stabbing different weapons in the bull's back) and is in most occasions killed after the event. - Spain: Not banned. Source: [ABC Cultura (2021-08-24).](https://www.abc.es/cultura/toros/abci-situacion-tauromaquia-espana-donde-prohibidas-corridas-toros-nsv-202108241122_noticia.html) Although not banned nationally, it is banned in the autonomous community of Canary Islands, and have stopped taking place in Catalonia, as well as many Spanish municipalities. However, bullfighting is considered cultural heritage in other autonomous communities of Spain. - United Kingdom: Banned. Source: [5 & 6 William 4 c.59: Cruelty to Animals Act, 1835.](https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/) Although bullfighting has not been practiced, other similar events like bull-baiting used to take place prior to the enactment of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. - United States: Partially banned. Source: [CBS (2021-10-11).](https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/bloodless-bullfighting-a-portuguese-tradition-kept-alive-in-central-valley/) Although bullfighting is not banned, the bull cannot be stabbed or killed during the event - a [""bloodless"" bullfight](https://madridbullfighting.com/blog/ufaqs/how-is-american-bullfighting-still-legal/). Velcro spears are used to simulate the stabbing of the bulls. - Uruguay: Banned. Source: [Law 4277, Animal Health Legislation, October 30th, 1912.](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/publicaciones/legislacion-sanitaria-animal/introduccion/c-organismo-responsable) - Venezuela: Not banned. Source: [France24 (2023-04-05).](https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230405-look-brave-children-taught-bullfighting-at-venezuelan-torero-school) Although not banned nationally, various municipalities are officially declared anti-bullfighting, including the capital, Caracas.",,,,https://www.hsi.org/news-resources/bullfighting/,,2023-09-05,2023-09-05, 37,,World Development Indicators,,"The World Development Indicators (WDI) is the primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available, and includes national, regional and global estimates. ",World Bank,,International Telecommunication Union (via World Bank),World Bank,,https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037712/World-Development-Indicators,http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/WDI_csv.zip,2023-05-29,2023-05-11,"{""url"": ""https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets"", ""name"": ""Creative Commons Attribution 4.0""}" 38,,Chick culling laws,"Male baby chicks are commonly killed in laying hens hatcheries all around the world, as they provide no value for the egg production industry. Only a minority of country has laws to ban this practice. This dataset is a compilation of evidence (from official institutions and in some cases from the news) of chick culling taking place in a country, and, in some cases, of existing laws banning it.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning chick culling, and evidence of chick culling being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. Some of those sources were extracted from [a report by the European Institute for Animal Law & Policy](https://animallaweurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Animal-Law-Europe-%E2%80%93-Chick-Killing-Report-2023.pdf): ""Chick and Duckling Killing: Achieving an EU-Wide Prohibition"" (White paper, January 2023) by Alice Di Concetto, Olivier Morice, Matthias Corion, Simão Santos. - Austria: Banned. Source: [Section 6(2), Animal Welfare Act.](https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20003541) Date effective: 2022-07-18. The prohibition was adopted in July 2022 through a law amending the Animal Welfare Act. Scope excludes male chicks used as feed in zoos or for birds of prey. Destruction of non-hatched is allowed up until 14 day of incubation. - France: Banned. Source: [R 214-17 of the Rural Code.](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000028969470) Date effective: 2022-12-31. The prohibition was adopted on January 2022 through a regulation. In ovo sexing technologies benefit from a five-year nonobsolescence clause. Male chicks for animal food production benefit from an exemption. Destruction of non-hatched is allowed up until 15 day of incubation. - Germany: Banned. Source: [Section 3 (4c), Animal Welfare Act.](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tierschg/BJNR012770972.html) Date effective: 2022-01-01. The prohibition was adopted on January 2022, through a regulation which prohibits the culling of one-day old chicks by 2022, and the culling of fertilized eggs passed the 6th day of incubation. Note: No derogation. - Italy: Banned but not yet effective. Source: [Article 18, European Delegation Law (22G00136).](https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2022-08-04;127) Date effective: 2026-12-31. The law prohibits the selective killing of male chicks by December 31st, 2026 and provides exemptions for animal protection purposes only. A decree will later specify the ways in which the law should be implemented. The law does not provide a rule regarding the destruction of non-hatched eggs nor exemptions, other than exemptions for animal health and protection purposes. A decree will likely specify these two aspects. - Luxembourg: Banned. Source: [Date effective: 2018-06-18. Animal protection law on 6 June 2018, The Luxembourg Government.](https://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2018/tierschutz.html) - Switzerland: Partially banned. Source: [Swissinfo (2019-09-20).](https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/animal-protection_-switzerland-bans-shredding-of-male-chicks-/45240798) Grinding chicks was banned in 2019, but gassing is still legal. - Australia: Not banned. Source: [Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Australia (2021-09-22).](https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/what-happens-with-male-chicks-in-the-egg-industry/) - Canada: Not banned. Source: [Canadian Poultry Magazine (2016-12-19).](https://www.canadianpoultrymag.com/hypereye-a-game-changer-30033/) - New Zealand: Not banned. Source: [Save Animals From Exploitation (SAFE) New Zealand (2023).](https://safe.org.nz/our-work/animals-in-aotearoa/male-chicks/) - United Kingdom: Not banned. Source: [The Humane League (2021-07-29).](https://thehumaneleague.org.uk/article/what-happens-to-male-chicks-in-the-egg-industry) - United States: Not banned. Source: [Vox (2021-04-12).](https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22374193/eggs-chickens-animal-welfare-culling) - Belgium: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Bulgaria: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Croatia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Cyprus: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Czechia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Denmark: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Estonia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Finland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Greece: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Hungary: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Ireland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Latvia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Lithuania: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Malta: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Netherlands: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Poland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Romania: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Slovakia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Slovenia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Spain: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Sweden: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf)",,,,https://animallaweurope.com/news/,,2023-09-01,2023-09-01, 39,,UK egg statistics,,"The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom (Defra) runs a quarterly survey of registered UK egg packing stations. It is a voluntary sample survey of 27 respondents that collects information on throughput by production type and prices of graded eggs and sales of ungraded eggs. The response rate is typically 100 per cent and the survey accounts for 75 per cent of eggs packed in the UK. The survey figures are raised up to give UK estimates using information on the number of commercial laying hens, average egg yields, average mortality rates, the proportion of UK eggs that go through packing stations. Throughput by egg type for packing stations not surveyed is calculated using data provided by packing stations responding to the survey. ","Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom","Quarterly UK statistics on Egg Packing Station Throughput and Prices, by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom. ",,UK Defra,,https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/egg-statistics,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1173898/egg-packers-27july23.ods,2023-08-01,2023-07-27, 40,,Historical Series of Phenological data for Cherry Tree Flowering at Kyoto City (and March Mean Temperature Reconstructions),,,Yasuyuki Aono,"Yasuyuki Aono compiled this data based on multiple sources: - Taguchi,T. (1939) Climatic change in historical time in Japan J. Mar. Meteorol. Soc. 19 217–27 - Sekiguchi,T. (1969) The historical dates of Japanese cherry festival since the 8th century and her climatic changes Tokyo Geog. Pap. 13 175–90 - Aono,Y. and Omoto,Y. (1994) Estimation of temperature at Kyoto since 11th century using flowering data of cherry tree in old documents J. Agric. Meteorol. 49 263–72 - Aono,Y. and Kazui,K. (2008) Phenological data series of cherry tree flowering in Kyoto, Japan, and its application to reconstruction of springtime temperatures since the 9th century Int. J. Climatol. 28 905–14 - Aono,Y. and Saito,S. (2010) Clarifying springtime temperature reconstructions of the medieval period by gap-filling the cherry blossom phenological data series at Kyoto, Japan Int. J. Biometeorol. 54 211–9 Data for 812-2021 is available here - http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/ Data for 2022 peak blossom is gathered from the Met Office (2022) - https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2022/kyoto-cherry-blossom-dates-shifted-by-human-influence",Multiple sources compiled by Aono,Yasuyuki Aono,,http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/,,2023-01-11,2021-03-26,"{""url"": ""http://atmenv.envi.osakafu-u.ac.jp/aono/kyophenotemp4/"", ""name"": ""Custom license""}" 41,,Global hen inventory,,,Welfare Footprint Project,"Welfare Footprint Project based on various sources. - Algeria: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Argentina: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Armenia: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Australia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Austria: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Azerbaijan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Bangladesh: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Belarus: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Belgium: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture).](https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Brazil: [IBGE: Produção de Ovos de Galinha - POG (2019). Proportions in 'Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture). '.](https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/agricultura-e-pecuaria/9216-pesquisa-trimestral-da-producao-de-ovos-de-galinha.html?edicao=26352&t=downloads; https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Brunei: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Bulgaria: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Canada: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Chile: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report; Proportion by system: Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias (https://www.odepa.gob.cl/rubros/huevos).](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - China: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Colombia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Croatia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Cuba: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Cyprus: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Czechia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Denmark: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Ecuador: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Egypt: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Estonia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Finland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - France: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Georgia: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Germany: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture). IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf; https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Ghana: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Hungary: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - India: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Indonesia: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Iran: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Ireland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Italy: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Japan: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Kazakhstan: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Kyrgyzstan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Latvia: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture).](https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Libya: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Lithuania: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Luxembourg: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Malaysia: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Malta: [Compendio de Indicadores Economicos del Sector Agricola (UNA).](nan) - Mexico: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Morocco: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Netherlands: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - New Zealand: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Nigeria: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Norway: [Animalia. KJØTTETS TILSTAND 2020. Status i norsk kjøtt- og eggproduksjon.](https://www.animalia.no/contentassets/6c1457fa25574ec7b254f18f560d3984/kt20-komplett-origi-web.pdf) - Pakistan: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Papua New Guinea: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Peru: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Philippines: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Poland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Portugal: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - South Korea: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Romania: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Russia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Saudi Arabia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Singapore: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Slovakia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Slovenia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - South Africa: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Spain: [Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación; IEC Annual Review 2019.](https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/produccion-y-mercados-ganaderos/dashboardhuevosabril2020_tcm30-537501.pdf) - Sweden: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Switzerland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Tajikistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Taiwan: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Thailand: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Turkey: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Turkmenistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Ukraine: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - United Arab Emirates: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - United Kingdom: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - United States: [USDA. Chicken and Eggs. National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). United Egg Producers.](https://unitedegg.com/facts-stats/) - Uruguay: [Encuesta Postura Comercial, 2016. Estadísticas Agropecuarias (DIEA).](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/datos-y-estadisticas/estadisticas/encuesta-postura-comercial-2016) - Uzbekistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Venezuela: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Vietnam: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D)",,,,https://welfarefootprint.org/research-projects/laying-hens/,,2023-08-01,2022-12-06, 42,,Dummy OWID dataset title,,"This is a dummy dataset",Dummy producer,Dummy producer citation,,,,https://www.url-dummy.com/,https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/etl/master/walkthrough/dummy_data.csv,2023-08-22,2020-01-01, 43,[origin.title_snapshot],[origin.title],[origin.description_snapshot],[origin.description],[origin.producer],[origin.citation_full],[origin.attribution > origin.producer (year)],[origin.attribution_short],[origin.version_producer],[origin.url_main],https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/etl/master/walkthrough/dummy_data.csv,2020-01-01,2000-01-01, 44,,Fur banning,,,Fur Free Alliance,"Overview national fur legislation, Fur Free Alliance (2023).",,,,https://www.furfreealliance.com/fur-bans/,https://www.furfreealliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Overview-national-fur-legislation-General-Provisions.pdf,2023-09-08,2023-04-01,"{""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 45,,Number of farmed fish killed for food worldwide,,"Global farmed finfish production increased from 9 to 56 million tonnes between 1990 and 2019. Although finfishes are now widely recognised as sentient beings, production is still being quantified as biomass rather than number of individuals (in contrast to farmed mammals and birds). Here, we estimate the global number of farmed finfishes slaughtered using FAO aquaculture production tonnages (1990–2019 data) and estimates of individual weight at killing (determined from internet searches at species and country level where possible). We relate these numbers to knowledge on humane slaughter, animal welfare law, and certification schemes. Since 1990, farmed finfish numbers killed annually for food have increased nine-fold, to 124 billion (1.24 × 1011, range 78–171 billion) in 2019. This figure does not represent the total number farmed (due to mortalities during rearing and non-food production) and is expected to increase as aquaculture expands. Our estimates indicate that farmed finfishes now outnumber the 80 billion farmed birds and mammals killed globally each year for food. The majority are produced in Asia. Inhumane slaughter practices cause suffering for most farmed finfishes. Most, 70–72%, have no legal welfare protection, and less than 1% have any fish-specific legal protection, at slaughter. The main global certification schemes in 2013–2015 accounted for 2% of slaughtered farmed finfishes. Fishes for which species-specific parameters for automated humane stunning are published comprise 20–24%. As the dominant taxa of farmed vertebrates, finfishes would benefit from better welfare if species-specific humane slaughter was defined and incorporated into laws and certification schemes.",Mood et al.,"Mood, A., Lara, E., Boyland, N., & Brooke, P. (2023). Estimating global numbers of farmed fishes killed for food annually from 1990 to 2019. Animal Welfare, 32, E12. doi:10.1017/awf.2023.4",,,,https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-welfare/article/estimating-global-numbers-of-farmed-fishes-killed-for-food-annually-from-1990-to-2019/765A7CCA23ADA0249EF37CFC5014D351,https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:article:S0962728623000040/resource/name/S0962728623000040sup001.zip,2023-08-08,2023-02-06, 46,Number of individual farmed decapod crustaceans (2015),Number of individual farmed decapod crustaceans,Estimated number of individual decapod crustaceans in annual aquaculture production in 2015.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2015/Farmed-decapods-2015.xlsx,2023-08-15,1970-01-01, 47,Number of individual farmed decapod crustaceans (2016),Number of individual farmed decapod crustaceans,Estimated number of individual decapod crustaceans in annual aquaculture production in 2016.,,Fishcount,"A Mood and P Brooke. Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ",,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-decapods-2016.xlsx,2023-08-15,2019-09-01, 48,Number of individual farmed decapod crustaceans (2017),Number of individual farmed decapod crustaceans,Estimated number of individual decapod crustaceans in annual aquaculture production.,,Fishcount,"A Mood and P Brooke. Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ",,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-decapods-2017.xlsx,2023-08-15,2023-09-01, 49,,Number of individual wild fish killed for food,Estimated numbers of individual fish killed annually in wild fish capture.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens/2016/fishcount_estimated_wild_fish_2007-2016.xlsx,2023-08-16,2019-01-21, 50,Number of individual farmed fish (2015),Number of individual farmed fish,Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production in 2015.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2015/Farmed-fishes-2015.xlsx,2023-08-14,1970-01-01, 51,Number of individual farmed fish (2016),Number of individual farmed fish,Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production in 2016.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-fishes-2016-v2.xlsx,2023-08-14,1970-01-01, 52,Number of individual farmed fish (2017),Number of individual farmed fish,Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-fishes-2017-v2.xlsx,2023-08-14,1970-01-01, 53,US egg production (cage-free percentages),US egg production,,This project synthesizes data on the supply of cage-free eggs relative to all food eggs in the United States using United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data from December 2007 to present. The associated report supplements the data with definitions and a taxonomy of egg products drawn from USDA and industry publications.,The Humane League,The Humane League based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).,The Humane League based on the United States Department of Agriculture (2023),The Humane League,,https://thehumaneleague.org/article/E008R01-us-egg-production-data,https://osf.io/download/56xjc/,2023-08-03,2023-04-09, 54,,Global hen inventory,,,Welfare Footprint Project,"Welfare Footprint Project based on various sources. - Algeria: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Argentina: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Armenia: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Australia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Austria: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Azerbaijan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Bangladesh: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Belarus: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Belgium: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture).](https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Brazil: [IBGE: Produção de Ovos de Galinha - POG (2019). Proportions in 'Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture). '.](https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/agricultura-e-pecuaria/9216-pesquisa-trimestral-da-producao-de-ovos-de-galinha.html?edicao=26352&t=downloads; https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Brunei: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Bulgaria: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Canada: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Chile: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report; Proportion by system: Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias (https://www.odepa.gob.cl/rubros/huevos).](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - China: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Colombia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Croatia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Cuba: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Cyprus: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Czechia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Denmark: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Ecuador: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Egypt: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Estonia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Finland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - France: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Georgia: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Germany: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture). IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf; https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Ghana: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Hungary: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - India: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Indonesia: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Iran: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Ireland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Italy: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Japan: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Kazakhstan: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Kyrgyzstan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Latvia: [Sector Dialogues EU-BR 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture).](https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/producao-animal/arquivos-publicacoes-bem-estar-animal/XGUIAGALINHAS2019.pdf/view) - Libya: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Lithuania: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Luxembourg: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Malaysia: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Malta: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Mexico: [Compendio de Indicadores Economicos del Sector Agricola (UNA).](https://www.gob.mx/agricultura) - Morocco: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Netherlands: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - New Zealand: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Nigeria: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Norway: [Animalia. KJØTTETS TILSTAND 2020. Status i norsk kjøtt- og eggproduksjon.](https://www.animalia.no/contentassets/6c1457fa25574ec7b254f18f560d3984/kt20-komplett-origi-web.pdf) - Pakistan: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Papua New Guinea: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Peru: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Philippines: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Poland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Portugal: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - South Korea: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Romania: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - Russia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Saudi Arabia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Singapore: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Slovakia: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Slovenia: [Egg Dashboard. 2018. European Commission (DG ESTAT, DG AGRI), MSs notifications (CIR) (EU) 2017/1185 and Regulation (EC) 617/2008), GTA.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/farming/documents/eggs-dashboard_en.pdf) - South Africa: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Spain: [Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación; IEC Annual Review 2019.](https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/produccion-y-mercados-ganaderos/dashboardhuevosabril2020_tcm30-537501.pdf) - Sweden: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Switzerland: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Tajikistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Taiwan: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D) - Thailand: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - Turkey: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - Turkmenistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Ukraine: [Windhorst, 2020. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Zootecnica International; Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/; https://zootecnicainternational.com/featured/dynamics-and-patterns-of-the-egg-industry-in-the-emerging-market-countries-between-2007-and-2017/) - United Arab Emirates: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - United Kingdom: [IEC Annual Review 2019.](http://internationalegg.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IEC-Annual-Review-2019.pdf) - United States: [USDA. Chicken and Eggs. National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). United Egg Producers.](https://unitedegg.com/facts-stats/) - Uruguay: [Encuesta Postura Comercial, 2016. Estadísticas Agropecuarias (DIEA).](https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/datos-y-estadisticas/estadisticas/encuesta-postura-comercial-2016) - Uzbekistan: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Venezuela: [Windhorst, 2017. Housing system in laying hen husbandry (part 2). Table 4.](https://zootecnicainternational.com/poultry-facts/housing-systems-laying-hen-husbandry-second-part/) - Vietnam: [Windhorst, 2018. Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in APEC member countries. IEC Report.](http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/resources/publications/en/?page=2&ipp=10&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMCI7fQ%3D%3D)",,,,https://welfarefootprint.org/research-projects/laying-hens/,,2023-08-01,2022-12-06, 55,,"Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) - United States (2010 = 100)",,"Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.",World Bank,"Inflation, consumer prices (World Bank)",,World Bank,,https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/us/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL?,https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/us/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL?,2023-09-19,,"{""url"": ""https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0# License (same as origin.license, for backwards compatibility)""}" 56,,Under-five Mortality,,"This file contains data on child mortality rates compiled by Gapminder, based on multiple sources: - 1800 to 1950: Gapminder v7 ( In some cases this is also used for years after 1950, see below.) This was compiled and documented by Mattias Lindgren from many sources, but mainly based on www.mortality.org and the series of books called International Historical Statistics by Brian R Mitchell, which often have historic estimates of Infant mortality rate which were converted to Child mortality through regression. See detailed documentation of v7 below. - 1950 to 2018: UNIGME, is a data collaboration project between UNICEF, WHO, UN Population Division and the World Bank. They released new estimates of child mortality for countries and a global estimate on September 19, 2019, which is available at www.childmortality.org. In this dataset 70% of all countries have estimates between 1970 and 2016, while roughly half the countries also reach back to 1950. - 1950 to 2100: UN WPP, World Population Prospects 2019 provides annual data for Child mortality rate for all countries in the annually interpolated demographic indicators, called WPP2019_INT_F01_ANNUAL_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS.xlsx In general, We connected our historic estimates from Gapminder v7 to the earliest available year with data in UNIGME or if it didn't have data, we used UN POP from 1950 and on, until UNIGME had data. Depending on data availability, different countries are moving between sources at different points in the period 1930-1980.After 2018, we have extended the UN IGME series with the UN POP numbers. But we haven't extended it with the UN POP actual numbers but instead, we extended it with the UN POP expected change. The data is part of Gapminder effort to build a fact-based worldview by showing the big picture of global development. When we find multiple data sources that haven't been combined we combine them into one consistent timeseries. This often results in large data uncertainty, as the underlaying data-sources use different methodologies etc. But we still dare to combine data that hasn't been combined, as we find it extremely important to visualize the big picture, which people otherwise tend to get absolutely wrong. Before using our data for any other purpose though, please read the documentation to make sure you are aware of our levels of doubts in the data.",Gapminder based on UN IGME & UN WPP,"Under-five Mortality Dataset v11, Gapminder (2020)",,Gapminder,v11,https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Av7eps_zEK73-AdbFYEmtTrwFKlfruBYXdrnXAOFVpM/edit#gid=501532268,https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Av7eps_zEK73-AdbFYEmtTrwFKlfruBYXdrnXAOFVpM/export?format=xlsx,2023-09-21,2020-01-30,"{""url"": ""https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-RmthhS2EPMK_HIpnPctcXpB0n7ADSWnXa5Hb3PxNq4/edit"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0# License (same as origin.license, for backwards compatibility)""}" 57,Child mortality rate under age five v7,Child mortality rate under age five,,"Estimates of child mortality rate (under five years old) per 1,000 live births. This data has been compiled by Klara Johansson and Mattias Lindgren (Gapminder) from a selection of sources: * Human Mortality Database * Child Mortality Estimates from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. * Gapminder model based on infant mortality ratio (version 2) https://www.gapminder.org/data/documentation/gd002/ * Model estimates based on Gapminder's life expectancy data combined with model life tables, with some additional adjustments",Gapminder,Compiled and documented by Klara Johansson and Mattias Lindgren from Gapminder from many sources including: Human Mortality Database; UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation; Gapminder models based on life expectancy; Gapminder models based on infant mortality rates.,,Gapminder,v7,https://www.gapminder.org/data/documentation/gd005/,https://www.gapminder.org/documentation/documentation/gapdata005%20v7.xlsx,2023-09-18,2015-01-01,"{""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 58,,Project Mars,,"Project Mars. This dataset records new data on 229 unique belligerents in 252 conventional wars fought between 1800 and 2011. Project Mars introduces new data about these belligerents, including their level of prewar military inequality, and new measures of battlefield performance, including desertion, defection, and fratricidal violence. The latest version is Version 1.1. (2022-02-08). You can find more details on the dataset in its notes at https://web.archive.org/web/20230717140532/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?fileId=5857673&version=2.0",Jason Lyall,"Lyall, Jason. Divided Armies: Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020)",,,,https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/DUO7IE,https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/5857675,2023-09-21,2020-10-26,"{""url"": ""https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/DUO7IE"", ""name"": ""Public Domain""}" 59,War data - Inter-State Dyadic,War Data,"The Correlates of War (COW) Project has utilized a classification of wars that is based upon the status of territorial entities, in particular focusing on those that are classified as members of the inter-state system (referred to as “states”). This dataset encompasses wars that take place between or among the recognized states, or inter-state wars. The dyadic war dataset is built and fully compatible with the dyadic MID dataset (Maoz et al. 2019). It provides dyadic records of interstate wars over the period of 1816-2010, with a dyad-year unit of analysis. Dyad refers to the fact that the dataset is structured at country-conflict level (instead of conflict-level).","The COW Project introduced COW Wars v4.0, 1816-2007 in 2010. The paper [“The COW Typology of War: Defining and Categorizing Wars (Version 4 of the Data)](https://correlatesofwar.org/wp-content/uploads/COW-Website-Typology-of-war-v4.pdf)” by Meredith Reid Sarkees gives an overview of the COW war typology, the descriptions of the basic variables, coding rules and some of the changes since “Resort to Arms.” In March 2010, the New COW War List was released. On June 30, 2010, the Non-State War Data (v4.0) became available. On October 28, 2010, the Intra-State War Data (v4.0) was released and on April 6, 2020 the Intra-State War Data (v5.1) became available online. On March 1, 2011, the Inter-State War Data (v4.0) became available online. Finally, we released the Extra-State War Data (v4.0) on December 8, 2011.",Correlates of War,"Sarkees, Meredith Reid and Frank Wayman (2010). Resort to War: 1816 – 2007. Washington DC: CQ Press.",,COW,,https://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/cow-war/,https://correlatesofwar.org/wp-content/uploads/Dyadic-Interstate-War-Dataset.zip,2023-09-21,2020-04-06,"{""url"": ""https://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/"", ""name"": ""Correlates of War terms""}" 60,,Battle deaths,,"This project has generated a dataset on battle deaths (number of soldiers and civilians killed in combat) in state-based armed conflicts for the period 1946-2008. The dataset is compatible with the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset for the period 1946–2008. A longer time series (1900-1997) compatible with the Correlates of War database (http://www.correlatesofwar.org/data-sets) was included in the first version (v1) of the Battle Deaths Dataset, available from the downloads section (https://www.prio.org/utility/DownloadFile.ashx?id=7&type=datasetfile). For academic exchanges on the PRIO data, see the following articles and rebuttals: - Lacina & Gleditsch (2005) 'Monitoring trends in global combat: A new dataset of battle deaths' (https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Monitoring-Trends-in-Global-Combat%3A-A-New-Dataset-Lacina-Gleditsch/0c4ff27fff986bc30112ac59ad6afbd7b719ad17?p2df). - Obermeier et al. (2008) 'Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia' (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20510162) - Spagat et al. (2009) 'Estimating war deaths: An arena of contestation' (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20684623?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents). - Gohdes & Price (2012) 'First things first: Assessing data quality before model quality' (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24545604?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents). - Lacina & Gleditsch (2012) 'The waning of war is real: A response to Gohdes and Price' (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24545604?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents) There are no plans to update the PRIO battle deaths dataset beyond 2008. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) maintains a similar dataset from 1989, which is updated annually. For this dataset in different formats, as well as a codebook, go to the UCDP Battle-Related Deaths Dataset (https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/). While the definitions are very similar, the coding practices may differ somewhat, and we generally recommend users of the two datasets to point out that these are two different, although closely related, datasets.",Peace Research Institute Oslo,"Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, 2005. ""Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths."" European Journal of Population: 21(2–3): 145–166. The data are available at http://www.prio.no/CSCW/Datasets/Armed-Conflict/Battle-Deaths/",,PRIO,v3.1,https://www.prio.org/data/1,https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/d21ef702-a546-45a8-b3c9-5b520dcc1239/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%2031.xls?inline=true,2023-09-21,2017-01-30,"{""url"": ""https://cdn.cloud.prio.org/files/91648bba-8885-40ce-8a78-fae75c850c55/PRIO%20Battle%20Deaths%20Dataset%2030%20Documentation.pdf?inline=true"", ""name"": ""PRIO terms""}" 61,,Conflicts Catalog,,"The Conflict Catalog is a dataset by Dr Peter Brecke. Brecke says that ""the Conflict Catalog within that Excel file is an unfinished product."" and that considering the data that he has ""that is not yet in the Conflict Catalog, [he] can easily believe the catalog growing by 20% or more."" This dataset contains all violent conflicts at any location in the world since 1400 AD (Brecke 1999: 4). This year has been chosen because data earlier was even more flawed: “The 1400 AD temporal threshold corresponds to the one set by Luard (1987), lies between significant dates for Chinese (1366) and European and American (1492) populations, and demarcates a point before which the quality and extent of data about many parts of the world drop off precipitously (Brecke 1999: 4). You can find more notes at https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.gatech.edu/dist/1/19/files/2018/09/Notes-about-Conflict-Catalog.pdf",Brecke,"Brecke, P. (1999, October). Violent conflicts 1400 AD to the present in different regions of the world. In 1999 Meeting of the Peace Science Society.",,,,https://brecke.inta.gatech.edu/research/conflict/,https://brecke.inta.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/09/Conflict-Catalog-18-vars.xlsx,2023-09-21,1999-10-08,"{""url"": ""https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 62,,Militarized Interstate Disputes,,"Version 5 of the Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) data collection compiled by the Correlates of War Project provides information about conflicts in which one or more states threaten, display, or use force against one or more other states between 1816 and 2014. By definition, “Militarized interstate disputes are united historical cases of conflict in which the threat, display or use of military force short of war by one member state is explicitly directed towards the government, official representatives, official forces, property, or territory of another state. Disputes are composed of incidents that range in intensity from threats to use force to actual combat short of war” (Jones et al. 1996: 163). This dataset includes MIDA, MIDB, MIDI, and MIDIP. - MIDA: Data on MIDs from 1816-2014, at the dispute level. Contains one record per militarized dispute. - MIDB: Data on MIDs from 1816-2014, at the participant level. Contains one record per militarized dispute participant. - MIDI: Data on incidents within MIDs from 1993-2014, at the incident level. Contains one record per militarized incident. - MIDIP: Data on incidents within MIDs from 1993-2014, at the incident-participant level. Contains one record per participant in each incident.",Correlates of War,"Palmer, Glenn, Roseanne W. McManus, Vito D’Orazio, Michael R. Kenwick, Mikaela Karstens, Chase Bloch, Nick Dietrich, Kayla Kahn, Kellan Ritter, Michael J. Soules. 2020. “The MID5 Dataset, 2011-2014: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 39(4): 470-482. DOI: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0738894221995743",,COW,v5.0,https://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/mids/,https://correlatesofwar.org/wp-content/uploads/MID-5-Data-and-Supporting-Materials.zip,2023-09-21,2020-11-09,"{""url"": ""https://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/"", ""name"": ""Correlates of War terms""}" 63,,Militarized Interstate Events,," The MIE data includes daily events data that correspond to the Jones, Bremer, and Singer (1997) coding rules, with some additional coding changes as described in the codebook. A Militarized Interstate Event (MIE) is a threat, display, or use of force by one state in the Correlates of War (CoW) international system against another state. We faithfully implement the coding rules described in Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996) and the changes to the coding rules made by CoW in the years since. Nevertheless, we also do make several coding rule changes to remove ambiguities in the rules and to provide additional information for researchers. The changes we make and rationale for them are described well in the manuscript. Of particular note, though, is that we have added an action code labeled ""war battle"" that describes sustained fights between opposing, organized armed forces. We no longer code ""beginning a war"" or ""join ongoing war"" as a militarized action; we only code threats, displays, or uses of force. We code fatality ranges for each event, discarding CoW's use of ordinal fatality scales and the fatality precision variable. This produces minimum and maximum estimated fatalities for each MIE, with no missing values, which can aggregate to meaningful ranges for confrontation-level, confrontation-participant-level, and dyad-year summaries.",Gibler and Miller,"D. M. Gibler and S. V. Miller, ""The Militarized Interstate Events (MIE) Dataset, 1816-2014."" Conflict Management and Peace Science. Forthcoming.",,,,https://internationalconflict.ua.edu/data-download/,https://www.dropbox.com/s/2aq3xu23a4ril85/events.zip?dl=1,2023-09-21,2023-07-17,"{""url"": ""https://internationalconflict.ua.edu/data-download/"", ""name"": ""International Conflict Data Project terms""}" 64,,Armed Conflict,,"A conflict-year dataset with information on armed conflict where at least one party is the government of a state in the time period 1946-2022. You can find more notes at https://web.archive.org/web/20230624120457/https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/ucdpprio/ucdp-prio-acd-231.pdf",Uppsala Conflict Data Program and Peace Research Institute Oslo,"Davies, Shawn, Therese Pettersson & Magnus Öberg (2023). Organized violence 1989-2022 and the return of conflicts between states?. Journal of Peace Research 60(4)",,UCDP/PRIO,version 23.1,https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#armedconflict,https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/ucdpprio/ucdp-prio-acd-231-csv.zip,2023-09-21,1970-01-01,"{""url"": ""https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 65,,Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) - Employment,,"With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have implemented the 19th ICLS standards, for which data are also available in the Work Statistics -- 19th ICLS (WORK) database. The employment-to-population ratio is the number of persons who are employed as a percent of the total of working-age population. Data disaggregated by level of education are provided on the highest level of education completed, classified according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Data may have been regrouped from national classifications, which may not be strictly compatible with ISCED. For more information, refer to the Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) database description. Data by age includes various age bands, usually including but not limited to youth (ages 15-24), prime-age workers (age 25-54), and older workers (ages 55+). Data by sex includes data on both sexes (total), men (male) and women (female). Educational attainment based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Categories include less than basic (less than primary education), basic (primary and lower secondary education), intermediate (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education) and advanced (short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent levels).",International Labour Organization,"Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) - Employment. International Labour Organization. ILO modelled estimates database, ILOSTAT. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.",,ILOSTAT,,https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/,https://www.ilo.org/shinyapps/bulkexplorer45/session/122788c35f3169da500a18da4cf708a8/download/download?w=,2023-09-19,2023-09-09,"{""url"": ""https://www.ilo.org/global/copyright/lang--en/index.htm"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 66,,Hours of work,,"With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have implemented the 19th ICLS standards, for which data are also available in the Work Statistics -- 19th ICLS (WORK) database. Data on hours of work are presented, whenever possible, on the basis of the average number of hours of work per week, and with reference to hours worked in the main (paid) job regardless of working time arrangements (e.g. full-time and part-time). Data disaggregated by economic activity are provided according to the latest version of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) available for that year. Data may have been regrouped from national classifications, which may not be strictly compatible with ISIC. Data disaggregated by level of education are provided on the highest level of education completed, classified according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Data may have been regrouped from national classifications, which may not be strictly compatible with ISCED. For more information, refer to the Wages and Working Time Statistics (COND) database description. Data by sex includes data on both sexes (total), men (male) and women (female). Economic activity based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Educational attainment based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Categories include less than basic (less than primary education), basic (primary and lower secondary education), intermediate (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education) and advanced (short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent levels).",International Labour Organization,"Hours of work. International Labour Organization. ILO modelled estimates database, ILOSTAT. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.",,ILOSTAT,,https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/,https://www.ilo.org/shinyapps/bulkexplorer18/session/7b39b17ad4d1b311e23c3828be5d8d58/download/download?w=,2023-09-19,2023-09-09,"{""url"": ""https://www.ilo.org/global/copyright/lang--en/index.htm"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 67,,Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) - Unemployment,,"With the aim of promoting international comparability, statistics presented on ILOSTAT are based on standard international definitions wherever feasible and may differ from official national figures. This series is based on the 13th ICLS definitions. For time series comparability, it includes countries that have implemented the 19th ICLS standards, for which data are also available in the Work Statistics -- 19th ICLS (WORK) database. The unemployment rate conveys the number of persons who are unemployed as a percent of the labour force (i.e., the employed plus the unemployed). The unemployed comprise all persons of working age who were: a) without work during the reference period, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment; b) currently available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and c) seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment. Data disaggregated by level of education are provided on the highest level of education completed, classified according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Data may have been regrouped from national classifications, which may not be strictly compatible with ISCED. For more information, refer to the Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) database description. Data by age includes various age bands, usually including but not limited to youth (ages 15-24), prime-age workers (age 25-54), and older workers (ages 55+). Data by sex includes data on both sexes (total), men (male) and women (female). Educational attainment based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Categories include less than basic (less than primary education), basic (primary and lower secondary education), intermediate (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education) and advanced (short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent levels).",International Labour Organization,"Education and Mismatch Indicators (EMI) - Unemployment. International Labour Organization. ILO modelled estimates database, ILOSTAT. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.",,ILOSTAT,,https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/,https://www.ilo.org/shinyapps/bulkexplorer26/session/47df8a26e3781c0a42c6277b4f2d0354/download/download?w=,2023-09-19,2023-09-10,"{""url"": ""https://www.ilo.org/global/copyright/lang--en/index.htm"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 68,,Human Mortality Database,,"The Human Mortality Database (HMD) contains original calculations of death rates and life tables for national populations (countries or areas), as well as the input data used in constructing those tables. The input data consist of death counts from vital statistics, plus census counts, birth counts, and population estimates from various sources. # Scope and basic principles We continue to add new data series to this collection. However, the database is limited by design to populations where death registration and census data are virtually complete, since this type of information is required for the uniform method used to reconstruct historical data series. As a result, the countries and areas included here are relatively wealthy and for the most part highly industrialized. In a companion project, we are also developing the [Human Lifetable Database (HLD)](http://www.lifetable.de/) , which includes life tables constructed by other individuals or institutions using a variety of techniques. Thus, the HLD contains mortality estimates for some countries that could not be included in the HMD. The main goal of the Human Mortality Database is to document the longevity revolution of the modern era and to facilitate research into its causes and consequences. As much as possible, we have followed four guiding principles in creating this database: comparability, flexibility, accessibility, reproducibility. We have tried to provide complete documentation of the data available through this site. Users may start by reading a [brief summary](https://www.mortality.org/File/GetDocument/Public/Docs/MP-Summary.pdf) of how individual data sets are constructed. A complete description of our methodology is contained in the [Methods Protocol](https://www.mortality.org/File/GetDocument/Public/Docs/MethodsProtocolV6.pdf) (available in PDF format). Documentation that is specific to an individual population (including data sources) is provided through links within each country section. You are welcome to download and analyze any data provided here free of charge. However, before gaining full access to the database, you must become a registered user, which requires accepting our user agreement and answering just a few questions. After receiving this information, we will immediately send you a password and more information about how to use the database. We are still actively developing this database. Although we have been very careful in assembling and manipulating the data presented here, it is possible that some errors remain, and we would appreciate your help in identifying any inaccuracies. If you have comments or questions, or trouble accessing the database, please write to hmd@mortality.org. # Computing death rates and life tables Our process for computing mortality rates and life tables can be described in terms of six steps, corresponding to six data types that are available from the HMD. Here is an overview of the process: 1. Births. Annual counts of live births by sex are collected for each population over the longest possible time period. These counts are used mainly for making population estimates at younger ages. 2. Deaths. Death counts are collected at the finest level of detail available. If raw data are aggregated, uniform methods are used to estimate death counts by completed age (i.e., age-last-birthday at time of death), calendar year of death, and calendar year of birth. 3. Population size. Annual estimates of population size on January 1st are either obtained from another source or are derived from census data plus birth and death counts. 4. Exposure-to-risk. Estimates of the population exposed to the risk of death during some age-time interval are based on annual (January 1st) population estimates, with a small correction that reflects the timing of deaths within the interval. 5. Death rates. Death rates are always a ratio of the death count for a given age-time interval divided by an estimate of the exposure-to-risk in the same interval. 6. Life tables. To build a life table, probabilities of death are computed from death rates. These probabilities are used to construct life tables, which include life expectancies and other useful indicators of mortality and longevity. # Corrections to the data The data presented here have been corrected for gross errors (e.g., a processing error whereby 3,800 becomes 38,000 in a published statistical table would be obvious in most cases, and it would be corrected). However, we have not attempted to correct the data for systematic age misstatement (misreporting of age) or coverage errors (over- or under-enumeration of people or events). Some available studies assess the completeness of census coverage or death registration in the various countries, and more work is needed in this area. However, in developing the database thus far, we did not consider it feasible or desirable to attempt corrections of this sort, especially since it would be impossible to correct the data by a uniform method across all countries. # Age misreporting Populations are included here if there is a well-founded belief that the coverage of their census and vital registration systems is relatively high, and thus, that fruitful analyses by both specialists and non-specialists should be possible with these data. Nevertheless, there is evidence of both age heaping (overreporting ages ending in ""0"" or ""5"") and age exaggeration in these data. In general, the degree of age heaping in these data varies by the time period and population considered, but it is usually no burden to scientific analysis. In most cases, it is sufficient to analyze data in five-year age groups in order to avoid the false impressions created by this particular form of age misstatement. Age exaggeration, on the other hand, is a more insidious problem. Our approach is guided by the conventional wisdom that age reporting in death registration systems is typically more reliable than in census counts or official population estimates. For this reason, we derive population estimates at older ages from the death counts themselves, employing extinct cohort methods. Such methods eliminate some, but certainly not all, of the biases in old-age mortality estimates due to age exaggeration. # Uniform set of procedures A key goal of this project is to follow a uniform set of procedures for each population. This approach does not guarantee the cross-national comparability of the data. Rather, it ensures only that we have not introduced biases by our own manipulations. Our desire for uniformity had to face the challenge that raw data come in a variety of formats (for example, 1-year versus 5-year age groups). Our general approach to this problem is that the available raw data are used first to estimate two quantities: 1) the number of deaths by completed age, year of birth, and year of death; and 2) population estimates by single years of age on January 1 of each year. For each population, these calculations are performed separately by sex. From these two pieces of information, we compute death rates and life tables in a variety of age-time configurations. It is reasonable to ask whether a single procedure is the best method for treating the data from a variety of populations. Here, two points must be considered. First, our uniform methodology is based on procedures that were developed separately, though following similar principles, for various countries and by different researchers. Earlier methods were synthesized by choosing what we considered the best among alternative procedures and by eliminating superficial inconsistencies. The second point is that a uniform procedure is possible only because we have not attempted to correct the data for reporting and coverage errors. Although some general principles could be followed, such problems would have to be addressed individually for each population. Although we adhere strictly to a uniform procedure, the data for each population also receive significant individualized attention. Each country or area is assigned to an individual researcher, who takes responsibility for assembling and checking the data for errors. In addition, the person assigned to each country/area checks our data against other available sources. These procedures help to assure a high level of data quality, but assistance from database users in identifying problems is always appreciated!",Various sources,"HMD. Human Mortality Database. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany), University of California, Berkeley (USA), and French Institute for Demographic Studies (France). Available at www.mortality.org.",,HMD,,https://www.mortality.org/Data/ZippedDataFiles,,2023-09-18,2023-09-13,"{""url"": ""https://www.mortality.org/Data/UserAgreement"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 69,,World Population Prospects,,"World Population Prospects 2022 is the 27th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population that have been published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality and international migration for 237 countries or areas. More details at https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/.",United Nations,"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition.",United Nations - World Population Prospects (2022),UN WPP,,https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/,,2022-09-09,2022-07-11,"{""url"": ""https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/"", ""name"": ""CC BY 3.0 IGO""}" 70,,Population,,,Gapminder,"Gapminder Population v7 (2022). Gapminder's population data is divided into two chunks: One long historical trend for the global population that goes back to 10,000 BC. And the second chunk is country estimates that only reaches back to 1800. For the first chunk, several sources were used. You can learn more at https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hkLbEilJbl630IG68q-aQJlUjuTFm9b_12nQMVd1sZM/edit#gid=0. For the second chunk, Gapminder uses UN population data between 1950 to 2100 from the UN Population Division World Population Prospects 2019, and the forecast to the year 2100 uses their medium-fertility variant. For years before 1950, this version uses the data documented in greater detail by Mattias Lindgren in version 3. The main source was Angus Maddison's data, which CLIO Infra Project maintained and improved. Note that when combining version 3 with the new UN data, the trends for a few countries didn't match up in the overlapping year 1950. Minor adjustments were made to the years before and after to smooth out discrepancies between the two sources and avoid spurious jumps in Gapminder's visualisations. Visit https://www.gapminder.org/data/documentation/gd003/ to learn more about the methodology used and the data from back to 10,000 BC.",Gapminder - Population v7 (2022),Gapminder,v7,http://gapm.io/dpop,https://gapm.io/dl_popv7,2023-03-31,2022-10-19,"{""url"": ""https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-RmthhS2EPMK_HIpnPctcXpB0n7ADSWnXa5Hb3PxNq4/edit?usp=sharing"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 71,,Systema Globalis,,,Gapminder,Gapminder - Systema Globalis (2023).,Gapminder - Systema Globalis (2022),Gapminder,,https://github.com/open-numbers/ddf--gapminder--systema_globalis,,2023-03-31,2023-02-21,"{""url"": ""https://github.com/open-numbers/ddf--gapminder--systema_globalis"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 72,,HYDE,,"HYDE is an internally consistent combination of updated historical population (gridded) estimates and land use for the past 12,000 years. Categories include cropland, with a new distinction into irrigated and rain fed crops (other than rice) and irrigated and rain fed rice. Also grazing lands are provided, divided into more intensively used pasture, converted rangeland and non-converted natural (less intensively used) rangeland. Population is represented by maps of total, urban, rural population and population density as well as built-up area.",PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency,"Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, J.Doelman and E. Stehfest (2017), Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene; HYDE 3.2, Earth System Science Data, 9, 927-953.",HYDE (2017),HYDE,3.2,https://www.pbl.nl/en/image/links/hyde,https://public.yoda.uu.nl/geo/UU01/MO2FF3.html,2021-10-01,1970-01-01,"{""url"": ""https://public.yoda.uu.nl/geo/UU01/MO2FF3.html"", ""name"": ""CC BY 3.0""}" 73,,Population,,"Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources. You can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",Various sources,"The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",Population based on various sources (2023),Population,,https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources,,2023-03-31,2023-03-31,"{""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 74,,Chick culling laws,"Male baby chicks are commonly killed in laying hens hatcheries all around the world, as they provide no value for the egg production industry. Only a minority of country has laws to ban this practice. This dataset is a compilation of evidence (from official institutions and in some cases from the news) of chick culling taking place in a country, and, in some cases, of existing laws banning it.",,Various sources,"Evidence of laws banning chick culling, and evidence of chick culling being practiced without any ban, has been gathered from various sources for different countries. Some of those sources were extracted from [a report by the European Institute for Animal Law & Policy](https://animallaweurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Animal-Law-Europe-%E2%80%93-Chick-Killing-Report-2023.pdf): ""Chick and Duckling Killing: Achieving an EU-Wide Prohibition"" (White paper, January 2023) by Alice Di Concetto, Olivier Morice, Matthias Corion, Simão Santos. - Austria: Banned. Source: [Section 6(2), Animal Welfare Act.](https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20003541) Date effective: 2022-07-18. The prohibition was adopted in July 2022 through a law amending the Animal Welfare Act. Scope excludes male chicks used as feed in zoos or for birds of prey. Destruction of non-hatched is allowed up until 14 day of incubation. - France: Banned. Source: [R 214-17 of the Rural Code.](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000028969470) Date effective: 2022-12-31. The prohibition was adopted on January 2022 through a regulation. In ovo sexing technologies benefit from a five-year nonobsolescence clause. Male chicks for animal food production benefit from an exemption. Destruction of non-hatched is allowed up until 15 day of incubation. - Germany: Banned. Source: [Section 3 (4c), Animal Welfare Act.](https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tierschg/BJNR012770972.html) Date effective: 2022-01-01. The prohibition was adopted on January 2022, through a regulation which prohibits the culling of one-day old chicks by 2022, and the culling of fertilized eggs passed the 6th day of incubation. Note: No derogation. - Italy: Banned but not yet in effect. Source: [Article 18, European Delegation Law (22G00136).](https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2022-08-04;127) Date effective: 2026-12-31. The law prohibits the selective killing of male chicks by December 31st, 2026 and provides exemptions for animal protection purposes only. A decree will later specify the ways in which the law should be implemented. The law does not provide a rule regarding the destruction of non-hatched eggs nor exemptions, other than exemptions for animal health and protection purposes. A decree will likely specify these two aspects. - Luxembourg: Banned. Source: [Date effective: 2018-06-18. Animal protection law on 6 June 2018, The Luxembourg Government.](https://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2018/tierschutz.html) - Switzerland: Partially banned. Source: [Swissinfo (2019-09-20).](https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/animal-protection_-switzerland-bans-shredding-of-male-chicks-/45240798) Grinding chicks was banned in 2019, but gassing is still legal. - Australia: Not banned. Source: [Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Australia (2021-09-22).](https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/what-happens-with-male-chicks-in-the-egg-industry/) - Canada: Not banned. Source: [Canadian Poultry Magazine (2016-12-19).](https://www.canadianpoultrymag.com/hypereye-a-game-changer-30033/) - New Zealand: Not banned. Source: [Save Animals From Exploitation (SAFE) New Zealand (2023).](https://safe.org.nz/our-work/animals-in-aotearoa/male-chicks/) - United Kingdom: Not banned. Source: [The Humane League (2021-07-29).](https://thehumaneleague.org.uk/article/what-happens-to-male-chicks-in-the-egg-industry) - United States: Not banned. Source: [Vox (2021-04-12).](https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22374193/eggs-chickens-animal-welfare-culling) - Belgium: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Bulgaria: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Croatia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Cyprus: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Czechia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Denmark: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Estonia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Finland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Greece: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Hungary: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Ireland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Latvia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Lithuania: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Malta: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Netherlands: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Poland: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Portugal: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Romania: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Slovakia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Slovenia: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Spain: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf) - Sweden: Not banned. Source: [European Parliamentary Research Service (2022-12).](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/739246/EPRS_ATA(2022)739246_EN.pdf)",,,,https://animallaweurope.com/news/,,2023-09-01,2023-09-01, 75,,Babies per woman (total fertility rate),,"**Sources:** — 1800 to 1950 (and in some cases also years after 1950): Gapminder v6 which were compiled and documented by Mattias Lindgren, see previous versions further down on this page. — 1950 to 2014: In most cases we use the latest UN estimates from World Population Prospects 2017 published in the file with Annually interpolated demographic indicators, called WPP2017_INT_F01_ANNUAL_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS.xlsx , accessed on September 2, 2017. — 2015 – 2099: We use the UN forecast of future fertility rate in all countries, called median fertility variant.",Gapminder,Free data from www.gapminder.org,,Gapminder,v12,https://www.gapminder.org/data/documentation/gd008/,https://github.com/Gapminder-Indicators/tfr/raw/master/tfr-by-gapminder.xlsx,2023-09-22,2017-12-12,"{""url"": ""https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-RmthhS2EPMK_HIpnPctcXpB0n7ADSWnXa5Hb3PxNq4/edit"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 76,,Peace data,,"This data article reviews the revised “peace data,” describing the motivations behind them and offering a general description of the different peace scale levels—severe rivalry, lesser rivalry, negative peace, warm peace, and security community respectively. A brief overview of the evolution of peace and rivalry for the 1900–2015 period is presented. Peace in the international system has increased over time, with a decline in rivalries and an increase in security communities being the most notable findings. The article concludes with a discussion of how the peace data might be used to address new questions in international relations research or reconfigure existing ones.",Diehl et al.,"Paul F Diehl & Gary Goertz & Yahve Gallegos, 2021. ""Peace data: Concept, measurement, patterns, and research agenda,"" Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 38(5), pages 605-624, September.",,,v3.01,https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1HKZ6FQmK09VJ5mzzEzIwkOawf7tb6Z63?usp=sharing,,2023-09-27,2023-08-10,"{""url"": ""https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 77,,Natural disasters,,"EM-DAT data includes all categories classified as ""natural disasters"" (distinguished from technological disasters, such as oil spills and industrial accidents). This includes those from drought, earthquakes, extreme temperatures, extreme weather, floods, fogs, glacial lake outbursts, landslide, dry mass movements, volcanic activity, and wildfires. EM-DAT defines the following variables: - Affected: People requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency, i.e. requiring basic survival needs such as food, water, shelter, sanitation and immediate medical assistance. - Injured: People suffering from physical injuries, trauma or an illness requiring immediate medical assistance as a direct result of a disaster. - Homeless: Number of people whose house is destroyed or heavily damaged and therefore need shelter after an event. - Total affected: In EM-DAT, it is the sum of the injured, affected and left homeless after a disaster. - Estimated economic damage: The amount of damage to property, crops, and livestock. In EM-DAT estimated damage are given in US$ ('000). For each disaster, the registered figure corresponds to the damage value at the moment of the event, i.e. the figures are shown true to the year of the event. - Total deaths: In EM-DAT, it is the sum of deaths and missing. EM-DAT defines the following types of disasters: - Drought: An extended period of unusually low precipitation that produces a shortage of water for people, animals and plants. Drought is different from most other hazards in that it develops slowly, sometimes even over years, and its onset is generally difficult to detect. Drought is not solely a physical phenomenon because its impacts can be exacerbated by human activities and water supply demands. Drought is therefore often defined both conceptually and operationally. Operational definitions of drought, meaning the degree of precipitation reduction that constitutes a drought, vary by locality, climate and environmental sector. - Earthquake: Sudden movement of a block of the Earth's crust along a geological fault and associated ground shaking. - Extreme temperature: Extreme temperature. - Flood: A general term for the overflow of water from a stream channel onto normally dry land in the floodplain (riverine flooding), higher-than-normal levels along the coast and in lakes or reservoirs (coastal flooding) as well as ponding of water at or near the point where the rain fell (flash floods). - Fog: Water droplets that are suspended in the air near the Earth's surface. Fog is simply a cloud that is in contact with the ground. - Glacial lake outburst: A flood that occurs when water dammed by a glacier or moraine is suddenly released. Glacial lakes can be at the front of the glacier (marginal lake) or below the ice sheet (sub-glacial lake). - Landslide: Any kind of moderate to rapid soil movement incl. lahar, mudslide, debris flow. A landslide is the movement of soil or rock controlled by gravity and the speed of the movement usually ranges between slow and rapid, but not very slow. It can be superficial or deep, but the materials have to make up a mass that is a portion of the slope or the slope itself. The movement has to be downward and outward with a free face. - Mass movement: Any type of downslope movement of earth materials. - Extreme weather: Storm. - Volcanic activity: A type of volcanic event near an opening/vent in the Earth's surface including volcanic eruptions of lava, ash, hot vapour, gas, and pyroclastic material. - Wildfire: Any uncontrolled and non-prescribed combustion or burning of plants in a natural setting such as a forest, grassland, brush land or tundra, which consumes the natural fuels and spreads based on environmental conditions (e.g., wind, topography). Wildfires can be triggered by lightning or human actions. ","EM-DAT, CRED / UCLouvain","EM-DAT, CRED / UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium – [www.emdat.be](www.emdat.be).",,,,https://emdat.be/,,2023-09-20,2023-09-20,"{""url"": ""https://public.emdat.be/about"", ""name"": ""UCLouvain 2022""}" 78,,World Development Indicators,,"The World Development Indicators (WDI) is the primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available, and includes national, regional and global estimates.",World Bank and OECD,"World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. Data extracted from the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI).",,,,https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037712/World-Development-Indicators,http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/WDI_csv.zip,2023-05-29,2023-05-11,"{""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 79,,Global Carbon Budget,,"The Global Carbon Budget 2022 has over 105 contributors from 80 organizations and 18 countries. It was founded by the Global Carbon Project international science team to track the trends in global carbon emissions and sinks and is a key measure of progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement. It's widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind. The 2022 report was published at COP27 in Egypt on Friday 11th November. ",Global Carbon Project,"Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Gregor, L., Hauck, J., Le Quéré, C., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Alkama, R., Arneth, A., Arora, V. K., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Gloege, L., Grassi, G., Gruber, N., Gürses, Ö., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Jersild, A., Kadono, K., Kato, E., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lindsay, K., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGrath, M. J., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pan, N., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rödenbeck, C., Rodriguez, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Shutler, J. D., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tanhua, T., Tans, P. P., Tian, X., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., Walker, A. P., Wanninkhof, R., Whitehead, C., Willstrand Wranne, A., Wright, R., Yuan, W., Yue, C., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2022, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811-4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022. ",,,,https://globalcarbonbudget.org/,https://zenodo.org/record/7215364/files/GCB2022v27_MtCO2_flat.csv,2023-04-28,2022-11-11,"{""url"": ""https://zenodo.org/record/7215364"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 80,,Global Plastics Outlook - Plastics use by application,"This dataset gives global estimates of plastic use, broken down by application type. The use of primary plastics is estimated from regional consumption data, assuming a consistent split by polymer type across different applications globally, as per Ryberg et al. (2019). Historical values (data from before 2015) are extrapolated using the evolution model in Geyer, Jambeck and Law (2017). The use of secondary plastics is calculated using recycling and recycling loss rates, as detailed in the GPO annex. These plastic use data are then related to economic flows in the OECD ENV-Linkages model to track changes over time. The total plastic use is the combined amount of primary and secondary plastic use.","This dataset provides estimates of plastics use at the global level by application. Primary plastics use is estimated using regional consumption by application data from Ryberg et al. (2019). An assumption of the split by polymer by application is made that it is homogenous to the global values. Histroical values (pre-2015 data) is extrapolated from 2015 data using the global evolution contained in Geyer, Jambeck and Law (2017). Secondary plastics use are derived using recycling rates and recycling loss rates, as described in the GPO annex. The plastics use data is associated with the economic flows in the OECD ENV-Linkages model to estimate changes over time. The total plastics use is equal to the sum of primary and secondary plastics use.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook, https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_USE_10&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_USE_10&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2022-02-09,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 81,,Global Plastics Outlook - Plastic leakage to aquatic environments - projections,This dataset offers projections between 2019 and 2060 of plastic leakage to aquatic environments across 15 global regions.,"This dataset provides estimates of plastics leakage for the 15 global regions of the OECD ENV-Linkages model, detailed in the Annex of the OECD Global Plastics Outlook. This database provides estimates for: - Leakage from mismanaged waste and litter to aquatic environments - Transport to oceans - Accumulated stock of plastics in rivers and lakes - Accumulated stock of plastics in oceans Plastic leakages to aquatic environments and the subcategory trasport to oceans are estimated by applying the methodology adapted from Lebreton and Andrady (2019), on OECD ENV-Linkages model outputs and plastic leakage from mismanaged and litter. The accumulated stock of plastics leakages in rivers and lakes corresponds to the net cumulative sum of leakages in rivers and lakes from 1951 onwards. The accumulated stock of plastics leakages in oceans corresponds to the net cumulative sum of leakages to oceans from 1951 onwards.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook, https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_LEAKAGE_V2_2&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_LEAKAGE_V2_2&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2022-05-05,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 82,,"Global Plastics Outlook - Plastics waste in 2019 by region, polymer and application",,"This dataset provides estimates of plastics waste per polymer and application for the 15 global regions of the OECD ENV-Linkages model, detailed in the Annex of the OECD Global Plastics Outlook. Plastic waste is calculated as a function of plastics use (in volumes), following Geyer, Jambeck and Law (2017), using a methodology based on lifespan distributions.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook, https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_WASTE_7&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_WASTE_7&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2022-02-09,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 83,,Global Plastics Outlook - Plastics use by polymer,"This dataset gives global estimates of plastic use, broken down by polymer type. The use of primary plastics is estimated from regional consumption data, assuming a consistent split by polymer type across different applications globally, as per Ryberg et al. (2019). Historical values (data from before 2015) are extrapolated using the evolution model in Geyer, Jambeck and Law (2017). The use of secondary plastics is calculated using recycling and recycling loss rates, as detailed in the GPO annex. These plastic use data are then related to economic flows in the OECD ENV-Linkages model to track changes over time. The total plastic use is the combined amount of primary and secondary plastic use.","This dataset provides estimates of plastics use at the global level by polymer. Primary plastics use is estimated using regional consumption by application data from Ryberg et al. (2019). An assumption of the split by polymer by application is made that it is homogenous to the global values. Histroical values (pre-2015 data) is extrapolated from 2015 data using the global evolution contained in Geyer, Jambeck and Law (2017). Secondary plastics use are derived using recycling rates and recycling loss rates, as described in the GPO annex. The plastics use data is associated with the economic flows in the OECD ENV-Linkages model to estimate changes over time. The total plastics use is equal to the sum of primary and secondary plastics use.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook, https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_USE_8&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_USE_8&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2022-02-09,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 84,,Global Plastics Outlook - Plastic leakage to the environment - projections,,"This dataset provides estimates of plastics leakages to the environment at a global level per source. Plastic leakages estimates from mismanaged waste and litter correspond to the average of the estimates caclulated using the methodology adapted from (Ryberg et al., 2019) and (Cottom, Cook and Velis, 2020) that were applied on OECD ENV-Linkages model outputs.Plastics leakages from all other sources correspond to the estimates caclulated using the methodology adapted from (Ryberg et al., 2019).",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook ,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_LEAKAGE_V2_3&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_LEAKAGE_V2_3&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2022-05-05,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 85,,Global Plastics Outlook - Plastics waste by region and end-of-life fate - projections,"This dataset offers projections between 2019 and 2060 of plastic waste across 15 global regions separated by end-of-life fate. The calculations of plastic waste consider volumes of plastic use, accounting for losses through recycling and collected litter, based on the methodology by Geyer, Jambeck, and Law (2017). The waste is categorized into diverse management streams or end-of-life fates, factoring in variations in end-of-life shares across different countries.","This dataset provides estimates of plastics waste for the 15 global regions of the OECD ENV-Linkages model, detailed in the Annex of the OECD Global Plastics Outlook. This dataset provides estimates of plastics waste per end-of-life fate after accounting for recycling losses and collected littering. Plastic waste is calculated as a function of plastics use (in volumes), following Geyer, Jambeck and Law (2017), using a methodology based on lifespan distributions. Plastic waste is divided into different waste management streams (end-of-life fates) by applying end-of-life shares that vary across countries and that account for account for recycling losses and collected litter. The methodology to derive the end-of-life shares is explained in the Annex to the OECD Global Plastics Outlook.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook, https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_WASTE_V2_1&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_WASTE_V2_1&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2023-05-05,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 86,,Global Plastics Outlook - Plastic leakage to aquatic environments,,"This dataset provides estimates of plastics leakage for the 15 global regions of the OECD ENV-Linkages model, detailed in the Annex of the OECD Global Plastics Outlook. This database provides estimates for: - Leakage from mismanaged waste and litter to aquatic environments - Transport to oceans - Accumulated stock of plastics in rivers and lakes - Accumulated stock of plastics in oceans Plastic leakages to aquatic environments and the subcategory trasport to oceans are estimated by applying the methodology adapted from Lebreton and Andrady (2019), on OECD ENV-Linkages model outputs and plastic leakage from mismanaged and litter. The accumulated stock of plastics leakages in rivers and lakes corresponds to the net cumulative sum of leakages in rivers and lakes from 1951 onwards. The accumulated stock of plastics leakages in oceans corresponds to the net cumulative sum of leakages to oceans from 1951 onwards.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook, https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_LEAKAGE_5&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_LEAKAGE_5&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2022-02-09,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 87,,Global Plastics Outlook - Plastics use by region - projections,This dataset offers projections between 2019 and 2060 of plastic use across 15 global regions separated by end-of-life fate.,"This dataset provides estimates of plastics use disaggregated by region for the baseline scenario. The plastics use data is associated with the economic flows in the OECD ENV-Linkages model to estimate changes over time. The total plastics use is equal to the sum of primary and secondary plastics use.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook, https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_USE_V2_1&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_USE_V2_1&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2022-05-05,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 88,,Global Plastics Outlook - Plastics waste by region and end-of-life fate,"This dataset offers an estimation of plastic waste across 15 global regions separated by end-of-life fate. The calculations of plastic waste consider volumes of plastic use, accounting for losses through recycling and collected litter, based on the methodology by Geyer, Jambeck, and Law (2017). The waste is categorized into diverse management streams or end-of-life fates, factoring in variations in end-of-life shares across different countries.","This dataset provides estimates of plastics waste for the 15 global regions of the OECD ENV-Linkages model, detailed in the Annex of the OECD Global Plastics Outlook. This dataset provides estimates of plastics waste per end-of-life fate after accounting for recycling losses and collected littering. Plastic waste is calculated as a function of plastics use (in volumes), following Geyer, Jambeck and Law (2017), using a methodology based on lifespan distributions. Plastic waste is divided into different waste management streams (end-of-life fates) by applying end-of-life shares that vary across countries and that account for account for recycling losses and collected litter. The methodology to derive the end-of-life shares is explained in the Annex to the OECD Global Plastics Outlook.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook, https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_WASTE_5&lang=en, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_WASTE_5&lang=en,,2023-09-21,2023-02-22,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 89,"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made (Geyer et al., 2017)","Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made (Geyer et al.)",Data on annual waste production in million metric tons between 1950 and 2015.,"Plastics have outgrown most man-made materials and have long been under environmental scrutiny. However, robust global information, particularly about their end-of-life fate, is lacking. By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we present the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured. We estimate that 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been produced to date. As of 2015, approximately 6300 Mt of plastic waste had been generated, around 9% of which had been recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment. If current production and waste management trends continue, roughly 12,000 Mt of plastic waste will be in landfills or in the natural environment by 2050.",Geyer et al. (2017),"Roland Geyer et al. ,Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made.Sci. Adv.3,e1700782(2017).DOI:10.1126/sciadv.1700782",,,,https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1700782,,2023-09-26,2017-07-19,"{""url"": ""https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1700782"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 90,,Global Plastics Outlook - Greenhouse gas emissions from primary plastics,"Greenhouse gas emissions are combined using a measurement called the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP), which comes from a 1995 report by the international climate science group, IPCC. Emissions are estimated at different stages, for different types of plastics, and when they are thrown away, based on data from 2015. These estimates are calculated using specific measures that consider the emissions created during the making of primary and secondary plastics, including those from related industries. These measures are taken from a model by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), ensuring a detailed and thorough analysis of emissions related to plastic production.","Greenhouse gases emissions are aggregated using 100-year global warming potential (GWP) from AR2 (IPCC, 1995) Emission coefficiens by stage and polymer or end-of-life fate are extrapolated from 2015 data using indexes. These indexes are built on scope-2 emissions intensity of primary and secondary plastics production (incl. upstream sectors) from the OECD ENV-Linkages model.",OECD,"OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook , https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_GHG_2&lang=en#, accessed on 21 September 2023",,,,https://stats.oecd.org/viewhtml.aspx?datasetcode=PLASTIC_GHG_2&lang=en#,,2023-09-21,2022-02-09,"{""url"": ""https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 91,,Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI) - Country data,,"The economic historian Leandro Prados de la Escosura has calculated the AHDI over the last 150 years. He refers to it as the Augmented Human Development Index. ## Dimensions of Augmented Human Development In order to provide a synthetic measure of augmented human development, its different dimensions are expressed in index form, - life expectancy at birth as a proxy for a healthy life, - years of schooling as a proxy for access to knowledge, - liberal democracy as a proxy for freedom, - and discounted GDP per head as a surrogate for wellbeing dimensions other than education and health. Life expectancy is defined as the average number of years of life which would remain for males and females reaching the ages specified if they continued to be subjected to the same mortality experienced in the year(s) to which these life expectancies refer. Education attainment is measured by the average years of total schooling (primary, secondary, and tertiary) for the population aged 15 and over. The Liberal Democracy Index combines the electoral democracy index and the liberal component index. The former incorporates indices of freedom of association, expression, suffrage, and clean elections. The latter includes indices of equality before the law and individual liberty, judicial constraints on the executive, and legislative constraints on the executive. GDP per head is expressed in 1990 dollars adjusted for its purchasing power adjusted, that it, for the difference in price level across countries (the so-called Geary-Khamis [G-K] 1990 $). ## Time and Spatial Coverage Over the entire time span, 1870-2020, 115 countries are considered, and its number rises up to 121, 146, 161, and 162 countries for the samples starting in 1913, 1950, 1980, and 1990, respectively. These samples represent above 90 per cent of the world population (and practically 100 per cent after 1950). ## Alert: measuring changes in the index By how much did human development improve over the long run? Given the way in which the index has been computed, the conventional logarithmic rate of variation (as in the case of GDP per head) can be used.",Leandro Prados de la Escosura,"Prados de la Escosura, L. (2021), Augmented Human Development in the Age of Globalisation, Economic History Review.",,,,https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/en/category/01_social-sciences/02_world-economy/03_human-development-world-economy/,https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/AHDI_countries_1870-2020.xlsx,2023-09-08,1970-01-01, 92,,Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI) - Regional data,,"The economic historian Leandro Prados de la Escosura has calculated the AHDI over the last 150 years. He refers to it as the Augmented Human Development Index. ## Dimensions of Augmented Human Development In order to provide a synthetic measure of augmented human development, its different dimensions are expressed in index form, - life expectancy at birth as a proxy for a healthy life, - years of schooling as a proxy for access to knowledge, - liberal democracy as a proxy for freedom, - and discounted GDP per head as a surrogate for wellbeing dimensions other than education and health. Life expectancy is defined as the average number of years of life which would remain for males and females reaching the ages specified if they continued to be subjected to the same mortality experienced in the year(s) to which these life expectancies refer. Education attainment is measured by the average years of total schooling (primary, secondary, and tertiary) for the population aged 15 and over. The Liberal Democracy Index combines the electoral democracy index and the liberal component index. The former incorporates indices of freedom of association, expression, suffrage, and clean elections. The latter includes indices of equality before the law and individual liberty, judicial constraints on the executive, and legislative constraints on the executive. GDP per head is expressed in 1990 dollars adjusted for its purchasing power adjusted, that it, for the difference in price level across countries (the so-called Geary-Khamis [G-K] 1990 $). ## Time and Spatial Coverage Over the entire time span, 1870-2020, 115 countries are considered, and its number rises up to 121, 146, 161, and 162 countries for the samples starting in 1913, 1950, 1980, and 1990, respectively. These samples represent above 90 per cent of the world population (and practically 100 per cent after 1950). ## Alert: measuring changes in the index By how much did human development improve over the long run? Given the way in which the index has been computed, the conventional logarithmic rate of variation (as in the case of GDP per head) can be used.",Leandro Prados de la Escosura,"Prados de la Escosura, L. (2021), Augmented Human Development in the Age of Globalisation, Economic History Review.",,,,https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/en/category/01_social-sciences/02_world-economy/03_human-development-world-economy/,https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/AHDI_regions_1870-2020_rev.xlsx,2023-09-08,1970-01-01, 93,,"Reported Smallpox Cases (WHO, 2023)",,"Because smallpox was eradicated in 1977, there were no new cases since 2010 so we extended the time series. More details by the WHO: https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab=tab_1.",WHO,World Health Organisation,,,Google Sheet,http://www.earth-policy.org/data_highlights/2011/highlights19,https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vTdzSim9woEMb9zZNDCihyD5nr6YWpfDxLftbn-qS1SEoJjRNwv8vyJ5EaSnwJEiD5KAfFro3c79Dp-/pub?output=csv,2023-09-28,2011, 94,,Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI) - Country data,,"The economic historian Leandro Prados de la Escosura has calculated the AHDI over the last 150 years. He refers to it as the Augmented Human Development Index. ## Dimensions of Augmented Human Development In order to provide a synthetic measure of augmented human development, its different dimensions are expressed in index form, - life expectancy at birth as a proxy for a healthy life, - years of schooling as a proxy for access to knowledge, - liberal democracy as a proxy for freedom, - and discounted GDP per head as a surrogate for wellbeing dimensions other than education and health. Life expectancy is defined as the average number of years of life which would remain for males and females reaching the ages specified if they continued to be subjected to the same mortality experienced in the year(s) to which these life expectancies refer. Education attainment is measured by the average years of total schooling (primary, secondary, and tertiary) for the population aged 15 and over. The Liberal Democracy Index combines the electoral democracy index and the liberal component index. The former incorporates indices of freedom of association, expression, suffrage, and clean elections. The latter includes indices of equality before the law and individual liberty, judicial constraints on the executive, and legislative constraints on the executive. GDP per head is expressed in 1990 dollars adjusted for its purchasing power adjusted, that it, for the difference in price level across countries (the so-called Geary-Khamis [G-K] 1990 $). ## Time and Spatial Coverage Over the entire time span, 1870-2020, 115 countries are considered, and its number rises up to 121, 146, 161, and 162 countries for the samples starting in 1913, 1950, 1980, and 1990, respectively. These samples represent above 90 per cent of the world population (and practically 100 per cent after 1950). ## Alert: measuring changes in the index By how much did human development improve over the long run? Given the way in which the index has been computed, the conventional logarithmic rate of variation (as in the case of GDP per head) can be used.",Leandro Prados de la Escosura,"Prados de la Escosura, L. (2021), Augmented Human Development in the Age of Globalisation, Economic History Review.",,,,https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/en/category/01_social-sciences/02_world-economy/03_human-development-world-economy/,https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/AHDI_countries_1870-2020.xlsx,2023-09-08,2021, 95,,Augmented Human Development Index (AHDI) - Regional data,,"The economic historian Leandro Prados de la Escosura has calculated the AHDI over the last 150 years. He refers to it as the Augmented Human Development Index. ## Dimensions of Augmented Human Development In order to provide a synthetic measure of augmented human development, its different dimensions are expressed in index form, - life expectancy at birth as a proxy for a healthy life, - years of schooling as a proxy for access to knowledge, - liberal democracy as a proxy for freedom, - and discounted GDP per head as a surrogate for wellbeing dimensions other than education and health. Life expectancy is defined as the average number of years of life which would remain for males and females reaching the ages specified if they continued to be subjected to the same mortality experienced in the year(s) to which these life expectancies refer. Education attainment is measured by the average years of total schooling (primary, secondary, and tertiary) for the population aged 15 and over. The Liberal Democracy Index combines the electoral democracy index and the liberal component index. The former incorporates indices of freedom of association, expression, suffrage, and clean elections. The latter includes indices of equality before the law and individual liberty, judicial constraints on the executive, and legislative constraints on the executive. GDP per head is expressed in 1990 dollars adjusted for its purchasing power adjusted, that it, for the difference in price level across countries (the so-called Geary-Khamis [G-K] 1990 $). ## Time and Spatial Coverage Over the entire time span, 1870-2020, 115 countries are considered, and its number rises up to 121, 146, 161, and 162 countries for the samples starting in 1913, 1950, 1980, and 1990, respectively. These samples represent above 90 per cent of the world population (and practically 100 per cent after 1950). ## Alert: measuring changes in the index By how much did human development improve over the long run? Given the way in which the index has been computed, the conventional logarithmic rate of variation (as in the case of GDP per head) can be used.",Leandro Prados de la Escosura,"Prados de la Escosura, L. (2021), Augmented Human Development in the Age of Globalisation, Economic History Review.",,,,https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/en/category/01_social-sciences/02_world-economy/03_human-development-world-economy/,https://frdelpino.es/investigacion/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/AHDI_regions_1870-2020_rev.xlsx,2023-09-08,2021, 96,,Georeferenced Event Dataset,,"This dataset is UCDP's most disaggregated dataset, covering individual events of organized violence (phenomena of lethal violence occurring at a given time and place). These events are sufficiently fine-grained to be geo-coded down to the level of individual villages, with temporal durations disaggregated to single, individual days. You can find more notes at https://web.archive.org/web/20230618115833/https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/ged/ged231.pdf",Uppsala Conflict Data Program,"Sundberg, Ralph, and Erik Melander, 2013, “Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset”, Journal of Peace Research, vol.50, no.4, 523-532",,UCDP,v23.1,https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html,https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/ged/ged231-csv.zip,2023-09-21,2023,"{""url"": ""https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"", ""name"": ""CC BY 4.0""}" 97,,HYDE,,"HYDE is an internally consistent combination of updated historical population (gridded) estimates and land use for the past 12,000 years. Categories include cropland, with a new distinction into irrigated and rain fed crops (other than rice) and irrigated and rain fed rice. Also grazing lands are provided, divided into more intensively used pasture, converted rangeland and non-converted natural (less intensively used) rangeland. Population is represented by maps of total, urban, rural population and population density as well as built-up area.",PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency,"Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, J.Doelman and E. Stehfest (2017), Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene; HYDE 3.2, Earth System Science Data, 9, 927-953.",HYDE (2017),HYDE,3.2,https://www.pbl.nl/en/image/links/hyde,https://public.yoda.uu.nl/geo/UU01/MO2FF3.html,2021-10-01,2017,"{""url"": ""https://public.yoda.uu.nl/geo/UU01/MO2FF3.html"", ""name"": ""CC BY 3.0""}" 98,Number of individual farmed fish (2015),Number of individual farmed fish,Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production in 2015.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2015/Farmed-fishes-2015.xlsx,2023-08-14,2016, 99,Number of individual farmed fish (2016),Number of individual farmed fish,Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production in 2016.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-fishes-2016-v2.xlsx,2023-08-14,2017, 100,Number of individual farmed fish (2017),Number of individual farmed fish,Estimated number of individual fish in annual aquaculture production.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2017/Farmed-fishes-2017-v2.xlsx,2023-08-14,2018, 101,Number of individual farmed decapod crustaceans (2015),Number of individual farmed decapod crustaceans,Estimated number of individual decapod crustaceans in annual aquaculture production in 2015.,,Fishcount,Fishcount.org.uk based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.,,,,http://fishcount.org.uk/,http://fishcount.org.uk/studydatascreens2/2015/Farmed-decapods-2015.xlsx,2023-08-15,2016,